政策偏向、省会首位度与城市规模分布

2010年后,部分省份强化了提升省内中心城市首位度的政策导向,这种以行政手段提升首位度的做法,会对城镇格局以及居民福利产生怎样的影响?本文基于量化空间模型,将影响城市规模的因素分解为生产率、用地指标、用地结构、就业机会、外生舒适度与住房有效供给率等维度,利用反事实方法评估了提升首位度的相关政策对居民福利、GDP以及城市规模分布的影响。研究发现:①当省级层面给予省会及副省级城市更多用地指标时,可以在提高这些城市首位度的同时提升总体GDP水平,但会导致均衡时居民福利水平有所降低;②GDP与福利的非同步变动,源于户籍制度影响下人口要素与土地要素的空间错配,即省会及副省级城市人口集聚不足而一般地级市用地约束加强;③若降低落户门槛或消除省内城市间住房有效供给率的差异,均能使GDP与福利水平同时提高,且城市规模分布向Zipf定律收敛。为此,以提升经济密度为导向,以渐进的户籍改革为手段推动人口向省会及副省级城市集聚,多管齐下提高省会及副省级城市住房有效供给水平,是优化城市规模分布、实现新型城镇化高质量发展的关键。     

Land Development Regulation: A Case Study of Dallas and Houston, Texas

This paper compares the approaches to land development regulation in Dallas and Houston and attempts to measure the impact of regulation on lot prices in the two cities. Land development in Dallas appears to be subject to a greater degree of regulation than in Houston, especially with respect to zoning and the provision of utilities. In Houston, utilities are provided by Municipal Utility Districts which give developers greater flexibility in subdivision site selection. Other regulations concerning land use, platting, road financing and environment are examined for their impact on development costs in the two cities. The paper closes with a "full" lot cost comparison for selected subdivisions in Dallas and Houston. Lot prices are found to be lower in Houston. The difference is largely explained by differences in regulation and a transfer of cost from the private to the public sector.     

高速铁路对沿线城市土地经济价值的影响及驱动力——以东北地区为例

高铁可达性是土地经济价值变化的重要驱动因素之一,本文以东北地区高铁地级市为对象,基于时间、经济、频次、服务的视角分析高铁影响下的沿线城市可达性,运用广义交通成本、土地价值增值模型探讨高铁通车前后沿线城市土地经济价值的变化,基于多元线性回归选取高铁可达性等相关特征变量,探讨影响高铁土地经济价值的驱动力。研究表明：高铁开通改变原有辽宁可达性向吉林、再向黑龙江递减的趋势,及原有沈阳经济区可达性优势最强、沿海经济带与吉林中部次之、哈大齐稍弱的格局,带来黑龙江可达性改善幅度最大、辽宁强于吉林,位处边缘区位的城市可达性获得较大提升、传统的经济实力超强城市及位处线路中心区位的城市可达性改善较弱的趋势;沈阳、长春、大连与哈尔滨高铁日常可达性位于东北前列,沈阳高铁特质空间范围跨越吉林、延伸至黑龙江,为东北高铁可达服务核心,长、大、哈为其副中心;高铁广义交通成本远高于普速列车广义交通成本,哈尔滨--长春、沈阳、大连等核心区是土地经济价值增值高值区;高铁土地经济价值与高铁服务中心强度指数、日常可达性、普速列车土地经济价值呈正相关,与哈夫系数呈负相关。     

Valuing New Urbanism: The Case of Kentlands

This study assesses the impact of new urbanism on single-family home prices. Specifically, we use Duany and Plater-Zyberk's traditional neighborhood development (TND) of Kentlands and surrounding conventional subdivisions to estimate the premium, if any, that single-family homeowners are willing to pay to reside in a community with new urbanist features. Using data on 2,061 single-family home transactions and several hedonic price models, the empirical evidence reveals that consumers are willing to pay a premium to locate in Kentlands.     

Application of game theoretic analysis to a problem in demography

"Governments in certain countries have tried over the last two decades to draw most industry to the largest cities. The effect has generally been a large increase in both the population and land area of the cities, as the nearby rural areas are taken out of agricultural production and urbanized. Where the land is especially fertile, this can represent a definite loss to the country's agricultural capabilities. By studying the Nash equilibria we show that, given political pressures, there is a very real danger that this process will continue until all, or practically all of the land has been urbanized." The geographical focus is on Colombia.     

