Shopping centre development in Belfast

Summary

One of the most common features of the modern retail environment is the planned shopping centre and, like many other British cities, Belfast boasts numerous examples. The pattern of shopping centre development in Belfast, however, is rather different from other parts of the UK. The city's divergence from British trends is largely due to the dynamics of the political situation in Northern Ireland. Though unique in many respects, this paper argues that the recent revitalization of Belfast city centre has valuable lessons for other British cities.     

The impacts of cross-border tourists on local retail property market: an empirical analysis of Hong Kong

Hong Kong as a small city has witnessed a drastic change in the number of short-stay and same-day tourists from Mainland China ever since the relaxation of the tourism policy began in the early 2000’s. This study examines the impacts on the prices of retail space attributed to the substantial increase of cross-border shoppers. Based on a comprehensive retail property transaction records in Hong Kong and a semi-log regression model, our study confirms a positive impact of the number of cross-border shoppers on retail property prices, especially on the value of newer and larger-sized street-level retail shops. Moreover, we find that the effects brought on the retail property market are city-wide and not limited to specific districts which are relatively closer to the border with Shenzhen and with a higher degree of accessibility by these cross-border shoppers. This paper is limited by a number of assumptions including travel distance of the shoppers from Shenzhen. Nevertheless, with an increase in personal travels by the affluent Mainland Chinese citizens who usually spend a lot on shopping outside China, future studies can be made in other North American or European cities for comparison.     

Deregulation of wholesale petrol prices: what happened to capital city petrol prices?

Wholesale petrol prices were deregulated in August 1998. This paper will quantify the effect associated with the deregulation of wholesale petrol prices on relative retail prices for unleaded petrol in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. This is done through Box–Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average methodology coupled with Box and Tiao intervention analysis. Weekly price data will be used for Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney. It finds that from the beginning of 1999, deregulation coincided with relatively lower retail petrol prices for all three cities. In the absence of any other possible alternative explanation for the simultaneous fall in relative retail petrol prices across all three cities, it is concluded that this change was most likely associated with deregulation. These results suggest that regulation of wholesale petrol prices were ineffectual in terms of constraining capital city retail petrol prices at the very least and may have actually contributed towards relatively higher retail petrol prices. This also suggests that future policy interventions designed to constrain prices in the downstream petroleum industry should be very carefully considered.     

Scottish structure plans and their role as indicators of future retail developments

Summary

In trying to form a view of what the pattern of retail development in Scotland is likely to be in the early years of next century, it is important to gain an understanding of how the physical planning framework influences the development process. Most Scottish Structure Plans now contain detailed statements of policy on retail development and the Scottish Development Department (SDD) periodically issues planning guidelines, including guidelines on the location of major retail developments. Much of this paper is taken up with analysis and interpretation of Structure Plan policies on retailing and the SDD's new planning guidelines, issued in December 1986.

Previous work in this subject area has identified common elements in Structure Plan policies on retailing and has pointed to the difficulties planners face in formulating policies appropriate to the dynamism of the industry. This paper attempts to go further than previous work by showing how policies are evolving in the face of change in the retail industry. Four broad trends in policy development are identified. The paper also describes the distinguishing features of the retailing policies of the six regional planning authorities in Scotland.

The review of Structure Plans, which was accompanied by a series of interviews with planning officers, highlighted a number of issues for further discussion. It is clear that the SDD's new guidelines on the location of major retail developments are being interpreted differently by different planning authorities and that the full intent of the guidelines has yet to emerge. Local authorities are also concerned about how the necessary environmental improvements in town and city centres are to be financed. Particularly in light of the emergence of new forms of shopping and proposals for new large‐scale and out‐of‐town developments, a further issue is the feasibility of retailing policies based on the principle of hierarchy.

Although there is no reason to suspect that the continuation of Structure Planning in Scotland may be in doubt, the question also arises of whether the plans have a future, given that Structure Planning is to be abandoned in England and Wales. The answer to the question is, ultimately, political, but Structure Planning in Scotland does appear to work. Scotland has a more coherent structure of local government than England and Wales and, unlike their counterparts elsewhere in Britain, upper‐tier local authorities in Scotland can exert strategic control over the development process by virtue of their call‐in powers.

The paper comes to the qualified conclusion that Scottish Structure Plans do, or at least have the potential to, indicate the way ahead for the pattern of retail development. The qualification is necessary because Structure Plans generally are in a state of flux and, for this reason, it is not entirely clear whether the policies are anticipating change in the retailing industry or are simply reacting to it. Some of the remaining uncertainties should be resolved, however, when Structure Plan policies are reviewed in light of the new planning guidelines.     

