旅游文化与文化旅游:理论与实践的若干问题

“旅游文化”与“文化旅游”是两个容易被混淆的概念,也是两个应该引起重视的研究领域。本文从对比这两个概念在国内外的研究状况入手,辨析了这两个概念的含义及其研究范畴,指出目前研究的局限和应有的研究框架,并分析其相应的实践应用方向。     

旅游研究中的性别话题

社会性别研究已成为国际人文社会科学领域中一个重要的热点话题.旅游研究中的性别话题在国外始于20世纪70年代,从最初对女性的单一研究发展到今天从社会性别视角对男女两性的全面对比,研究内容多样,理论体系初步形成,并已积累了大量的研究案例.国内旅游研究中对性别的关注则多集中于对女性旅游市场、女性旅游者行为、旅游与少数民族妇女发展等几方面,且大多是在统计年鉴分析和文献归纳基础上的简单描述和总结.本文从研究对象、研究内容、研究方法等方面评述了国内外旅游中的性别研究,并对相关研究的不足和未来关注点进行了分析和预测.     

Tourism Studies in Spain

ABSTRACT

This paper's aim is to reflect on the contribution of Sociology to our knowledge of tourism, just when the tourism industry is demanding professionals with a wider knowledge and understanding of tourism, and European universities are redefining their programmes. Half of the Spanish universities offering a degree in Tourism Studies include Sociology of Tourism in its programme. A comparative analysis of the syllabi shows how their content covers the main issue areas in this field. More emphasis has been placed on typologies of tourists and the impact of tourism, while the tourists' social behaviour and the tourist system as a social structure are largely ignored.     

评《旅游学原理》

虽然人们对旅游现象理论研究的兴趣正在增长,但是还很少把它作为一种社会文化现象加以综合考察。《旅游学原理》（中文版）作为大陆几位学者的研究成果,试图就这个课题从多学科和社会科学角度提出一个综合性的解释;这种解释将在理性推理的基础上建立一个社会科学理论构架,以描述其起源、发生、形态、运行模式以及对社会的影响。在这个研究中,作者认为“综合性地运用归纳逻辑和三段论法的演绎逻辑,是对这个综合性社会现象作出科学解释十分重要的方法”（ＰＶ）。在这里,作者提出了“旅游是市场经济发展产物”和“旅游是综合性社会现象”（Ｐ…     

Studies in Tourism and Hospitality Management

Abstract

Universities around the world are involved in dynamic change as they seek creative solutions in response to a number of educational and structural issues. To be effective, educational methodologies and technologies need to be anchored to the diverse material circumstances characterising different groups of learners. The challenge for universities offering programs of study in tourism and hospitality management is to provide avenues for learning which are reflective of the needs of industry and incorporate the technology now available. One of the more significant responses has centred on the development of educational programs for flexible learning.

This paper is an analytical reflection on the experience of redesigning and developing programs in tourism and hospitality to increase student access to a wide variety of stimulating learning resources and delivery media. In particular, it documents the process of developing, teaching and evaluating a subject entitled, “Asian Cultures in Tourism and Travel” within a three-year Bachelor of Business program that offers concentrations in Tourism, Travel, Hospitality and Leisure Management.     

国内外旅游声景研究进展

声景作为旅游研究的新兴方向,逐渐受到国内外学者的关注.文章系统回顾了国内外关于旅游声景的研究进展,分析了国内外旅游声景研究的差异,并指出了未来中国旅游声景研究的主要方向.主要结论包括:(1)在研究内容上,国内学者主要关注了声景资源的识别与开发和旅游地声景的评价等内容,而国外学者则关注了从安静声景的价值判断到旅游噪音的影响和治理,从声景视角下的旅游体验到新兴快速发展的音乐旅游等多个层面的内容;(2)在研究视角上,国外相关研究引入了文化人类学、民族音乐学、声学生态学、文化地理学等多种理论视角,实现了旅游声景研究的多视角融合,而国内基于地理学或旅游学视角的研究尚不多见;(3)旅游目的地的声景建设与改善、基于声景视角的旅游体验、声景变迁及声景遗产的开发与保护等是中国未来旅游声景研究的重点.     

旅游人类学视野中的"旅游文化"

旅游人类学是一门新兴的学科，是许多应用学科中的“后进者”。但是，旅游人类学对“旅游文化”的研究不仅成为该分支最具学科性的核心价值，也成了其他学科乃至决策部门关注的重要内容。本文试图对旅游人类学研究视野中“旅游文化”以及相关的问题作一些评述和分析，借此提出一些问题以期引起学界的注意和重视。这无论从学科的理论反思抑或是应用层面都是有益的。     

环境旅游与文化旅游紧密结合--贵州省乡村旅游发展的前景和方向

本文紧紧围绕乡村旅游发展的方向——环境旅游与文化旅游紧密结合这个主题,从乡村旅游的基本概念和本质特征入手,就乡村旅游的市场特点和发展趋势进行了分析．并对如何开发贵州省乡村旅游产品进行了分类讨论,指出环境旅游和文化旅游紧密结合是贵州乡村旅游可持续发展的基本要求．贵州省乡村旅游只有沿着环境旅游和文化旅游紧密结合的方向前进,才有希望把贵州省建设顾国内、乃至国际著名的乡村旅游胜地。     