政府行为下的土地财政与全要素生产率之间的关系分析

为了解政府行为下的土地财政行为模式对微观企业全要素生产率的差异化影响,本文统计了230个城市在2010~2019年的全要素生产率面板数据,利用工具变量法进行实证研究,发现无论是通过OLS法还是工具变量法,政府行为下的土地财政扩张均会对企业的全要素生产率产生抑制作用;且土地财政扩张在带来规模效应的同时会对技术进步和效率产生抑制;而政府行为下的土地财政扩张政策与企业全要素生产率之间的关系呈倒“U”型分布,即当人均出让收入的对数小于1.52时,土地财政会对全要素生产率具有促进作用,反之则会产生抑制作用。这表明过度依赖土地财政会导致地产行业的过度投资和房价上涨,造成资源配置的扭曲,进而抑制企业全要素生产率的发展。     

Stromspeicher im Quartier

Electricity storage is a possible flexibility option to increase the share of fluctuating electricity sources from renewable energies in the electricity system. In the past, most attention was paid to household and large storage facilities. Community storage solutions at the meso level have so far been largely neglected. It is only in the context of the change in legislation for the electricity supply of tenants that neighborhood solutions have recently been increasingly discussed.In essence, this article examines the challenges currently arising in the context of the implementation of electricity storage facilities at community level in Germany. To this end, the term “community storage” is first being discussed and outlined. Subsequently, economic-legal and socio-cultural challenges are presented and discussed as central challenges in the implementation of neighborhood storage solutions in Germany. Based on the discussion of current challenges, possible business models for the implementation and operation of district storage facilities in Germany will then be derived.     

外商直接投资对城乡收入差距的影响研究——空间溢出及门槛特征

本文以我国30个省市2003～2014年的面板数据构建空间滞后模型和门槛面板模型,以人均国内生产总值和外商直接投资（FDI）强度为门槛变量,实证检验FDI与城乡收入差距间的非线性空间关系。结果表明FDI与城乡收入差距具有显著的空间积聚特征,同时FDI对缩小城乡收入差距的效应显著,且在各地区间存在明显差异。此外,FDI与城乡收入差距间具有门槛特征。当人均国内生产总值和FDI强度跨过门槛值时,FDI对于缩小城乡收入差距的效应会呈现出下降趋势。     

Targeting urban malnutrition: a multi-city analysis of the spatial distribution of childhood nutritional status

This paper assesses the degree to which childhood malnutrition and its contributing factors are clustered by neighborhood in seven different cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The analysis is based on data from eight different national household surveys that used a two-stage sampling design (households within clusters). Spatial clustering was assessed using the intracluster correlation coefficient (ρ), which may be interpreted as the expected correlation between any randomly selected pair of observations drawn from the same cluster. In general, per capita expenditure and the share of the household budget spent on food showed relatively high spatial clustering across the seven cities, but the magnitude of this clustering varied markedly from city to city. Spatial clustering in the provision of basic services also varied greatly. There was consistently little evidence of spatial clustering of infectious disease, childhood mortality, or the weight-based nutrition indicators. Age-standardized height, on the other hand, showed a little more spatial clustering, with a median intracluster correlation of ρ=0.12. Some cities showed relatively higher levels of spatial clustering on several measures of deprivation simultaneously, while other cities showed consistently lower levels of clustering. Many nutrition interventions are intrinsically geographically targeted. While geographical targeting tends to be administratively simpler than individual targeting and can be politically convenient, the current analysis suggests that where nutrition interventions are focused on stunting (low height-for-age), targeting by neighborhood may often lead to unacceptably high rates of undercoverage and leakage of benefits to the non-needy.     

土地财政、产业结构演变与税收超常规增长——中国“税收增长之谜”的一个分析视角

本文考察了最近10多年来我国税收增长速度一直显著高于GDP增长速度的现象。特别从地方政府土地财政激励与产业结构演变的角度考察了当前中国特定体制下地方政府做大财政资源产业的经济与政治激励。基于1998-2003年中国地级城市面板数据．我们实证考察了地方政府协议土地出让对财政占GDP比例的当期和滞后影响。最后．本文从土地财政角度对税收增长可持续性进行了初步评估。     

供给侧改革背景下我国城市建设用地最优规模分析

本文基于边际等值原理,综合城市经济效益、社会效益、环境效益以及建设效益,构建多因子城市建设用地最优规模决策模型,并结合我国城市建设用地供给实际进行分析。结果显示：2001～2015年,我国城市发展经历了从建设用地短缺到最优及至过剩的过程,对建设用地增长的强依赖逐渐转变为弱依赖。城市建设用地增长与边际建设效益弱相关;与边际经济效益之间呈库兹涅茨倒U型曲线关系;与边际社会效益呈正相关、边际环境效益呈负相关。目前我国城市建设用地已经达到最优规模,其中建设用地供给与经济发展失调,是导致净效益下降的主要动因。     