Developing an appropriate land use methodology to promote spatially just,formal retail areas in developing countries: The case of the City of Cape Town,South Africa

South African scholars have increasingly recognized that the prevailing management system for land use is one not relevant to the current spatial needs of the country's settlements. These include, in particular, the need to create sustainable, spatially just and resilient settlements and to develop land in a manner that promotes efficient urban development. The debate in the South African literature on land use management has, with a few notable exceptions, yet to venture into the specific mechanics of how to fix this system, ways the system can be used to create a spatially just urban form, or its applicability in formal retail areas.This paper addresses these questions within the context of formal retail areas and the zoning category that these are typically found in, namely that of the General Business zone. This paper initially investigates the current exclusionary nature of formal retail areas in the context of South Africa and within Cape Town and how this is linked to the more macro patterns of spatial exclusion within Cape Town. It is argued that within the context of Cape Town there is a need to focus on both commercial, particularly formal retail, as well as residential, areas with regard to the project of creating a more spatially just city. It is subsequently demonstrated, firstly, how zoning scheme provisions could be used as a mechanism to address these patterns of exclusion in formal retail areas, specifically exploring provisions that would encourage inclusion of informal and microenterprises within shopping malls. Secondly, it is demonstrated how provisions can be included that create a safer and more inviting environment for public transport users and poorer employees and consumers, in formal retail areas.The contribution of this paper is to initiate a long overdue conversation regarding the relationship between land use management and social justice within a developing world context, and in formal retail areas, and aims to set out ways in which land use management can be made more relevant; both for South African cities and cities in other developing countries.     

徐州西部商圈业态空间优化研究

本文在对城市零售商业业态结构相关研究进行述评的基础上,以徐州市西部商圈为实证,通过对其商业零售网点的业种、业态的定量分析,概括了其结构特征并揭示了存在的问题.然后基于卡瑞四边形模型规划出西部商圈“一核四区”的业态空间结构,针对每个功能分区提出了业态优化的对策.本研究为我国城市商业副中心的零售商的布局及业态优化等提供了可...     

济宁市乡村振兴驱动因子识别及评价研究

目的 通过对济宁市乡村振兴驱动因子进行识别研究,分析各驱动因子间的关系和相互影响程度,并对其驱动因素进行评价,以期为济宁市乡村振兴战略规划实施提供科学参考。方法 文章运用DEMATE方法和熵权法对济宁市乡村振兴驱动因子进行定性与定量研究,结合两种方法从主观和客观的角度综合分析其驱动因素。结果 在济宁市乡村振兴驱动因子中,休闲农业产值对济宁市乡村振兴发展的影响度最大,农村居民人均可支配收入受其他驱动因子的影响最大,综合来看,基础设施投资额、文化产业支出比重、农民工返乡创业人数、人均受教育年限、休闲农业产值、环保资金投入、人均公园绿地面积、天然气普及率、乡镇卫生院个数共9个因子为济宁市乡村振兴的重要驱动因子。结论 从结果因素来看,贫困发生率、乡村就业人数、人均社会消费品零售额较易受到其他因子影响,充分掌握重要驱动因子之间的相互关系是巩固济宁市乡村振兴结果因素效益的关键;正确协调乡村振兴中的重要驱动因子,对其相互关系进行梳理是促进济宁市乡村发展的重要途径;人口因素是济宁市乡村振兴发展的制约因素,加快补齐济宁市农村民生短板是其乡村发展的关键。     

The retail warehouse: A hybrid form of development

Summary

The paper examines the property market aspects of retail warehouse development. To set the context for the discussion, the history of the development of retail warehouses is traced, highlighting the increasing sophistication of this form of trading and comparing the future development prospects in each of the three main goods sectors. Comparative rental evidence provides the basis for the discussion of the relative influences of the retail and industrial property markets which follows, from which it is evident that the market for retail warehouses is much more strongly related to the industrial market than to the retail market. It is concluded, however, that the influence of the industrial market is likely to weaken as grouped developments of retail warehouses become more common and thus a ranking of centres emerges which is reflected in increasingly differentiated rental levels. Finally, the impact of planning policies on retail warehouse developments is considered.     

景德镇市生态经济城市建设研究

目前景德镇市生态经济城市建设还处于探索阶段,本文对其建设条件进行了SWOT分析,并提出了景德镇建设生态经济城市的发展模式和基本路径,这对实现景德镇市城市经济、社会和生态的协调发展具有十分重要意义.     

