中国农村土地调整的时序变化及地区差异——基于1999—2010年17省调查的实证分析

研究目的:基于1999—2010年中国17省农村土地调查数据,分析中国农村的土地调整、农户的调地意愿及其对未来地权稳定性的预期和信心。研究方法:描述分析,列联分析。研究结果:(1)二轮承包后,实际土地调整明显减少,近期则由于征地和土地整理等原因导致土地调整开始增多。(2)支持不得调整土地政策的农户比例显著高于反对的比例,土地承包合同和土地承包经营权证书等正式文件的发放有助于增强农户未来地权稳定性的信心。(3)土地调整的省市差异显著,而且平原地区调地多,丘陵和山区调地少。研究结论:中央政策对稳定农户地权稳定性的信心发挥了积极作用,并得到多数农民的拥护和支持;中央政策应进一步考虑不同地区资源禀赋和经济发展水平的差异,具有一定的弹性和灵活性。     

我国集体林权制度改革态势与绩效评估——基于22省(区、市)1050户农户的入户调查

根据2011年对全国22省(区、市)76村1050户农户的调查数据,从微观角度跟踪观察了本次集体林权制度改革村庄实践态势,并对其经济、社会绩效进行了评估。调查显示:近7成的农户领到林权证,与林改前相比,样本户的承包山总面积累计有10%左右的增加;农户对国家林业政策稳定性仍有疑虑;部分地区政策执行不到位;林权抵押贷款政策实施面临一些困难。研究表明:随着集体林权制度改革的深入推进,农户对林地的投入有所增加;林农收入有所增加;社会资金向林产业积聚,社会造林绿化积极性提高;林下经济取得了初步发展。     

Implications of land-use change in rural China: A case study of Yucheng,Shandong province

Based on surveys on rural land-use change at village scale in Yucheng City, Shandong province, this paper presents how land-use change takes place in response to inhibitive institutional forces in light of an outmoded land ownership system and unreasonable land use rights administration, and discusses it in the broader social context of industrialization, rural depopulation, a dual-track land market, and land use legislation. Spatial comparison of land use maps interpreted from aerial photographs in different period unveils a decrease in arable land for farming, and an increase in rural settlements, facilities land and unused land. Despite rural depopulation, rural settlements area nearly tripled during 1967–2008. Nearly all newly gained non-agricultural land originated from farmland at the village fringe while formerly facilities land and unused land had been converted to residential use and it was abandoned later. Thus, the destructive farmland conversion from productive use to non-agricultural uses took place at multiple stages. Questionnaire survey of 1650 households in 48 villages in Yucheng City indicated that 41% of the households had multiple dwellings, even though some of them are not occupied or even ruined. This finding may damp the rosy picture of the reportedly slowdown in China's farmland reduction in recent years as these destructive changes are too small to detect from satellite imagery, and it will also provide a practical scientific basis for constituting more strict farmland protection objectives and strategies for China in the near future. In order to hold back the destructive conversion trend from farmland to non-agricultural uses, the authors argue that policy and institution innovation concerning land use and urban–rural development in China needs feature highly in the government's agenda.     

农产品市场化对农户土地流入行为的影响研究——以江西省农户调查为例

随着中国市场经济的繁荣发展,农产品市场化程度不断提高,土地资源作为农业生产最重要的物质基础,农业经营者在一定的制度环境约束下将土地围绕外部利润进行博弈,选择更加有利的土地经营方式,成为土地流转的主要驱动力。文章利用江西省834份农户调查样本数据,运用Heckman两阶段模型实证分析了农产品市场化对农户土地流入行为的影响。研究结果表明农产品市场化对农户土地流入行为存在显著的影响,主要表现在离农贸市场距离、农产品销售比例等变量上。另外,农业劳动时间比、土地细碎化与户主年龄、性别、教育年限、务农年限及5年内担任村干部亲属的人数、参加农村合作社等因素均对农户土地流入行为产生不同程度影响。基于此,该文对如何有效引导与推进农村土地市场化流转提出了加快农贸市场超市化改造,完善农产品流通模式;建立健全农村社会保障体系,替代土地的社会保障功能;大力发展农村教育,提高农业经营者的文化素质与受教育水平;鼓励农户在自愿基础上成立土地股份型农民专业合作社,引导农民由传统的产销合作向新型的产权合作方向发展等政策建议。     

