中国开征碳税对价格、福利及公平影响的测度

本文利用投入产出和线性需求模型分析了碳税的价格影响、福利成本以及再分配效应。征税导致占中低收入居民支出比重较大的基本消费品价格大幅上涨,如电热水气、房屋、公共交通、食品等;从等价性变化、补偿性变化的角度看,城镇居民的福利损失随收入降低而上升,而农村居民中中等收入家庭损失最大;Atkinson公平指数显示碳税前后贫富差距有所扩大。因此,碳税具有一定累退性。但是,碳税边际福利成本及其收入差距影响并不大,因此政府可以通过转移支付手段缓解其负面冲击。     

中国农村居民收入增长与波动的福利分析——基于异质居民户的数值模拟

文章在Lucas(1987)模型中引入习惯形成,并将其拓展成含收入变量的形式,在此基础上采用中国农村五等份收入户的收入数据进行数值模拟。结果显示:收入增长比收入平稳更为重要。当风险偏好不变时,两类福利成本的比值随习惯强度变化的轨迹呈倒U型;习惯形成不变时,两类福利成本的比值随着相对风险规避系数的增大而递减。在不考虑收入波动的福利成本时,促进收入增长能为低收入户带来相对较多的经济福利;不考虑收入增长的福利效应时,收入波动加剧会给低收入户带来相对较多的福利成本。因此,当务之急是增加农民收入,同时也应该兼顾收入波动给低收入群体造成的消极影响。     

基于动态 CGE 模型的碳税政策促进江苏省低碳发展研究

科学设置碳税政策是发展低碳经济、实现我国“碳达峰,碳中和”目标的重要手段。本文以江苏省为例,利用 2017年江苏省投入产出表数据编制社会核算矩阵,构建包含 16 个部门的动态 CGE 模型,对碳税政策、不同碳税返还方式对江苏省碳减排和宏观经济社会发展的影响进行了模拟分析。研究发现：①按固定税率征收碳税,税率过低时江苏省无法按期实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,税率过高时则会对经济社会发展会造成较大的负面冲击,且碳税的碳减排政策效力随着时间推移不断衰减。②在合适的税率水平下,江苏省按递增税率征收碳税可按期实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,且碳税的碳减排政策效力随时间推移不断加强。在政策的经济成本方面,从长期看,江苏省按递增税率征税的政策经济成本高于按固定税率征税;但从中短期看,江苏省按递增税率征税并配以碳税返还,其政策经济成本小于按固定税率征税,能够以更小的经济代价实现 2030 年碳达峰目标。在政策的社会成本方面,如果将碳税以一定比例返还给居民,可缓解碳税政策对居民福利的负面冲击,当返还比例足够高时,碳税政策碳税政策可以实现改善环境绩效和提升社会福利的“双重红利”。可以改善环境绩效和提升社会福利的“双重红利”。     

农户受益、福利水平与农村公共产品供给的关联度

分析不同成本分担方式下农村公共产品供给对农户受益程度和福利水平的影响,基于成本分担的视角探讨农户福利内涵,结果表明:农户收入、农户满意度和农户间收入差距是解释农户福利的三个维度,且不同融资渠道下农户承担成本差异将通过三个维度指标来影响农户福利;农村公共产品效果评估研究的思路应拓展到提高广大农户福利水平方面。     

数量型还是价格型货币政策比较——基于利率市场化角度的分析

利率市场化进程中,数量型还是价格型货币政策合适?文章考虑金融市场上的金融加速器特征,将其引入DSGE模型,通过校准、模拟,从宏观经济波动幅度、不同货币政策下冲击效应以及福利损失函数三方面综合分析了利率市场化过程中数量型和价格型货币政策有效性问题。研究结果显示,随着存款利率的上升,在熨平经济波动方面,价格型货币政策更有优势;在促进经济增长方面,数量型货币政策更有优势;对央行损失而言,价格型货币政策的损失更小。因此,中央银行应根据需要灵活的运用数量型和货币型搭配使用,做好数量型向价格型转变。     

中国对外贸易成本的分解及其对出口的影响——基于随机前沿引力模型

本文运用随机前沿引力模型,测度了2001年和2007年中国与94个国家和地区的双边贸易成本,并按照贸易成本的构成对中国在两个时期间的出口增长进行了分解。结果表明,中国的出口增长主要来自于显性和隐性跨境贸易成本的减少以及贸易伙伴国需求的增加。在2001～2007年期间,边境内成本的变化导致中国对欧盟、美国、日本三大贸易伙伴出口损失的减少,而由该成本变化带来的出口损失增加的大部分来自印度和巴西。另一方面,由于隐性跨境成本的约束,中国对于严格遵循TBT和SPS政策的一些高收入或中等收入国家的出口潜力减少了。     