A Dynamic Model for Managing Cultural Tourism

This research adopts the system dynamics method from complex science to develop a model to address conflicts of development among interest groups in the context of cultural tourism. This study deploys various surveys at different cultural heritage sites and incorporates findings from a literature review of industrial development motives within the fields of economics, geography, sociology, and tourism. Consequently, this research identifies critical factors related to the evolution of the cultural tourism system. Based on these factors, we present a dynamic model including (1) 3 level variables, (2) 6 rate variables, and (3) 35 auxiliary variables. We discuss the three sub-systems of the derived model and the relationships among these sub-systems. The dynamic model suggests that cultural tourism managers should evaluate the benefits of cultural assets, protective investment ratios, crowding ratios, and resident tourism participation ratios as key leverage points in sustaining the development of cultural tourism.     

Tourism attraction systems: Exploring Cultural Behavior

Attractions are vital sub-elements in all whole tourism systems, and yet their study suffers from lack of theoretical depth and empirical foundation. This paper presents an empirical exploration of the attraction system model, based on a survey of over 6,000 tourists to cultural attractions. The results provide strong support both for the general structure of the model and for the idea that tourists are “pushed” towards attractions by their motivations. Visitation is shown to be strongly related to motivation, attraction markers, use of different media, and touristic characteristics. Potential areas of development for the model are suggested, including more consideration of the relationship between agency and structure.     

A Highlight of Tourism and Hospitality Education Issues in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

This paper was written to explore the opinions of the hospitality human resource managers in Taiwan about current tourism and hospitality education provisions. Major issues regarding tourism and hospitality education in Taiwan were identified. Based on the research findings, a number of conclusions were drawn and specific suggestions for the future of the tourism and hospitality education in Taiwan were proposed.     

Saving Cultural Information: The Potential Role of Digital Databases in Developing Cultural Tourism

The question of cultural archiving has been raised by many writers in contexts ranging from heritage interpretation to virtual reality. This report reviews some of the relevant issues.     

旅游生态补偿:内涵探讨与科学问题

生态/环境在旅游中的重要性逐渐被认识到.一方面,生态/环境成为旅游地重要的吸引要素,成为旅游发展的重要生态资本;另一方面,旅游活动带来的生态/环境破坏,影响生态文明建设和整体生态服务价值的增值.因此,作为生态文明建设的重要途径之一的旅游生态补偿受到了重视.文章在生态旅游研究起源分析基础上,对旅游生态补偿的4个核心科学问题进行系统分析:①旅游生态补偿的涵义(什么是旅游生态补偿);②旅游生态补偿的利益主体(补给谁,谁出钱);③旅游生态补偿的标准(补多少);④旅游生态补偿的渠道与机制(通过什么样的方式,建立怎样的资金分配方式和政策体系).最后,文章展望旅游生态补偿的研究进行,认为需要关注3个重点问题:①从实践需求和研究现状看,目前首要解决的两个问题是判别旅游生态补偿的利益主体和建立旅游生态补偿标准的共识;②未来研究需要具体关注旅游生态补偿的区域和产权界定情景;③未来亦需关注国外生态补偿的经验借鉴.     

How Cultural Differences Cause Dimensions of Tourism Satisfaction

Abstract

This paper develops a conceptual model of the relationship between different cultural values and how they influence consumer satisfaction in the tourism industry. It is hypothesized that cultural differences manifest themselves in different levels of importance being placed upon different aspects of service, and the differences between the levels of importance and the actual service received cause differences in the levels of satisfaction. These hypotheses are tested using 269 independent samples of levels of importance and 411 independent samples of satisfaction of tourists from four cultural groups (Australian, USA/Canadian, Japanese, Mandarin speakers) who visited Melbourne, Australia in the period May-September, 1996. The analysis develops dimensions of importance and satisfaction separately for each cultural grouping, and uses structural equation modeling (Amos 3.6) to develop the causal model measuring the way in which importance of service dimensions cause dimensions of satisfaction. Conclusions from the analysis show little evidence of a causal relationship between importance of service quality attributes and satisfaction. However, significant differences are found between cultures for different levels of satisfaction resulting indirectly from differences in the importance and actual levels of service received.

The implications for cultural differences affecting tourism satisfaction are discussed.     

社会学视角下的旅游文化现象

本文是国家社科基金项目的阶段性成果之一。文章从社会学角度,观察旅游文化现象,介绍了旅游社会学形成的渊源和研究的问题,探讨了旅游行为和社会变迁之间的相互关系。文章认为,现代社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步,增加了社会成员的收入和闲暇时间,使多数社会成员把旅游消费作为日常生活的一部分。同时,旅游者、旅游机构和旅游目的地之间的互动也影响社会政策,改变社会结构,引起社会变迁。