Land reallocation reform in rural China: A behavioral economics perspective

Based on prospect theory, we develop a theoretical framework to unify divided views on land reallocation reform in China. Our theoretical framework and empirical verification explain the driving forces behind the success of the rural land reallocation reform in China. We find that rural land reallocation reform in China is characterized by induced and imposed institutional changes. The relationship between induced and imposed institutional change is complementary instead of competing. The decision and frequency of land reallocation are affected by both local endowment and central government policy. Empirical findings also suggest that land reallocation reform in China is incremental, with interim policy targets from different stages taking gradual effect. The incremental implementation of the “No Reallocation” policy is the reason behind the widespread, diversified land reallocation practices across the country; this policy also contributes to the success of rural land reform in China. The theoretical model can be used to study a wide range of government-led institutional changes in China, such as affordable housing schemes and the National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014–2020).     

Three rights separation: China’s proposed rural land rights reform and four types of local trials

China’s central government is promoting a new round of land reform in its rural areas, the core of which is the so-called ‘three rights separation system’. In attempting to achieve the double goals of developing agriculture and maintaining the basic stability of rural society, central policy makers want to separate the original household right of contractual operation into a contractual right (right of disposal) and an operation right. When formally adopted, these two rights, combined with the village collective ownership, will constitute China’s new structure of farmland rights. Many local governments are already using practical approaches involving the separation of the three rights, providing a valuable reference for its formalization in the future.In this paper, we analyze four relevant existing approaches by case studies of four representative projects. The results show that, while all four have in different ways reached the goal of increased scale of farmland operations, all are facing different contradictions and conflicts among the collectives, local governments and farmers, due to different farmland interests, demands and endowment problems. In response, a new framework is developed involving three rights separation, entailing some new meanings. This involves the repositioning of the four leading players in the distribution of farmland rights − the state, collective, part-time farmers and professional farmers − in order to realize the free transfer, monetization and redistribution of farmland rights to meet the demands of all the parties involved. With this framework, collective ownership is limited to the management of the award and recovery of the contractual right instead of specific agricultural operations. The introduction of a contractual right exit mechanism encourages the contractual right to be sold back to the collective for awarding directly to the professional farmers. In this way, the transfer of the operation right to professional farmers is encouraged as far as possible to enable them to increase their operating area and agricultural income.     

中国耕地问题的症结与治本之策

研究目的:揭示中国当今耕地问题的深层原因,寻求治本之策.研究方法:归纳推理法,现象溯因法.研究结果:不合理占用耕地的问题之所以一再得不到根本解决,是因为对问题的症结缺乏认识,因而相应的政策基本上是治标不治本.问题的症结是土地产权不明晰,农民没有掌握主动权,所以虽然采取"世界上最严格耕地保护政策",实际上农地却最容易被征用.产权不明晰又必然导致土地市场化不充分,地方政府很容易滥用征地权,损害农民的利益和全社会的利益.此外,发展城市和工业在一定程度上以牺牲农民和农村为代价的传统计划经济思路仍未扭转,被征用土地的农民得不到合理的补偿;对耕地价值的认识不足,耕地的外部性价值被忽略.对症下药的治本之策是:真正实现"耕者有其田";将"征地"制度改革为"购地"和"征购"制度;重建耕地资源价值评价体系,把耕地的社会、生态价值和对后代的价值纳入农业效益;逐步全面实行农业补贴.研究结论:中国问题的核心是农民问题,农民问题的核心是土地问题,土地问题的核心是产权问题.明晰土地产权是中国耕地问题的治本之策,也是"三农"问题的治本之策.     

