西辽河平原区地下水水位动态与水资源可持续发展

根据西辽河平原区地下水位动态及气象、水文等资料,分析了地下水水位动态,确定了该区的地下水位动态类型:人工开采型,降水入渗开采型,降水入渗型,降水入渗蒸发型,径流型,降水入渗径流型。结果表明,西辽河平原区地下水动态主要影响因素为气象因素及人为因素,地下水的大量开采对该区水资源可持续利用产生了极大的影响。     

A probabilistic approach for the socioeconomic assessment of urban river rehabilitation projects

Urban river rehabilitation aims to enhance the ecological status of urban watercourses and promote measures for the local population to increase their well-being by making a direct or indirect use of the services these ecosystems may provide. The social and economic feasibility is evaluated by contrasting the resources used in the rehabilitation process with the benefits derived from it through the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). By means of a case study, this work not only introduces the most innovative CBA approaches in environmental projects, but also implements probabilistic simulation methods in order to increase the robustness of the assessment indicators.The case study encompasses two projects, whose global costs total €46 M in 50 years, for the environmental rehabilitation of the stretch of the River Segura that flows through the city of Murcia. The benefits have been obtained by a contingent valuation exercise: €3.3 M/year (€0.6 M/year of use benefits, and €2.7 M/year of non-use benefits). Three different CBA approaches (economic, extended and dual) are applied to contrast these costs and benefits, conducting the analyses of uncertainty and sensitivity of the benefit items through a Monte Carlo simulation. The results highlight the importance of environmental benefits for this kind of projects to be socioeconomically feasible thanks to the profitability indicators they provide.     

基于DEA的农业水土资源匹配特征研究*——以甘肃省5流域为例

［目的］水土资源可持续利用是经济社会和生态环境可持续发展的基础。以疏勒河、黑河、石羊河、黄河上游、嘉陵江5个流域为评价单元,研究2001—2016年甘肃省的流域农业水土资源配置效率的趋势、分析其主要影响因素,并基于不同流域农业生产投入及其冗余状况对生产效率提升途径进行探索。［方法］运用数据包络分析法中的BCC和CCR模型分析该省农业水土资源匹配特征,并利用Mann Kendall法进行趋势检验,最后运用主成分分析法探究其主要影响因素。［结果］（1）2001—2016年甘肃省农业水土资源利用综合效率、技术效率、规模效率总体走向呈现上升并趋于稳定,这种上升趋势通过了005的显著性检验;（2）从时间序列来看, 2001—2016年甘肃省及各流域地区的农业水土资源匹配程度总体上呈现上升趋势并趋于稳定状态; 从流域空间上来看,各流域农业水土资源匹配程度比较结果为：黑河＞石羊河＞黄河上游＞疏勒河＞嘉陵江;（3）总人口数、城镇化率、降水量、产水模数及GDP耗水量这5个影响因子的显著性和代表性增强,对甘肃省水土资源匹配的解释程度也较强。［结论］甘肃省水土资源匹配度有较大的提升空间,从各流域水土资源利用和管理特点出发,采取具体措施优化限制因子,可以促进区域比较优势的发挥,又能够引导区域农业经济空间的合理化,最终实现农业可持续发展目标。     

基于生态需水约束下辽河平原水稻布局调整

文章根据下辽河平原多年的水文、气象及工、农业等资料,采用旱涝指数与正负距平、彭曼—蒙斯特公式、最小月平均径流量、恢复地下水位年需水量等方法计算,着重对下辽河平原用水结构的变化特征、水田用水时空的变化特征及生态需水的时空变化特征进行研究,同时提出对下辽河平原水稻布局进行合理的调整。结果表明:下辽河平原用水结构以水田用水为主,在平水年与干旱年水田用水挤占生态环境用水最为明显,特别是在干旱年,生态环境用水仅为0.66亿m3,辽阳市、锦州市等生态环境用水为0,无法满足生态需水;下辽河平原生态需水的变化特征为干旱年的生态需水量大于平水年,在不同水文年型中下辽河平原生态需水的恢复量变化特征为干旱年中生态需水的恢复量大于平水年;对该区水稻生产布局做出合理的调整,在平水年水田需削减9.15万hm2/a,干旱年水田需削减10.623万hm2/a,锦州市水田削减量占本市水稻种植面积的比例最大。该研究结果对防止生态环境问题恶化、优化下辽河平原农业种植结构、水资源的可持续发展提供了参考。     

Evaluation of the environmental effects of intensive land consolidation: A field-based case study of the Chinese Loess Plateau

