Development pressure in the metropolitan fringe

Summary

Increasing market demand for new residential development in the urban fringe, together with changes in national political ideology and planning policy over the last decade, have combined to modify a longstanding opposition to development in the greenbelt. This has heightened the need for local planners and decision‐makers to formulate development plans which incorporate a satisfactory trade‐off between pro‐growth and anti‐growth interests. This paper identifies the principal actors involved in the production of the built environment of the urban fringe and employs a multi‐indicator technique to measure the incidence and intensity of development pressure in Glasgow's metropolitan fringe.     

哈尔滨城市边缘区及其生态经济问题探讨

哈尔滨城市边缘区生态经济发展的研究,能够优化城市功能区布局、促进城市边缘区生态建设。本研究采用乡镇综合实力指数与地理信息系统相结合的方法,探讨了城市边缘区范围及生态经济建设问题。结果表明,哈尔滨市城市边缘区存在生态环境破坏严重、第二产业比重过大、企业之间缺少产业链条联系、耕地面积急剧缩减和政府规划管理不合理等问题。加大环境保护力度、调整产业结构实现多元化发展、加强政府引导优化产业链条、加强土地资源管理、强化统一规划和管理,可以提高哈尔滨城市边缘区的生态建设水平。     

武汉市城乡结合部征地制度调查研究——基于农户与村级问卷调查

随着改革的不断深入，现行征地制度已明显滞后于市场经济的发展。本文以武汉市为例，对被征地农户进行了实地调查与分析，从征地类型的界定、农民的补偿安置、完善社会保障体系、加强法制监督等几个方面提出了完善征地制度的合理化建议。     

城市边缘区土地利用总体规划探析

本文在分析大城市边缘区土地利用特征和土地利用问题的基础上，针对城市边缘区土地利用的特殊矛盾性探讨了城市边缘区土地利用总体规划的目标、规划要点。     

城市边缘区土地利用规划中的景观谐调问题

研究目的:在对城市边缘区景观要素及其矛盾进行分析的基础上,探讨城市边缘区景观要素的不谐调问题.研究方法:定性分析法.研究结果:应在土地利用规划中加强以下4方面的工作来营造边缘区谐调景观风貌:(1)城市边缘区的视觉形象设计;(2)城市边缘区的土地规划分区;(3)调控城市边缘区土地利用密度和强度;(4)创建边缘区和谐的生态空间.研究结论:城市边缘区存在景观不谐调问题,应利用边缘区土地利用规划予以缓解,创建边缘区谐调景观关系.     

Planning for social inclusion: The impact of socioeconomic inequities on the informal development of farmland in suburban Beijing

Informal development on farmland is not only a major problem facing thousands of people, but also a major challenge to land use planning. In the rapidly growing literature on informal land development in China, most authors claim that ambiguous property rights and the dual land tenure system are the primary factors involved. As a result, existing state-led land use planning responses to informal development are solely focused on strengthening the legal regulation of land development. This paper challenges this approach, on the basis of the theory of urban informality. By examining many illegal gated communities in suburban Beijing, the paper argues that the informal development of farmland on the urban fringe is the result of local grassroots groups spontaneously responding to socioeconomic inequities in the context of transition to a market economy. These inequities mainly concern distributive inequity, procedural inequity and contextual inequity in relation to land use. It appears that the ongoing market-oriented initiatives of the state government could worsen informal land development unless these socioeconomic inequalities at the local level are tackled. The growing civil society is another change to the state's control of informal land development in China's cities. A new land use planning system which has more concern for social inclusion rather than focusing on centralized control is imperative in China.     

