信用违约互换市场风险及其监管

由AIG事件谈起 9月16日,美国国际集团(以下简称AIG)被美国政府接管,从而避免了迫在眉睫的破产危机.这一事件标志着次贷危机进一步蔓延,作为次贷市场外层环节的信用违约互换交易(以下简称CDS)开始引起全世界的关注和忧虑.CDS本是金融机构的信用避险工具,反倒酿成严重的市场稳定性风险,其中的过度投机和监管空白问题尤其值得反思.     

西方险企投资在金融危机中的整体表现及原因探析

保险资金投资组合整体上受本轮危机冲击不大,其中美国寿险公司通用账户的整体表现最好。其原因有:险资对次贷关联资产风险暴露十分有限且各类安全性指标出淤泥而不染;对受牵连的高风险资产,险资配置股权比例也低且私募股权账面值不受股指下跌拖累;债券方面,风险溢价上升与基准利率下调产生抵消作用,国企债在很多险资企业债中占上风。主要启示包括:险资资产配置要与波动性承受能力相适应,尤其主力资产要坚守传统安全资产、系统重要性资产。     

中国银行业系统流动性风险考察与控制——基于资产抛售价格视角

基于银行业在宏观风险来临时出现的流动性不足和系统性风险,通过建立 DSGE-VAR 模型,考量银行业在宏观经济运行框架下的系统流动性风险,结果发现:银行同业借贷、其他证券资产和交易性负债业务的综合作用会使得银行系统流动性风险总体增大,银行如果想要降低存款提取率对其流动性的影响,就要在银行间市场停止拆出资金、出售政府证券及其他流动资产,并出售潜在的流动性较低的资产.从监管层面来讲,应当通过监管的引导效应将交易性负债进行转化,引导同业借贷和其他证券资产业务向平衡区域集中,并在一定范围内减少银行其他证券资产业务的规模.     

次贷危机中投资银行巨亏的根源

本丈深入分析了欧美投资银行参与次级贷款证券的途径,包括次贷证券的承销和做市、对次贷证券的直接投资、提供抵押融资、参与CDS交易和购买保险、救助旗下对冲基金等,揭示了它们遭受巨大损失的根源,并从正确处理金融创新与金融风险、加强内部风险控制和防范投资银行道德风险、完善资产估值方法、重视投资银行声誉风险、严格市场纪律约束等角度,阐述了对我国证券公司监管的启示和建议。     

从AIG被政府接管看金融危机对中国保险业的启示

美国次贷危机的爆发引起了国际金融市场的剧烈震荡,美国国际保险集团（AIG）由于过度参与按揭贷款及相关衍生品市场交易、投资风险失控和公司治理结构不善等原因遭受了惨重的损失,巨额亏损使AIG被政府接管。及时总结AIG的经验教训,对我国保险业的发展具有重要意义。     

精于风险却毁于风险——AIG的启示

企业要从战略高度重视风险和风险控制。尤其在次贷危机的阴影笼罩下，公司的风险控制能力远比赢利前景更为重要。美国国际集团（AIG）素以经营风险能力著称。而2008年，其旗下子公司AIGFP，因无限制地出售CDS产品，导致拥有10.6万名员工的AIG几乎沦陷。我们从这一典型案例中可以得到相应的启示。     

由AIG巨额亏损引发的启示

美国次贷危机爆发以后,保险业巨头AIG公司由于巨额亏损面临破产危机。AIG以惨重代价暂时走出危机后,业务一直没有得到改善。本文针对AIG案例,通过对造成AIG巨额亏损的原因进行剖析,分别从保险业的投资战略角度、信用评级机构的评级过失以及金融监管机构监管力度不足三方面进行思考,得到一些启示。     

商业银行同业业务信用风险时滞性研究:基于监管视角

在当前传统信贷业务增速放缓、不良率高企、利润下滑的背景下,商业银行将重点转向了低成本、低资本要求的同业、投资类业务,形成了一系列以发放贷款、逃避监管为实质目的,以跨银行、证券、保险、信托等多类型金融机构为表现形式的业务模式。创新型业务模式为商业银行带来效益的同时也造成了业务风险的交织叠加,防范化解此类风险成为亟待解决的重点问题。目前,针对同业业务发展与风险的研究大多集中于操作风险、市场风险及流动性风险,而对新型同业业务的风险本质及其与基础资产的关系问题则较少涉及。本文以山东辖内商业银行的同业业务为研究对象,运用VAR模型测算各项贷款信贷质量对同业业务资产质量的影响效应。结果表明,各项贷款的信贷质量对同业业务资产质量的影响具有时滞性。本文据此建议,应及时捕捉同业业务的实质性风险,从基础资产入手寻找同业业务的演化路径,控制关键因素,以抑制银行类信贷业务的非理性扩张冲动,促进同业业务的规范发展。     

资产证券化在系统性风险形成和传导中的作用

次贷危机表明,资产证券化等金融创新可以和商业银行体系一样促使系统性风险的形成、积累和传导.但国内外学术界对资产证券化在系统性风险积累和传导中的作用机制并没有形成完整结论.通过深入分析资产证券化的复杂运作机制、基本功能以及基础资产在系统性风险形成中的作用,从基础资产和证券化产品两个渠道探讨了资产证券化如何促进风险传导.对中国资产证券化在短期和长期所采用的品种及基本模式、资产证券化基础资产的组合标准、基于“监管特许权论”的资产证券化评级机构的设立以及对资产证券化监管体系的构建等方面提出了对策建议.     

单位风险收益指标下的组合证券模型

证券投资是具有风险的。在一个高效率的证券市场上,高的投资收益总是伴随着高的投资风险。对于单项证券而言,收益指标和风睑指标是难以兼顾的;组合证券投资却是分散或减少投资风险并取得适当投资收益的有效途径。本文将在组合证券投资有效边界基础上,构造一个合理兼顾投资收益和投资风险两项指标、客观评价组合证券投资的指标函数——单位风险收益指标,并进而分析该指标下组合证券资产的选择问题。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.