城乡征地增值收益分配：农民的反应与均衡路径

研究目的：探索统筹城乡征地增值收益的可操作性措施,减少城乡利益冲突并增加利益互补,推进和谐社会建设。研究方法：问卷调查法、比较借鉴法、逻辑分析法。研究结果：通过对浙江省800位农民的调查,表明不同经济水平、不同年龄阶段、不同教育背景等各类群体农民对征地增值收益分配有不同的反应和需求,但他们对于失地后生活的担忧以及分享增值的要求则是共同的。借鉴美国等发达国家农地转用增值利益分配经验,提出减少城乡冲突、统筹城乡征地增值收益的可操作性途径。研究结论：农民有权参与分配土地转用增值、分享城市化发展成果,分享的比例应在30% — 50%之间。为与现行政策衔接,这30% — 50%的土地转用增值可以通过提高土地补偿费、安置补助费、社会保障补偿费、教育培训费等形式让农民分享,并从中划出一部分补贴新政实施前的被征地农民,确保纵向平衡。     

一户一居：中国农民居住保障补充规范

研究目的:解释并定位《土地管理法》第62条第2款新设的一户一居规则。研究方法:规范解释、文本分析、规则比较等。研究结果:一户一居是农村村民一户拥有一处法定面积的居住空间的保障制度,是政府组织农民集体盘活利用存量宅基地、统一修建住宅并分配给农户的行为规范。一户一居开创了宅基地置换资产、宅基地集体统一利用、居住保障资产与经营性资产相分离、人均公平分配等农民居住保障的新制度和新观念。与《土地管理法》第62条第1款一户一宅规则下的宅基地实物分配不同,一户一居通过存量宅基地的资产化改造和居住保障权益的重新分配实现农民户有所居。研究结论:一户一居适用于无地可分的城中村和城郊村,受地方政府和农民集体财力以及当地市场需求的约束,是一户一宅的补充。     

中国农村宅基地闲置程度及其成因研究

研究目的：基于全国典型村庄调研,分析不同地区农村宅基地闲置程度和成因,为农村宅基地集约利用和乡村振兴提供建议。研究方法：实地调研法、对比分析法。研究结果：（1）调研村庄宅基地闲置现象普遍,2018年闲置程度平均为10.7%。（2）各地村庄宅基地闲置程度差异明显。分区域看,东部村庄宅基地闲置程度最高,中部村庄最低;分城乡区位看,村庄离城市距离越远,宅基地闲置程度越高;分地形看,平原村庄宅基地闲置程度最高;分是否为贫困村庄看,村庄宅基地闲置程度随村庄贫困程度的加深而升高。（3）宅基地闲置是乡村人口结构变化与宅基地利用失衡的结果。长期外出务工、城镇有住房、“一户多宅”、宅基地损毁引起宅基地闲置的成因占比依次下降。（4）农村宅基地闲置受乡村地域内外宏微观因素综合影响,经济增长和城镇化引起的就业非农化、人口市民化是宅基地闲置的直接动因,现行城乡二元制度和宅基地管理制度是宅基地闲置的根本原因。研究结论：盘活利用农村闲置宅基地,需要因地制宜推动闲置宅基地整治利用、健全宅基地有偿使用和退出机制、创新城乡制度加快农业转移人口市民化。     