中国货币政策的福利损失与政策规则选择——基于新凯恩斯DSGE模型的分析

本文在新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型框架下,运用福利损失函数和脉冲响应方法研究我国最优货币政策规则选择的问题。研究结果表明,货币供应量规则相对于利率规则,使外生冲击对产出和通货膨胀的影响更持久,造成更大的福利损失,因此中央银行的货币政策规则应该逐步从货币供应量规则转向利率规则;在一定条件下,前瞻型利率规则、后顾型利率规则和泰勒规则所造成的福利损失相差不大,从便利的角度出发,中央银行应该选择后顾型利率规则。     

碳排放政策下的供应链定价与减排北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章以供应链的减排量和价格为研究对象,建立了制造商主导的斯坦伯格两阶段动态博弈模型,探讨了碳税、碳交易、总量控制目标政策下由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链的定价与减排优化问题。研究表明:碳排放政策下制造商和零售商的定价策略相反,随着排放政策变得严厉,制造商提高批发价格而零售商降低边际利润;产品初始绿色程度、减排成本系数和碳排放价格是影响供应链定价和减排的重要因素。供应链初始绿色程度低时碳排放价格对供应链减排量的影响存在阈值效应。文章还从供应链层面比较了三种排放政策的减排效力,发现即使减排政策不同,只要安排适当也可以实现同样的减排目标,但效果优劣有碳交易、碳税、总量控制的次序之分。     

利得和收入、损失和费用的辨析

利得和收入,损失和费用,既有联系,又有区别.利得和损失产生于非日常活动,收入和费用产生于日常活动;从核算科目上,利得和损失或者计入"资本公积"科目,或者计入"营业外收入"、"营业外支出"科目;而收入或者计入"主营业务收入"、或者计入"其他业务收入";费用则计入"主营业务成本"或者"其他业务成本"科目.     

基于多元回归模型的中国旅游收入影响因素研究

目前我国旅游业处于重要战略机遏期,探究我国旅游收入的影响因素对保持其平稳较快增长的发展极为重要。通过建立国内和国际的旅游收入多元回归模型,对1992-2011年中国旅游业的相关数据进行对比分析。结果表明,旅游饭店是国内和国际旅游收入共有的影响因素;而国际航线是影响国际旅游收入的主要因素;同时验证了其他研究中提出的国内旅游人数和人均可支配收入对国内旅游收入存在显著正向影响的观点;在发展变化上,国内旅游从传统观光型向现代多样型转变,而国际旅游则形成游客多国性和地域广阔性之势。最后,提出建立旅游产业体系、刺激旅游消费等增加中国旅游收入的对策建议。     

The Influence of Demographics and Household-Specific Price Indices on Consumption-Based Inequality and Welfare: A Comparison of Spain and the United States

Previous research has suggested that inequality is lower in Spain than in the United States when it is based on income. For the present article, both inequality and social welfare are examined, with household consumption expenditures used as a proxy for household welfare. For tractability, equivalence scales depended only on the number of people in the household. Household-specific price indices were used to express the 1990-1991 expenditure distributions in 1981 and 1991 winter prices. Our results reveal that inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. When all households are considered, the two-country comparison suggests that the income inequality ranking can only be maintained for expenditure distributions when economies of scale are small or nonexistent. However, welfare is always higher in the United States than in Spain. Because inflation during the 1980s in both countries was essentially distributionally neutral, all results appear to be robust to the choice of time period.     

减税降费有助于缩小中国家庭经济不平等吗——来自2011年个税改革的证据

共同富裕要求我们从多维视角审视物质层面的不平等，在当前减税降费的大背景下，个人所得税是调控收入分配的关键手段。文章从收入、消费和财产所构成的多维经济不平等视角出发，对2011年个人所得税改革调节家庭经济不平等的效应进行了探讨。研究发现：个人所得税改革的公平效应是显著的，使经济不平等程度下降了13.64%，其中对城市地区的调节效应更强，对低福利阶层和高福利阶层的影响相对显著。在作用机制方面，个人所得税改革主要影响收入不平等，并进一步作用于消费不平等和财产不平等，最终影响经济不平等。为充分发挥个人所得税的调节效应，应逐步提高个人所得税比重，补充和细化专项附加扣除项目与标准，逐步以家庭为基础征收个税。     

Subsidy policies in a fertility choice model

This paper compares the effects that a subsidy to health expenditure or a subsidy to child-rearing costs has in a fertility choice model in which mortality is also endogenously determined. Whichever subsidy is instituted, the population growth rate rises. While a subsidy to health expenditure reduces welfare, a subsidy to child-rearing costs might increase welfare. The welfare analysis also suggests that a subsidy to health expenditure should be financed by a capital income tax, while a subsidy to child-rearing costs should be financed by a consumption tax.     

