Commuting subsidies with two transport modes

We study a simple model of commuting subsidies with two transport modes. City residents choose where to live and which mode to use. When all land is owned by city residents, one group gains from subsidies what the other loses. With absentee landownership, city residents as a group gain at the expense of landowners. Subsidies toward different modes have different effects, however. For instance, in one case, rich automobile drivers suffer from transit subsidies, while poor transit users may benefit from subsidies to automobiles.     

Estimating the commuting cost and commuting time property price gradients

In this paper, we estimate the property price gradients in Hong Kong. We distinguish our effort from previous studies on the subject by directly measuring the economic distance, i.e., the monetary commuting cost and commuting time, instead of merely the physical distance. Our results are generally supportive of the prediction of a negative property price gradient. In one specification, the estimated capitalization of the savings of commuting cost in property prices appears to be just right. The expected negative effect of commuting time on property values, however, can only be detected among observations with larger commuting times. Nevertheless, over the range where the effect of commuting time has the expected negative sign, the values of time implied by the estimates agree well with the results reported in the transportation economics literature.     

The commuting time paradox

We examine the conditions for the ‘commuting time paradox’ which states that the average commuting time does not vary between different periods. We develop therefore an equilibrium job search model with endogenously chosen commuting costs. Presuming wage bargaining between workers and firms, the optimally chosen maximum commuting costs jointly maximise the worker's and firm's payoffs. We demonstrate that when productivity levels increase over time, average commuting costs and average wages both increase, which affects the optimally chosen commuting time. We establish the conditions under which the paradox holds.     

北京土地价格空间分布特征——基于单中心城市的视角

为了解具有单中心城市牦最的北京市．土地价格空间分布特征,从理论上分析单中心城市土地价格的空间分布特征并提出相应假设,构建土地价格的Hedonic模型,利用北京2005—2013年住宅和办公用地微观交易价格数据进行假设的实证检验。结果显示：（1）北京住宅和办公用地的区位属性、物理属性和邻里属性对其价格有显著决定作用,且该决定作用随土地市场的成熟而逐渐增强;（2）北京住宅和办公用地价格与该区位到城市中心的距离负相关,而随时间推移,两类土地价格从城市中心向外的降低速度逐渐变快。     

区域经济一体化的基本模式

区域经济一体化,既需要形成一定的发展模式,也需要依托一定的发展载体。在经济全球化的大背景下,城市群逐渐成为区域经济一体化的基本模式之一。城市群形成的过程,是区域经济一体化的过程。而区域经济一体化的进程,需要大城市群作为重要的依托。     

Migration in search of good government

Residents both enjoy the policies adopted in their cities, and choose those policies. If some people can better evaluate policies than can others, then the most perceptive people will be the most willing to move to the city with better policies, thereby making that city more likely to adopt good policies in the future. Such migration can cause agglomeration, with some cities prospering and others failing.     

基础设施建设与城市经济增长的关系

基础设施建设对促进城市经济增长具有实质性的重要作用.论述了基础设施投资促进经济增长的影响机制,并指出适应城市经济增长应选择最佳的基础设施发展模式,以及实现基础设施投资对经济增长的促进应满足的前提条件和所要采取的若干相应措施.     

城市经济和社会的相互影响与协调发展

讨论了城市经济系统和社会系统的相互影响及其作用机理,分析了当前我国城市中经济发展与社会发展存在的不协调状况,提出了提高我国城市经济与社会协调发展水平的建议.     

新阶段推动首都经济科学发展的战略思考

目前,首都经济开始进入由投资导向阶段向创新导向阶段迈进的关键时期。站在世界城市建设的战略高度,按照国家加快转变发展方式的要求,审视首都经济发展,与纽约、东京世界城市相比仍有较大差距。未来应更加注重高端引领、创新驱动和绿色发展,加快形成科技创新、文化创新"双轮驱动"发展格局。     

奥运经济与北京城市发展

本文对奥运经济对北京城市发展的影响做了初步分析,并提出了相应的政策建议,以便更好地利用承办2008年奥运会的机遇促进北京经济的进一步发展.     