资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为的影响研究

目的 国家高度重视东北黑土地保护与利用问题，明晰农户黑土地保护行为影响因素是用好养好黑土地的重要议题。文章旨在探讨资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为的影响，从资源禀赋视角推动农户黑土地保护行为。方法 基于黑龙江省兰西县312份经营农户调研数据，运用二元及多元有序Logistics模型，探究人力资源、自然资源、经济资源、社会资源及信息资源等资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为影响。结果 农户是否采用黑土地保护技术受人力资源禀赋（黑土地保护责任义务认知、黑土地保护收益预期），自然资源禀赋（自有承包地面积、是否签订承包合同、是否转入黑土地、经营黑土地细碎化程度），经济资源禀赋（农业收入、家庭总收入），社会资源禀赋（是否加入合作社、是否参与土地托管）和信息资源禀赋（政府是否宣传黑土地保护政策、是否为中心村）的显著正向影响；上述因素除黑土地保护收益预期、自有承包地面积、是否转入黑土地、经营黑土地细碎化程度、农业收入、是否为中心村外均对农户黑土地保护技术采纳程度具有显著正向影响。结论 为更好地推动农户黑土地保护行为，应强化农户黑土地保护“责、权、利”认识，提高农业收益预期；进一步稳定承包权，建立健全土地经营权流转市场；因地制宜发展黑土区特色产业，切实提升农户家庭收入；支持多元主体协同发展，推进黑土地保护工程；发挥中心村信息资源优势，多渠道开展黑土地保护政策宣传。     

Land tenure (in)security and crop-tree intercropping in rural Xinjiang,China

The relationship between land tenure security and long-term land-related investment is of great importance especially given the current flux in property rights systems of agricultural land in China. This paper empirically examines the role of land tenure security in farmers’ crop-tree intercropping decisions, and is based on a comparative analysis between contract land and wasteland holders in rural Xinjiang, China. Data from a survey, carried out in 2008 among 352 households in Awati County in Xinjiang, is used to estimate the factors that affect the adoption of crop-tree intercropping. The results indicate that, for those households that only have contract land, land tenure security positively affects their adoption of crop-tree intercropping. However, for those that hold both contract land and wasteland, land tenure security negatively impacts upon their adoption of crop-tree intercropping on wasteland, as the crop-tree intercropping on wasteland can increase the perceived tenure security of wasteland. The results also suggest that the comprehensive effect of labor organization on intercropping is moderate as a result of the presence of counteracting effects.     

Are preserved farms actively engaged in agriculture and conservation?

This study addresses the question of whether farms enrolled in land preservation programs are actively engaged in agricultural or conservation activities. Data are drawn from an original survey administered to preserved farm owners in the states of New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware in 2011. “Actively engaged” is defined as investment in conservation projects, buildings, equipment, or irrigation since the land was preserved. Affirmative answers to the survey's investment questions range from a low of 19% for irrigation to a high of 69% for equipment. Special attention was paid to differences between lifestyle farmers and small and large commercial farmers, which are classified using the USDA typology developed in 2000. Regression analysis estimates differences in investment behavior across these groups as well as farm tenure categories, controlling for farm size, program/state location, and demographic variables. Only owners who employ tenants or managers exclusively on their land were found to invest significantly less than the largest professional farmers, and they did so across all four types of investment.This study's findings support preservation goals articulated by legislators and program administrators, because (1) agricultural and land stewardship investments appear to be widespread on preserved farms, partly due to administrators’ preference for larger parcels, (2) there is no evidence that “hobby farmers” are disproportionately attracted to farmland preservation programs – in fact the opposite seems to be true – while those that exist in our sample behave similarly to the largest commercial farmers, (3) although tenant farming is associated in the sample with lower rates of investment, it is less common on preserved farms than on all farms in the three study states. The matter of land tenure, highlighted in this as in other studies, has not yet become a primary focus of either farm-behavioral research or state agricultural policy.     

The modification of North China quadrangles in response to rural social and economic changes in agricultural villages: 1970–2010s