Efficiency or equity? The effect of an exogenous agricultural commercial shock: Evidence from Manchuria in the 1930s

The adoption of high-value cash crops (HVCs) is considered an efficient way to improve farmers' productivity and welfare, although the systematic empirical evidence is limited. By exploiting an exogenous commercial shock for soybeans and microlevel rural survey data from Manchuria of China in the 1930s, where factor markets were relatively well functioning, this study investigates the influence of HVC cultivation on farmers' agricultural performance, welfare, and inequality both theoretically and empirically. We find that (i) larger farms devote a larger proportion of land to HVCs and that (ii) farmers who cultivate a larger proportion of HVCs have higher agricultural productivity, profit, net income, and expenditure. Furthermore, the adoption of HVCs lowers profit, income, and expenditure inequality by enhancing income from wages relative to land rents, which benefits households with less land.     

E-commerce and Consumption Inequality in China

Consumption inequality may impede economic development and hinder the achievement of common prosperity. Using three waves of the China Family Panel Studies from 2014 to 2018, this paper investigated the impact of e-commerce on consumption inequality, as measured by the Kakwani index. The results indicate that e-commerce can reduce household consumption inequality. A mechanism analysis shows that e-commerce can narrow household income inequality, increase the purchasing power of low-income households, and promote the consumption of households with limited access to offline markets, thereby reducing the consumption gap. A heterogeneity analysis suggests that the positive role of e-commerce in reducing consumption inequality can be more significant among vulnerable households, such as households with elderly members and less-educated households. E-commerce can have varying impacts on consumption inequality across different subcategories of household expenditure, with the greatest impact seen in entertainment and education expenditure. These findings provide new evidence for the role of e-commerce in reducing consumption inequality in the digital economy, and the implications of this are discussed.     

Is income a good welfare indicator for Spanish households? A comparison between both distributions

This paper compares the income and welfare distributions of Spanish households, with the objective of determining whether the first is a good indicator of the second. We consider different inequality measures of both adjusted income and welfare. The results show that the income ranking does not represent the welfare ranking of households and, secondly, that monetary inequality is higher than welfare inequality, which gives support to the idea that leisure time has a compensating effect on household welfare.     

Political Control and Economic Inequality: Evidence from Chinese Cities

This paper explores the consequence of political control on intra-city economic inequality. Utilizing the unique political institution with mass cadre transfers and household survey data from 81 Chinese cities in 2010, 2012, and 2014, we find that cities with a “local” leader enjoy an almost 6% reduction in expenditure inequality, and the gap is especially narrowed in the lower income families. The reduction is attributed to larger amount of targeted transfers to low-income households. This paper is among the first to empirically support the argument supporting local residence duration for office holding in public sectors, and also contributes to understanding the political economy of social welfare programs as well as campaigns in inequality reduction.     

Firm agglomeration and local poverty reduction: evidence from an economy in transition

We examine the linkages between firm agglomeration and the welfare of households in Vietnam. We measured firm agglomeration by per capita firm output at the district level and household welfare by per capita income, expenditure, and poverty. We find that firm agglomeration helps households move from the informal sector to the formal sector. As a result, there is a positive effect of firm agglomeration on per capita income, per capita expenditure, and poverty reduction, albeit of a small and time‐decreasing magnitude. The effect of firm agglomeration on per capita expenditure tends to be higher for households with men, younger, and more educated heads than households with women, older, and less educated heads. Households in rural areas and those that do not have crop land are more likely to benefit from firm agglomeration than those living in urban areas and having crop land.     

Spatial Patterns of Expenditure Inequalities in Indonesia: 1987, 1990 and 1993

This article investigates the contribution of inter-regional disparity to total national inequality in household expenditure, by decomposing national inequality into within- and between-province components. This is done by applying the Theil inequality decomposition technique to household expenditure data from the National Socio-Economic Survey. Whereas inter-provincial disparity accounted for 12–14% of total inequality among urban households and 7–8% among rural households, urban–rural disparity accounted for 22–24% of total national inequality. A Kuznets curve drawn according to the 1993 Susenas data indicates a peak inequality value of 0.27 (using Theil index T) when the share of urban households reaches 53.2%; this share is much larger than the actual 1993 urbanisation level of 32.1%. Further urbanisation is therefore likely to raise total inequality, even if other conditions remain stable.