Urban agriculture and land use in cities: An approach with the multi-functionality and sustainability concepts in the case of Antananarivo (Madagascar)

Urban planners are increasingly interested in agriculture around cities and have to decide whether to maintain or not areas of agricultural land use within and close to growing cities. There is therefore a need for researchers to design tools to guide public decision-making on land use. Various approaches, originating from different disciplines, may be adopted in this respect. We designed an interdisciplinary research program in order to test two related concepts: the “sustainability” and the “multi-functionality” of agriculture. We show that these concepts provide a useful framework for obtaining appropriate knowledge about urban agriculture, which urban planners could apply in real situations. In close collaboration with urban planners, we applied an interdisciplinary research methodology, based on common farm surveys and territorial approaches, to the Antananarivo area (Madagascar). The main functions analyzed were the food production and environmental roles of urban agriculture. Two aspects of sustainability were assessed: the farm sustainability and the territorial sustainability, with expert scores. This approach identified a wide diversity of farming systems that performed differently, depending on their intra- or suburban location. The food supply function appeared to be important not only for fresh produce but also for rice consumption. The function of protection against flooding is now important and this importance will increase with climate change. A diagnosis of sustainability was made and discussed with urban planners: several farming systems and zones were identified in which agriculture was considered important as a means of maintaining or developing the food supply, employment and incomes, and even landscape or environmental quality. We also identified other areas in which poor production conditions and/or the negative effects of urbanization on agriculture jeopardized its sustainability. This methodology appeared to be useful for determining the most appropriate role of urban agriculture in the land-use planning of this city. Our study raises new questions on the subject and should lead to more focused research programmes. We discuss several points of interest and the limitations and possible extension of this method.     

太原城市边缘区建设用地扩展研究

城市边缘区,是城市地域结构的一个重要组成部分,在城市郊区化和乡村城镇化的双重催化下,经济发展迅速,土地利用不断变化,成为土地利用/土地覆被变化最为激烈的地区之一。本文以1990年、2000年、2006年和2010年的TM遥感影像为基础信息源,提取四个时相的建成区范围,并对近20年来的太原市城市扩展过程进行动态监测研究,结果表明:1)1990~2010年,20年间太原市边缘区建设用地共扩展了191.81 km2;2)从时间上看,2006~2010年的扩展速度最快,强度最大;3)从景观格局上看,1990~2006年以斑块数增加,紧凑度减小的分散扩展模式为主,2006年后以斑块数减少,紧凑度增大的规模扩展模式为主;4)从空间发展上看,具有明显的空间分异特征,且在不同的时间段,这种特征表现不同。     

Urban crops and livestock: The experiences,challenges, and opportunities of planning for urban agriculture in two Canadian provinces

While many municipalities globally are currently undertaking initiatives to support urban agriculture, policies and zoning regulations can act as barriers, with the former usually not integrated with planning. Extensive research has been conducted on urban agriculture policies in the global South, but much less is known about associated practices and policies in the global North. This is especially true for the Canadian context and therefore the present study aims at improving our overall understanding of the urban agriculture situation in two Canadian provinces. Relevant policies, such as official plans or official community plans, alternate policy documents and guidelines, zoning by-laws, and animal-related by-laws were reviewed for 10 municipalities in Ontario and in British Columbia, all varying in socio-economic and climatological characteristics. Additional key informant interviews were conducted with municipal planners, community garden coordinators, and other municipal staff familiar with urban agriculture policies from six of the selected municipalities.In line with global trends, our results suggest that urban agriculture is becoming more widespread in the two provinces. However, even though all studied municipalities consistently support urban agriculture, they vary significantly in their approach, with some municipalities focusing much more narrowly on certain types of activities than others. Overall, community advocacy and municipal council support are the most important drivers in the policy process. Key informants expressed a need to bridge existing gaps between policy adoption and implementation of tools, emphasize public education and public awareness, create inventories of land available for urban agriculture, incorporate urban agriculture in the development review process, and focus on the commercial potential of the practice. Encouragingly, despite the many challenges that need to be addressed, we found that many opportunities exist that municipalities could consider when creating improved local urban agriculture policies and tools to enhance the urban food system.     