The large-scale implementation of the Grain for Green project on the Chinese Loess Plateau since 1999 has greatly increased the vegetation coverage and rapidly decreased the agricultural land by converting slope cropland to planted vegetation (forest and grasslands). However, the geological, hydrological, ecological, and agricultural effects of the Gully Land Consolidation (GLC) project launched at Yan’an City in 2011 to address these land-use problems are not clearly understood. To assess the project outcomes in this region, we examined 71 of the 193 subprojects (61 treated gullies and 10 untreated gullies); measured geological, hydrological, ecological, and agricultural indices in the field; and tested disturbed (n = 447) and undisturbed (n = 142) soil samples (e.g., particle size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and heavy metal contents). We found that: (1) slope stability improved for 67 % of the subprojects, (2) severe swamping was found only for 2 % of the subprojects, (3) the average increase in NDVI was 0.0231, 69 % of treated gullies NDVI was increased, and (4) crop yield was overall improved. There were no significant differences between the treated and untreated gullies in soil texture, saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, or heavy metal contents (Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb), although particle size contents (range of 0.05 mm – 0.20 mm) differed significantly (p < 0.05). To promote successful gully land consolidation, the GLC project should (1) prioritize slope stability and long-term maintenance of water preservation facilities in gullies, (2) use bioengineering to accelerate the maturation of newly created land, or develop new cropping system after the GLC project; (3) on the basis of Grain for Green, integrate the GLC project, and modern agriculture to be complementary.     

珠江三角洲资源、环境问题与可持续发展对策

改革开放以来，珠江三角洲在取得巨大经济成就的同时，在资源、环境方面也付出了沉重的代价，造成了自然资源数量和质量下降，城乡环境污染严重，资源短缺与经济发展的矛盾日益突出，严重制约着该地区社会经济的持续快速发展；珠江三角洲必须坚持走可持续发展之路，尽快转变经济增长方式；加强宣传教育，提高全社会的可持续发展意识；打破行政区域束缚，加强区域整体协调；合理利用和节约资源，建立资源节约型经济体系；加强立法和管理，切实保护环境。     

湄公河流域水资源开发利用现状

根据湄公河流域自然特征、水资源现状、水利工程现状及规划资料,分析湄公河各流域国水资源开发利用特点及未来趋势,为湄公河水资源可持续开发利用及我国同湄公河各流域国开展相关合作提供最基本的依据。研究结果表明,湄公河水资源开发利用率呈上升趋势;老挝未来将加快水电开发节奏,其规划水电总装机容量占湄公河总装机容量的70.0%;泰国对湄公河水资源的开发利用主要体现在农业灌溉方面,未来泰国灌溉引水有增加的趋势;柬埔寨和越南分别在湄公河干支流上有水电工程规划,但柬埔寨的用水需求主要体现在为保证其洪泛区土壤肥力,对湄公河上游雨季充足的洪峰流量的需求,越南是湄公河流域灌溉面积最大的国家,其主要的用水需求是旱季湄公河三角洲灌溉需水。     

基于生态足迹模型的黄河三角洲可持续发展动态评估

黄河三角洲除油气资源外尚未得到全面深入开发,定量衡量黄河三角洲的可持续发展状态,选择适合自身的可持续发展方式,成为实现区域可持续发展的关键。采用生态足迹分析这一定量方法,从生态与经济协调发展的角度探讨黄河三角洲的可持续发展定量测度。结果表明区域生态系统处于人类过度开发的压力之下,可持续发展的状况不容乐观。黄河三角洲的发展基本是通过消耗自然资本存量来弥补生态承载力的不足,区域自然—经济—社会系统结构亟需调整。     

大保护背景下长江经济带和黄河流域水安全评价及障碍因素分析

应用突变级数模型、Dagum基尼系数以及障碍诊断模型对长江经济带和黄河流域2009—2019年水安全状况进行了综合评估,通过对比分析探究了其空间差异与障碍因素。结果显示:在考察期内长江经济带水安全等级由较不安全转向较安全,而黄河流域一直处于不安全状态;从空间差异来看,相较于黄河流域,整体上长江经济带水安全综合指数地区分布更为协同,超变密度贡献是长江经济带水安全综合指数地区差异的主要来源,而区域间差异是黄河流域地区差异的主要来源;两大区域水安全问题各有短板,长江经济带主要是受到压力系统的阻碍,而黄河流域主是受到响应系统、状态系统和影响系统的三重阻碍;提出加强水资源科学配置、提升水资源节约集约利用、完善水土流失综合治理等政策建议。     