新型城镇化发展水平评价及其空间特征分析*——以江苏省常州市为例

[目的]分析江苏省常州市及各区、县新型城镇化发展水平,建立新型城镇化发展水平评价指标体系,从人口城镇化、经济生态化、社会城镇化、生态城镇化等4个方面共确定13个评价指标进行深入研究,以便为常州市新型城镇化发展现阶段存在的问题提供相关建议。[方法]依据科学性、可操作性等原则及理论分析与频度研究相结合的方法进行评价指标的获取与筛选,运用全局主成分分析法与熵权法相结合的综合确权法确定指标权重,最大限度提高研究结果的精确度,并得出影响常州市新型城镇化发展水平的主要指标。[结果]常州市新型城镇化发展水平由"良好"向"较好"转化,最终优化为"优秀",优化趋势遥遥领先,各区、县新型城镇化发展水平及优化趋势差异性明显,总体来看金坛区、溧阳市发展水平较好,钟楼区与武进区发展水平不理想,天宁区、金坛区及新北区新型城镇化优化趋势紧跟中心城市常州市。[结论]常州市新型城镇化发展水平呈逐步上升趋势,发展前景较好,建成区绿地覆盖率、工业废水达标率及社会消费品零售总额对常州市新型城镇化发展水平影响较大。     

山东省德州市可持续发展研究

由于历史及其它原因,德州市的经济和可持续发展能力与山东省其他市相比差距很大,具体表现在经济发展水平、人口素质、环境状况几方面;在对德州市社会、经济、环境与资源4个子系统研究的基础上,采用层次分析法,建立了德州市可持续发展指标体系,运用指标体系和分析方法,对德州市可持续发展进行了综合评价分析,并提出以后发展的建议。     

三沙设施渔业发展战略研究

三沙海域具有丰富的海洋生物资源和岛礁资源,实现三沙海洋强市战略迫切需要发展i沙海洋设施渔业,利用岛礁建设多功能渔港,为三沙渔业发展提供保障。论文介绍了三沙生物资源和岛礁自然条件现状,论述了三沙多功能渔港建设的重要意义与建设要求,分析了三沙多功能渔港建设的发展思路、战略任务与重点研究方向,并提出了加快推进三沙设施渔业和多功能渔港建设的对策建议。     

基于低碳视角的凯里市休闲农业旅游开发

[目的]分析凯里市休闲农业旅游空间分布状况,挖掘贵州省凯里市休闲农业旅游开发潜力。[方法]文章借助熵权—离差最大化法确定指标权重,并选取单元加权法测算凯里市休闲农业旅游开发适宜性得分,分析凯里市休闲农业旅游开发的适宜程度,借助GIS空间分析法,分析凯里市休闲农业旅游开发适宜程度空间分布状况。[结果](1)通过农业旅游开发适宜性得分可知,凯里市下辖15个镇中,三棵树镇、旁海镇、舟溪镇、凯棠镇等为代表的9镇相对适宜休闲农业旅游开发,大风洞镇、炉山镇由于自身经济发展水平限制,休闲农业开发条件薄弱;(2)休闲农业旅游开发适宜性在凯里市具有明显的空间异质性,大致呈现出由东向西休闲农业旅游开发适宜性逐渐减小的空间分布形态。[结论]凯里市大部分区域适宜休闲农业旅游的发展,未来应大力提倡适宜性程度高的乡镇发展休闲农业。     

伊春林业资源型城市的生态与经济社会系统耦合发展研究

结合林业资源型城市的生态格局与经济社会现状,构建区域系统耦合发展度评价指标体系,考察分析伊春林业资源型城市生态与经济社会系统耦合发展度。结果表明:第一,伊春林业资源型城市发展运行呈现整体上升态势,生态与经济社会系统耦合发展度显著增强;第二,伊春林业资源型城市经历严重失调发展-轻度失调发展-低级协调发展-良好协调发展阶段,并呈现为生态损益-同步发展-生态导向的动态发展特征;第三,伊春林业资源型城市生态与经济社会系统良性协调发展,但经济社会系统略滞后于自然生态系统发展水平。     

吉安市油茶产业发展存在的问题与建议

发展油茶产业对于促进全市社会主义新农村建设、构建资源节约型和环境友好型社会、建设生态文明具有十分重要的意义。就油茶产业发展存在的问题进行分析,并提出解决办法及发展建议。     

大庆市水资源现状及其可持续开发

大庆市已被国家水利部确定为"国家级节水防污型社会建设试点城市",大庆市人均水资源占有量仅为全国平均水平的一半.在分析大庆市所面临的地下水超采严重、水污染导致水质型缺水等各种问题的基础上,重点探讨了如何有效利用大庆市有限的水资源,提出了提高水资源重复利用率、控制水环境污染等七项合理开发和保护大庆市水资源的具体对策.对建设节水型社会,实现大庆市水资源的可持续开发具有指导意义.     