芜湖市城市边缘区大气环境质量特征研究

城市化导致城市边缘区不断向外推移,城市边缘区景观向城市景观转化,生态环境也随之产生变化;根据实地环境监测,研究了芜湖市1995￣2000年城市内、外边缘区大气质量及其变化特征,结果显示,芜湖市城市边缘区大气环境质量波动较大,外缘区大气环境质量明显好于内缘区,TSP是主要污染因子;提出改善城市边缘区大气环境质量的建议。     

Tourism-driven rural spatial restructuring in the metropolitan fringe: An empirical observation

Rural spatial restructuring is regarded as an important method of achieving rural revitalization in China in recent years. With the spillover of leisure consumption demand in metropolitan areas, the rural spatial structure has undergone significant changes. To analyze the causal logic of rural spatial restructuring, this study constructs a tourism-driven rural spatial restructuring framework. Furthermore, GIS and participatory fieldwork are used to reveal the changing process of rural spatial restructuring. A case study of Qinggangshu Village shows that tourism-driven rural spatial restructuring is the result of internal and external forces, while land consolidation is highlighted as a direct way to trigger rural spatial restructuring, and rural tourism can accelerate land consolidation, and realize rural revitalization. However, for those villages without any resource endowment, simple land consolidation cannot improve the rural economy in a short period. Moreover, once rural spatial restructuring is completed, the rural economy and social culture will also be restructured. The framework demonstration results will provide a “road map” to rural spatial restructuring in metropolitan fringe areas and serve as a practical information resource for policy-makers. The driving factors of rural spatial restructuring are diverse at different stages. Therefore, the government should adopt a gradual management model, and systematically mobilize all forces to participate in rural construction to realize the sustainable development of rural areas.     

Urban planning in office markets: A methodological approach

This article stresses the importance of urban planning interventions on real estate office markets in an environment increasingly characterized by globalization processes and progress of information and communication technologies, leaving behind the traditional influence of more market-related variables spread abroad vast literature. It contends that a better indirect control exerted by municipal authorities may launch the performance and characteristics of these markets. Within this scope, an innovative methodology and model are proposed, aimed at assisting municipal decisions in the definition of strategic policies concerning location or relocation of offices, and respective influences over rents. This methodology and this model have a flexible ongoing character that fits the anytime concrete features of local office markets. They are applied, as a case study, to the office market of Oporto city (Portugal). Implications for urban policy are inferred and generalized from this analysis.     

Residential development in the peri-urban fringe: The example of Adelaide,South Australia

The peri-urban fringes of large metropolitan areas of Australia continue to experience major changes as natural and semi-natural landscapes are converted to built-up areas largely through increased residential development. These irreversible conversions are producing significant challenges for ecological and environmental protection. Yet, there has been little attempt to systematically analyse and model some of the key spatial features of these peri-urban fringes, especially in terms of examining factors underpinning new residential development. This paper attempts to fill this information gap using Adelaide, South Australia, as an exploratory case study. Using parcel-level data, we quantified spatial patterns of residential development during four consecutive periods (ten-year intervals between 1971 and 2010), revealing a gradual slow-down in the rate of new housing development after the 1980s. The effects of major roads and services, residents’ attraction to areas of high natural amenity, and previous residential development were estimated using logistic regression models and geographically weighted logistic regression models, respectively. Variation partitioning was used to examine the relative importance of three groups of predictors of residential development. Roads and services had the greatest impact on the pattern of residential development in the 1970s, while previous residential development ranked first among the three groups of forces in the last three time-periods. Influences relating to the attraction of natural amenities were of the least importance to peri-urban residential development during all four periods. These findings can help understand change mechanisms within peri-urban fringes and to develop corresponding policy responses to improve their management.     

Peri-urban agriculture in Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area and its relationship with the urban socioeconomic system

Peri-urban agriculture (PUA) has been proposed as an important urban element to deal with the challenges of increasing poverty, food insecurity, and environmental degradation as particularly found in rapidly expanding cities of the developing world. However, farming in the peri-urban is under strong pressure from urbanization. The economic and social roles of farming need to be better understood in order to integrate peri-urban agriculture into urban planning. This study used multivariate techniques and Geographically Weighted Regression to analyze statistical data at a village and sub-district, to explore the varying relationships between agricultural activities and urban economic activities, urban poverty and informality, as well as food security. This method was applied in the Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area (JMA) with Indonesia’s capital Jakarta at its core, and it resulted in some important findings. First, PUA was more associated with the increasing low and middle class residential areas and the growing small-middle scale urban economic activities rather than development of tourism and larger traditional market facilities. Second, whereas PUA in the North of JMA was under pressure by the increasing poverty, in the Southeast of JMA it has expanded concurrently with increasing poverty. Third, PUA is strengthened by increasing informal activities in the peri-urban zone that offer alternative jobs and additional income for the farmers. Fourth, PUA in the surroundings of Jakarta as well as in the East and Northeast of JMA has contributed to increasing food affordability as well as strengthening food security policy. Based on these results, recommendations to maintain the PUA have been formulated to support its role for the peri-urban economy, reduce poverty, manage informality, and increase food security.     