长江中下游地区农业经济增长中隐含虚拟耕地资源“尾效”对比研究*

[目的]为进一步科学、系统地评估长江中下游地区主要农产品隐含的虚拟耕地资源对农业经济增长的约束或促进作用,进而为国家正确制定和执行合理的土地管理政策提供参考依据。[方法]基于新古典经济增长理论构建农业经济增长中隐含的虚拟耕地资源"尾效"模型,以长江中下游地区7省、市为例进行实证对比分析,并尝试探索虚拟耕地资源"尾效"存在区域差异的原因。[结果]长江中下游地区主要农产品虚拟耕地资源与农业经济增长存在显著相关,虚拟耕地资源的投入进一步加速了浙江、上海和江苏的经济发展,对安徽、湖南、湖北、江西经济发展的促进和约束程度变化不一;虚拟耕地资源增长率、虚拟耕地资源弹性系数、资本弹性系数是虚拟耕地资源"尾效"存在区域差异的主要原因。[结论]长江中下游地区主要农产品虚拟耕地资源"尾效"整体差异明显,对农业经济增长的影响显著。     

农业空间匹配及其经济增长效应研究——以长三角为例

目的 产业空间匹配是产业发展的重要影响因素,产业发展与区域优势要素相匹配有助于缩小地区间经济水平差距,达到均衡发展状态。方法 文章从水土资源匹配和产业相对优势匹配两个角度定义了农业空间匹配质量,以长三角为例量化该地区41个地级市的匹配质量,随后采用空间滞后模型对农业空间匹配质量的经济增长效应进行了实证分析。结果 结果显示农业水土资源匹配度对长三角农业经济增长效应为-0.146 4,空间计量模型的空间滞后影响力为0.27。长三角各地区农业水土资源匹配状况总体趋势上表现出先提高后降低的趋势,2011—2015年达到最大值。结论 水土资源匹配度对长三角农业经济增长具有显著的负向影响,而相对优势匹配度对农业经济增长的影响不显著。增长模型中体现了空间的适应性,形成了良好的产业空间集聚。科技、劳动力和城市化都是其主要的驱动力,推动着水土资源匹配度在不同时期的变化。     

Impacts of land-cover change on the water flow regulation ecosystem service: Invasive alien plants,fire and their policy implications

Land and water resource issues typically fall under separate governance systems. For example, agricultural policy regulates land-cover change while water departments regulate water quality. However, land-use changes can directly affect water resources. Water flow regulation is a key service which is affected by changes in land-cover but its dynamics are poorly understood by most policy makers and land management organisations. We simulated and quantified the effects of plant invasions on land-cover, hydrological soil characteristics and catchment responsiveness on flow regulation using a hydrological model. The case study was located in the indigenous fynbos shrublands in South Africa. Fynbos requires fire to regenerate, has moderate biomass, occurs mostly in areas with a potential to erode and is prone to invasion by woody plant species, particularly trees. Invasions can affect flow regulation by changing community structure and function and increasing fuel loads. The greater fuel load increases fire intensity and severity which, in turn, changes the hydrological responses of catchments. Few studies have assessed the effects of invasion on hydrological responses but studies on plantations have recorded significant increases in soil water repellence following fire, resulting in increased overland flow similar to impacts of fires in invaded areas. Simulation of clear-felling of pines and different degrees of water repellency increased both the responsiveness of the catchment to rainfall and extreme rainfall events. The simulated fire effects were consistent with other studies of hydrological responses to fire. Our study indicates that invasions of pines and acacias in the study area could substantially increase the risk of flood damage even from moderate rainfall events, and highlights the importance of maintaining flow regulation capacity. New policy approaches are required which take account of the linkages and interactions between land-use choices, water resources and ecosystem services, and address them when considering governance arrangements.     