Product Differentiation with Credence Attributes and Private Labels: The Case of Whitefish in UK Supermarkets

The retail market for seafood is dynamic with substantial competition both amongst retailers and between private labels and national brands. New product attributes are added in attempts to differentiate products and to attract consumers. Credence attributes, in particular those related to eco‐labels and fishing method, have become more common. But little is known about how these and other credence attributes are valued in the retail market. In addition, little is known about price differences between private labels. To estimate the value of these attributes, weekly in‐store observations of selected frozen whitefish products were conducted in seven UK retail chains in the city of Glasgow. An estimated hedonic model shows a substantial price premium for fishing method (line‐caught), a premium for both home (Scottish) and non‐home country of origin (Icelandic) and a premium for the Marine Stewardship Council eco‐label. An uncertified eco‐label owned by a large seafood manufacturer leads to reduced price. The study also reveals substantial price differences between private labels for whitefish. The results contribute new insights regarding opportunities for differentiation by credence attributes which may lead to more sustainable and effective resource use along the value chain for frozen whitefish.     

Demand,challenges, and marketing strategies in the retail promotion of local brand milk

This article addresses the demand and challenges for local brand milk and focuses on the marketing strategies for retail promotion. While federal and state government make efforts to promote local food purchases and consumption at the farm level, local foods face significant distribution challenges in grocers, especially in larger retail stores. Limited shelf space and high pricing by retailers impedes consumers’ purchases and results in weak competitiveness for local brands. Therefore, it is essential for local producers and “buy local” programs to understand what types of promotion and marketing strategies might be more effective in stimulating demand in retail outlets. Using 2010-2011 Nielsen Retail Scanner data in the Northeast region, we estimate a random-coefficient discrete choice model of demand to determine the effects of nutritional characteristics, price, packaging, and distribution strategies on the consumers’ choice to purchase locally branded milk. Results show that local brand milk faces significant demand challenges in addition to high prices and limited outlets in competing with lower-priced products. Marketing strategies, such as price cut, one-gallon package offering, and expanded presence in retail stores, can significantly stimulate the demand for locally branded milk, with one-gallon package offering being the most effective strategy.     

桂西北喀斯特山区土地用地结构变化及驱动因素分析

利用土地利用变化幅度、单一土地利用动态度、综合土地利用动态度、土地利用程度综合指数等模型,对河池市土地利用动态变化分析,采用因素相关性分析法对其驱动因素进行分析;2001-2007年农业用地面积减少,园地面积逐步增长,建设用地面积一直呈现增长态势,累计增长量达5990．380hm2,2001年、2004年、2007年河池市土地利用程度综合指数分别为178．56,178．80,178．41,土地呈现从高度开发利用向合理调整转变的趋势;政策因素、经济和交通的快速发展、人口增长等都是促进土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。     

县域农业土地利用适宜性评价与优化研究以山西省原平市为例

目的 通过对原平市农业产业适宜性的定量评价,并结合土地利用的角度对原平市农业产业进行布局优化。方法 文章基于GIS空间分析和AHP方法,建立农业适宜性评价指标体系,刻画原平市农业产业适宜性指数的空间分布格局,得出适宜性分级图,进一步叠加原平市土地利用数据,进行农业优化布局分析。结果 原平市农业适宜性水平整体较低,只有14.82%的区域适宜和非常适宜农业生产,集中分布于中部平原地区;53.21%的地区基本适宜农业生产,主要分布于东部丘陵和西部山区;31.97%的地区不适宜农业发展,主要分布于西部山区;同时,在不适宜农业生产的地区中约有15.3%的土地被开垦为耕地,限制了该市整体农业生产效率的提高。结论 与传统的土地适应性相比,该研究嵌入了社会经济因子和管理水平的影响分析,使得研究结果更贴合实际。如何进一步挖掘更全面表征气候、生态、社会经济等影响因素,构建更加全面的适宜性评价指标体系,制定区域有别、因地而异的评价体系标准,是加强农业土地适宜性评价科学性和准确性的有利保障。