Compact Urban Form and Expansion Pattern Slow Down the Decline in Urban Densities: A Global Perspective

The faster growth rate of urban land than population results in the persistent decline in urban densities over time, increasing the cost of land in urbanization. We attempt to quantify influences of urban form and expansion pattern on the decline in densities in 200 global cities. We use openness and proximity to represent the fragmentation and compactness of built-up areas and collect proportions of expansion in three patterns (infill, extension, and leapfrog expansion). We first use correlation analysis to identify significant explanatory variables and then build regression models with the annual change rate of densities as the dependent variable. During two periods (1990–2000 and 2000–2014), urban form and expansion pattern can explain 1/3 variance of density changes. A one standard deviation increase in openness accelerates the decline in densities by 44 %–52 %. A one standard deviation increase in the proportion of infill expansion slows down its decline by 38 %–40 %, but extension expansion accelerates its decline by 20 %–27 %. We further build regression models in five world sub-regions and four groups of different-sized cities, and results verify the stable and robust influences of urban form and expansion pattern. We conclude that compact urban form and expansion pattern can slow down the decline in density. Land-use policies supporting compact growth are encouraged to slow down the decline in urban densities, particularly in fast urbanizing populous regions.     

城乡结合部土地价格及变动机制探析--以北京市城乡结合部为例

城乡结合部是城市发展和变化的聚焦地带。对城乡结合部地价进行调查和研究,不仅可以了解城市化过程的地价水平和变动规律,也可以透过土地市场和价格的研究对城市化的发展和演变过程进行探索,为城市的发展和建设提供导向和政策建议。在实际调查的基础上,对北京市城乡结合部土地价格变动规律,以及土地价格的形成机制等问题进行讨论,并试图揭示城乡结合部地价的变动规律及其对土地市场和城市发展的重要影响。     

Understanding emerging discourses of Marine Spatial Planning in the UK

This paper investigates the emergence of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) through Rhetorical Analysis of three UK marine policy documents. The analysis focuses on the rhetorical presentation of key MSP policy documents located within the previous Government period and seeks to reveal the rationality of how MSP was constructed at that time. This highlights the assumptions and ideologies emerging from this area of Government regulation and suggests that MSP reveals a discourse that may be aligned with New Labour and that bears the hallmarks of post-political environmental consensus. The findings of the analysis allow us to understand the significance of MSP's emergence and to question the future of MSP within a new political context.     

浅析《城乡规划法》对土地利用规划的影响

研究目的：探讨《城乡规划法》对土地利用规划的影响,为新一轮土地利用总体规划的修编提供参考。研究思路：通过对新颁布的《城乡规划法》的解读,在与《城市规划法》对比的基础上,从城乡统筹规划、两规的衔接以及公众参与等角度,简要分析新法对现阶段土地利用规划的影响。研究结论：提出土地利用规划的编制应进一步强化城乡统筹观念,尽早构建和明晰全国规划体系、以法律形式明确界定两者的任务及衔接内容、政府部门权责的确定与落实等建议。     

太原市万柏林区城乡结合部的土地利用变化

应用GIS技术与统计方法对1990～2001年太原市万柏林区城乡结合部的土地利用变化进行了定量分析。结果表明:11年间全区综合土地利用动态度达0.47%;土地利用程度由1990年的228.32增加到2001年的232.50,并由位于城乡结合部核心区域的小井峪乡向外围逐渐降低;耕地、林地、水域及未利用土地的重要度下降,耕地降低最多,由53.23%下降到44.86%;园地、交通用地、居民点及独立工矿用地的重要度增加,居民点及独立工矿用地增幅最大,由35.03%增加到46.12%;区域土地利用破碎度随时间增加,由1990年的0.110变化到2001年的0.117。