黄河流域粮食虚拟水流动对水资源空间均衡性的影响

采用引力模型、彭曼公式测算黄河流域省区间粮食虚拟水流动量,基于环境、经济、社会维度,通过比较虚拟水流动存在与否情景下的基尼系数,分析黄河流域粮食虚拟水流动对水资源空间均衡性的影响。结果表明：在2018年黄河流域省区间粮食虚拟水流动中,山东、河南、陕西、内蒙古的粮食虚拟水、虚拟蓝水呈净流出;山西、甘肃、宁夏、青海的粮食虚拟水、虚拟蓝水则呈净流入;黄河流域省区间粮食虚拟水流动在环境、经济、社会维度下均一定程度上促进了水资源空间均衡,其中环境维度下的促进作用较为微弱。     

Assessing the effect of alternative land uses in the provision of water resources: Evidence and policy implications from southern Europe

Ecosystem goods and services have been brought to the forefront of policy making all over the world. It is acknowledged that these goods and services underpin human well-being. The provision of water resources is amongst those services that have raised more attention, given its unquestionable value and global threats like climatic change. Nevertheless, the biophysical basis that determines the land-use/water interactions has been often ignored. For the formulation of sound decisions, it is necessary to extend the empirical basis that determines these complex relations. With this aim, the present paper analyses the effect of alternative types of land cover in the provision of water resources. In doing so, we compare hydrological, meteorological and land-cover data obtained in 15 watersheds located in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). Moreover we discuss the implications of including water resources in land-use policy and planning and address areas for further research.     

四川秦巴山区水资源分布特征及平衡分析

四川秦巴山区是长江上游地区重要的生态屏障,也是国家重要的生物多样性和水源涵养生态功能区。在掌握该区域水资源分布特征的基础上,分析了区域内水资源的开发利用现状,并进行了水资源量的平衡分析,结合区域水资源分布特征和利用现状,提出了水资源可持续利用的对策建议。结果表明:四川秦巴山区的水资源量呈现分布不均匀的特性;区域水资源利用水平还较低,用水量在水资源总量中所占的比例还较小,从总量上看还有较大的利用空间;现状条件下,各分区供水量和用水量是平衡,但2020年,各市均存在月可供水量不能满足用水需求的情况,必须采取管理和工程综合措施对水资源进行合理配置,减缓缺水影响。     

岷江上游地区水资源现状与可持续利用对策

以可持续发展思想为指导,以优化流域水资源系统结构和功能为着眼点,针对岷江流域水资源的开发利用程度、现状,系统存在的问题,提出该流域的水资源可持续利用对策,采取包括树立可持续利用的观念,推进节水型社会建设、健全水资源统一调度与管理机制、流域产业结构调整、慎重水利工程投入等措施,促进流域水资源的可持续利用,从而保障整个流域系统的可持续发展.     

水资源刚性约束下黄河流域高质量发展研究进展

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是重要的国家战略,水资源的刚性约束关系高质量发展成败。通过梳理黄河流域高质量发展的相关研究文献,从概念体系研究、水资源承载力研究、资源约束下的经济增长研究等3个范式切入,分析现有黄河流域高质量发展研究进展与不足。结果显示,现有研究集中高质量发展概念体系构建、水资源承载力与经济增长耦合、资源约束下的经济增长等议题,但尚未有研究阐明水资源刚性约束下高质量发展的机制。在阐释了水资源最大刚性约束作用机制的基础上,提出水资源约束高质量发展、高质量发展提升水资源承载力、统筹安全和发展的水资源约束机制,认为应建立起水资源刚性约束下的自然环境资源和社会经济增长的动态联系,并对可能的研究提出展望。     

黄河流域农业高质量发展中水土资源优化配置研究

目的 推进黄河流域农业高质量发展是实现黄河流域高质量发展的重点任务，也是破题之举。水资源利用较为粗放、农业用水效率不高是黄河流域农业高质量发展的最大制约，也是推进黄河流域农业高质量发展亟待破解的问题。方法 文章基于水资源刚性约束的现实条件，将水资源作为内生要素纳入柯布-道格拉斯生产函数，构建“以水定土、以土量水”的水土资源优化模型，运用黄河流域西北干旱区1 933份农户实地调研数据，实证分析不同配水方案及水价情景下，农作物种植面积的调整策略。结果 研究表明，黄河流域农业生产具有较大节水空间；调整配水方案，配水量向具有水资源利用比较优势的作物倾斜，有利于提高收益及水资源利用率；调节水价，增加用水成本，有助于抑制不合理用水需求，实现农业节水目标。结论 黄河流域农业水土资源优化配置应坚持“以水而定、量水而行”，推进水资源节约集约利用；完善水资源定价机制，抑制不合理用水需求；坚持生态优先，大力推进农业节水，推动设施农业发展，适度调减农作物种植面积，为生态用水提供更大的空间。黄河流域农业发展不应以规模论英雄，而是侧重向技术、管理、质量要效益，走质量兴农、绿色兴农、品牌强农的农业高质量发展之路。     

怒江大峡谷旅游区开发建设问题研究

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