关于加快推进城镇化的几个问题

城镇化的核心问题是农村人口转移,加快推进城镇化进程,是促进城乡经济社会全面发展,逐步实现现代化的过程,“城镇化”并不是“小城镇化”,而是包括大中小城市和小城镇,大中小城市和小城镇各有自己的的优势和局限,不能相互替代,可行的选择是大中小城市和小城镇协调发展,推进城镇化应打破行政区划,形成以大城市为中心的城镇体系,大中城市是第三产业发展的主要载体,在大中城市发展过程中,需要妥善处理“城中村”问题,提高征用土地的补偿标准,保障“失土农民”的利益,农民工对城市发展做出了重要贡献,是城市人口扩张的重要来源之一,必须公正对待农民工,推进城镇化绝不意味着可以放弃和忽视农村,而应当进一步关注和支持农村经济社会发展,应当充分利用推进城镇化这个宝贵机会,对农村面貌特别是农业产业布局进行革命性的改造,在建设现代化城市的同时建设现代化农村。     

Antecedents and consequences of the quality of e-customer-to-customer interactions in B2B brand communities

The opportunities that interactions in business-to-business (B2B) brand communities offer companies as well as brand community members have already been recognized by B2B firms, but are still an underexplored field of B2B academic marketing research. To provide a first step in analyzing B2B brand communities, we develop a conceptual framework of the quality of customer-to-customer (C2C) interactions in B2B brand communities by drawing on several theories and concepts (e.g., social exchange theory, uses and gratifications approach and value-in-the-experience). Based on an online survey (n = 330) spanning three virtual B2B brand communities in the IT-sector, we test our framework using structural equation modeling. Our results reveal that brand trust has a positive impact on brand community trust. Brand community trust leads to an increase in the quality of C2C interactions in B2B brand communities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the quality of C2C interactions in B2B brand communities has a positive impact on functional, experiential, and symbolic brand community benefits, which, in turn, foster brand loyalty.     

Factors Influencing the Value of Urban Land: Evidence from Halifax-Dartmouth, Canada

This study is a hedonic analysis of land values for Halifax-Dartmouth, Canada. The study has demonstrated that conventional, well-known urban explanatory variables such as zoning, lot size, centrality, neighborhood, and so on, found to determine values in the United States also work for a typical Canadian land market. The findings on effects of lot shape, and high traffic (in combination with other than single-family residential zones) is particularly interesting.     

土地制度与中国发展模式

土地在中国经济奇迹创造中扮演的重要角色越来越引起高度关注,但是,现有基于政府特殊性的研究忽视了土地的重要性,影响了对中国发展模式的理解和解释力。本文刻画了政府通过独特土地制度安排主导发展权的"以地谋发展"模式的特征和典型化事实,构建了土地作用于结构转变和经济增长的机制,通过建立一个纳入土地要素的经济增长计量模型,利用全国地级市样本数据检验了土地经由工业化和城市化的结构转变和通过资本形成对经济增长的影响,分析了结构转变不同阶段的土地制度安排及其变迁影响工业化和城市化的程度和方式。需要说明的是,本文研究旨在描述和解释中国改革时期形成的推动快速结构转变和高增长的"以地谋发展"的事实和逻辑,随着经济发展阶段转换和内外环境变化,土地的功能和"以地谋发展"模式的风险和问题凸显,需要进行进一步的变革。     

Near and dear? The role of location in CSR engagement

Research summary : Building on economic geography and institutional theory, we develop and test theory relating geographic variables to the strength of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement and the cost of equity capital. For a large sample of U.S. firms over the period 1998–2009, we find strong and robust evidence that firms located in areas characterized by high levels of local CSR density score higher in CSR engagement. In addition, firms located close to major cities and financial centers exhibit higher CSR engagement compared to firms located in more remote areas. Moreover, the effect of CSR engagement on reducing equity financing costs is even greater for firms in high CSR density areas than for firms in low CSR density areas. Managerial summary : Does the location of CSR engagement by firms affect the strength of CSR engagement by their neighbors? Does the geography of engagement have an impact on financial performance? Our findings show that a firm's CSR engagement increases in areas where there is dense CSR engagement and when it is located near large cities. In these areas, norms, values, and knowledge related to CSR are transmitted to firms through face‐to‐face meetings and frequent social interactions with groups such as peers, labor unions, news media, universities, and community organizations, which tend to be concentrated in large cities. Our findings further highlight that CSR engagement reduces equity financing costs for firms in areas where CSR is widely practiced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interventions in agriculture for nutrition outcomes: A systematic review focused on South Asia