新经济时代中国可持续发展城镇化道路的思考

在新经济时代 ,信息化给城镇化带来新的机遇与挑战 ,世界城镇化进程出现了新的趋势 ,其发展道路正经历着从传统的发展方式向可持续发展方式的转变。以小城镇数量的增加和规模的扩大为主要特征的传统城镇化道路被证明是不可持续的 ,其对经济的推动作用越来越弱。要推动中国的城镇化向可持续发展方式的转变 ,应该着眼于逐步形成合理的金字塔体系 ;以工业化为依托建立城镇体系 ,利用新经济发展先进的城市分工 ;小城镇的发展应以制度创新为主 ,大中城市的发展应将技术创新和制度创新相结合等。     

Comparing the effectiveness of employment subsidies

This paper examines the implications of different types of employment subsidies for employment, welfare, and inequality. It investigates how these effects depend on what target groups the subsidies address. Our analysis focuses on policies that are “approximately welfare efficient” (AWE), i.e. policies that (a) improve employment and welfare, (b) do not raise earnings inequality and (c) are self-financing. We construct a microfounded, dynamic model of hiring and separations and calibrate it with German data. The calibration shows that hiring vouchers can be AWE, while low-wage subsidies are not AWE. Furthermore, hiring vouchers targeted at the long-term unemployed are more effective than those targeted at low-ability workers.     

The geographic accessibility of child care subsidies and evidence on the impact of subsidy receipt on childhood obesity

This paper examines the impact of the spatial accessibility of public human services agencies on the likelihood of receiving a child care subsidy among disadvantaged mothers with young children. In particular, we collect data on the location of virtually every human services agency in the US and use this information to calculate the approximate distance that families must travel from home in order to reach the nearest office that administers the subsidy application process. Using data from the Kindergarten cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K), our results indicate that an increase in the distance to a public human services agency reduces the likelihood that a family receives a child care subsidy. Specifically, we estimate an elasticity of subsidy receipt with respect to distance of −0.13. The final section of the paper provides an empirical application in which we use variation in families’ travel distance to identify the causal effect of child care subsidies on children’s weight outcomes. Our instrumental variables estimates suggest that subsidized child care leads to sizeable increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among low-income children.     

Manipulation of voting schemes with restricted beliefs

In this paper we define manipulation with restricted beliefs as the possibility for some voter to have an insincere preference ordering that dominates the sincere one within the given individual beliefs over other agents’ preferences. We then show that all non-dictatorial voting schemes are manipulable in this sense, up to a given threshold.     

大都市郊区新城通勤行为空间研究——以南京市为例

通过对南京的东山、仙林和江北三个新城的深入考察和访问,并以问卷为基础,研究了新城居民在通勤行为空间上的主要表现,以及在居民通勤行为中新城和主城的空间互动机制。结果表明,一方面,新城的结构与功能影响其通勤流的空间分布,另一方面,主城和新城之间的互动关系在新城通勤空间的发展中起着尤为重要的作用。     

保障性住房财政补贴模式效率评价——基于住房供给市场差异的研究

加大保障性安居工程财政补贴支持力度,确保财政补贴的高效运行成为推进安居工程建设的关键。依据住房供给弹性和住房过滤理论,从经济学角度分析了供方补贴和需方补贴的实施效率。基于不同城市的住房市场差异,考察我国11个典型城市的住房供给弹性和住房过滤,在识别本地区住房市场特性的基础上探讨适宜采取的补贴方式。研究表明,不同城市由于住房供给弹性和过滤情况的不同,保障性住房财政补贴的效率存在显著差异,采取合适的保障房补贴方式,能够优化资源配置,打破财政压力对推进保障房工作的限制。     

生态性、公益性与经济性的协调——以济南青龙山为例

协调城市自然景观与周边土地利用的关系以实现社会的可持续发展,是城市规划中面临的重要问题.以济南青龙山城市自然景观为例,通过对其周边土地利用现状及存在问题的分析,提出了生态性、公益性和经济性的协调机制,探讨了该机制的协调原则和措施,为城市自然景观的保护和城市化地区生态安全格局的构建提供了参考.     

居住与就业空间关系的决定机理和影响因素——对北京市通勤时间和通勤流量的实证研究

在中国城市增长和空间重构的过程中,"居住-就业"空间关系逐渐由"职住合一"向"职住分离"演变.基于城市空间结构及区住选择的经典理论和最近的理论创新,结合中国城市的制度环境特点,建立了对通勤时间影响因素进行分析的理论框架,并利用北京市的两套就业者微观样本实证研究了各种制度因素和市场因素(分为就业机会、公共服务设施和住房机会三大类)对通勤时间和通勤流量的影响机理.研究发现:相关理论能够较好地解释北京市的"居住-就业"空间关系.工作机会、住房机会和城市公共服务设施的空间布局是影响"居住-就业"空间关系和通勤时间的三个重要因素.同时中国城市中特有的历史路径依赖性和制度转型特点.增加了"居住一就业"空闻关系的复杂性.论文认为,应致力于减少对劳动力自由选址的制度性约束,在促进产业用地充分集聚的同时,调整公共服务设施的空间布局,改变其过度集中于城市中心的现状,同时在交通便捷的区位提供符合当地劳动力住房需求的住房供给.