Research on the potential impact of interventions in agriculture on nutrition outcomes is of particular relevance in South Asia where agriculture-related activities are a major source of livelihoods for large sections of society and where the population suffers from one of the highest global burdens of malnutrition in all its forms. This systematic review aims to assess the strength of the available evidence that agricultural interventions have an impact on intermediate and final nutrition outcomes in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. We searched five literature databases and reference lists of previous systematic reviews to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2012 and 2017, detailing impacts of household- or farm-level agricultural interventions on nutritional outcomes in South Asia. We identified six intervention studies (reported in nine papers) conducted in Bangladesh (two studies), India (two studies) and Nepal (two studies). The majority of studies examined the impact of provision of seed, plants and training to increase home garden fruit and vegetable production with or without integrated poultry provision and training. Other studies evaluated the impact of livestock or aquaculture provision and training. Study designs and quality were mixed; heterogeneity across studies precluded formal meta-analysis. Interventions had a positive impact on intermediate outcomes on the pathway from agricultural intervention to nutritional or health status including dietary quality and dietary diversity of households and individuals (reported in seven papers). The evidence on the impact on final nutritional outcomes was mixed: one paper reported that home gardens with poultry reduced the odds of anaemia but there was no convincing evidence of an impact of agricultural interventions on child anthropometric measurement (reported in four papers). In recent years, the Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia (LANSA) research programme consortium has significantly expanded research on agricultural interventions for nutrition outcomes by conducting and commissioning a suite of formative and feasibility studies that have extended both the range and geographic location of interventions under study. This expanding body of research should, in the future, enable the identification of cost-effective interventions to enhance the impact of agricultural interventions sustainably to improve nutrition outcomes especially in women and children in South Asia.     

The Accuracy of Owner-Provided House Values: The 1978–1991 American Housing Survey

The American Housing Survey (AHS) includes the owner's valuation of the house as a measure of the house's value. If owner-stated values are accurate, the AHS (as well as other survey instruments) can be used by researchers studying a variety of topics. In this study we use the metropolitan version of the AHS for three cities over fourteen years to compare owners' valuations with sales prices of houses that sold in the twelve months prior to an interview. We find that, on average, recent buyers report house values that are 8.4% higher than the stated sales prices. Further analysis indicates that these recent buyers, when compared with owners with longer tenure, overvalue their houses by 3.3%, on average. Thus, we find that the average owner overvalues his house by 5.1%. Also, differences between sales prices and owners' valuations are not related to particular characteristics of the house, occupants (other than length of tenure), or neighborhood. Thus, the use of the owners' valuations will result in accurate estimates of house price indexes and will provide reliable estimates of the prices of house and neighborhood characteristics.     

政府土地供应政策、行政调控政策对房价波动的影响——基于中国35个城市的证据

2016年中国面临了新一轮的房价上涨,政府调控对房价调节起着重要的作用。本文从中国35个城市2010～2016年的土地供应政策（土地竞拍过程中的额外规定）和行政调控政策（“限贷”、“限购”和住房规划政策）的变化来研究其对房价波动的影响,得出土地供应调控和“限购”政策对房价的显著正向作用,但“限贷”和住房规划政策对房的作用与预期相反并做了相应的分析,最后提出3个稳定房价的建议：（1）在供给侧的调控仍以增加土地供应为核心,各大城市统筹兼顾,突出重点。（2）在需求侧的调控则以“限贷”、“限购”为抑制房价上涨的短期有效的政策工具。（3）土地制度改革是稳定房价根本措施。     

The price effects of greening vacant lots: How neighborhood attributes matter

We identify the effects of greening vacant lots on nearby housing prices and show how neighborhood attributes matter to these outcomes. Using data from a longstanding program in Philadelphia, we find that prices for houses within 1,000 feet of a greened vacant lot rise by about 4%, consistent with the literature, with the effect size increasing over time. Using the extensive data available in Philadelphia, we show how these effects vary by the attributes of the neighborhood in which they occur, with larger effects in areas with a high share of vacant land and higher-than-average median household incomes, with peak responses estimated at 19% and 15%, respectively. We demonstrate the importance of sample selection bias adjustment for identification of the effect of vacant lot greening.