In Chinese agricultural villages, housing provides multiple functions for rural households. With the transition of state policies and regional socio-economic development in China over the last 40 years, farmers have modified the layout and form of rural housing to adapt to the shifts in their livelihoods and lifestyles. Rural housing built by the remittances of migrant workers has produced negative externalities in densely populated agricultural regions, whilst in some villages, traditional housing has been demolished as part of settlement rationalization plans, with peasants relocated to apartment-style housing. These practices have been controversial and generated conflicts between peasants and local governments. Thus, rural housing has become a theoretical and practical problem in rural China that cannot be resolved with a “one-size-fits-all plan or policy”. Based on field surveys and interviews in three case villages, this paper examines how the form and layout of North China quadrangles (NCQs, or Huabei siheyuan), the four-sided folk housing built by people of the Han nationality in northern China, have been modified since the 1970s. We discuss the land use problems arising from the evolution of NCQs and options for solutions. We found that NCQs in agricultural villages have undergone several dramatic modifications: NCQs built during the collectivist agriculture era (1970s) were traditional in style but had reduced functions; NCQs built during the agriculture intensification era (1980s to mid-1990s) played an important role in agriculture production; and NCQs built in the cyclical migration era (mid-1990s to date) are typically modern and spacious. These modifications to the form of NCQs can be seen as adaptation and survival strategies of rural households in response to socio-economic transitions, their changing livelihoods, and changes in their needs over the course of their lives. Today, rural houses with varied qualities, abandoned houses, and empty plots of land coexist and intermingle together in rural settlements. To manage this chaotic situation, we suggest macro-level solutions with targeted measures to respect variations in farmers’ characteristics and interests and avoid impairing the diversity and adaptability of rural folk housing.     

Localizing Land Governance,Strengthening the State: Decentralization and Land Tenure Security in Uganda

Decentralization of land governance is expected to significantly improve land tenure security of small‐scale farmers in Africa, through ensuring better protection of their assets and reducing land‐related conflicts. This paper, however, cautions not to have too high expectations of transferring responsibilities for land administration and dispute resolution to local government bodies. Field research in Mbarara District in south‐western Uganda brings out how decentralization has limited impacts in terms of localizing land services provision. Nonetheless, local land governance has transformed in important ways, as decentralization adds to institutional multiplicity, and fuels competition among state and non‐state authorities, and about the rules they apply. Rather than strengthening local mechanisms for securing tenure, the reforms introduce new forms of tenure insecurity, fail to transform local conventions of dealing with land disputes and delegitimize local mechanisms for securing tenure. In practice, decentralization has had limited effects in securing tenure for the rural poor, yet reinforces the presence of the state at the local level in diverse ways.     

旅游乡村用地格局演变微尺度分析*——以北京市怀柔区西庄村为例

［目的］乡村振兴战略将乡村旅游作为我国农村扶贫的重要手段，而旅游业的发展对乡村用地格局产生了深远影响。对典型城郊旅游村庄西庄村的用地格局演变展开研究，识别当前旅游用地模式中存在的问题，对合理划定村级“三生空间”和推动乡村旅游转型升级具有重要意义。［方法］文章基于Google Earth高精度遥感图像，运用参与式农村评估法（PRA）、ArcGIS空间分析和马尔科夫模型，对1985—2017年西庄村用地格局演变进行定量研究。［结果］在旅游业影响下，西庄村旅游用地和其他商服用地持续扩张，耕地、园地和林地持续缩小； 用地功能由传统的农业生产和居住向旅游用地和其他商服用地的多功能转变，且各阶段转变的主导类型不同； 以旅游用地为主的建设用地扩展强度呈倒“U”型趋势，不同阶段表现为渐进式蔓延扩展、爆炸式多点扩展、填补式内涵挖潜和稳定有序扩展模式； 旅游区位优势、旅游市场需求、先锋农户带动及政府乡村旅游政策是典型城郊旅游乡村用地格局演变的主导因素。［结论］乡村旅游业发展应结合村级“三生空间”划定，科学划定产业用地空间，控制旅游用地无序扩张，促进乡村空间有序发展。     

基于农户意愿的睢宁县农村土地综合整治研究

研究目的:确定基于农户意愿的农村居民点综合整治方案,为中国开展农村居民点综合整治提供参考。研究方法:典型调研、统计分析。研究结果:(1)基础条件差、生活不方便是农户提出农村居民点整治要求的出发点。(2)现状条件越差的村庄,农户的整治意愿越强,更希望集中居住,并愿意为本村基础设施建设进行投资。(3)家庭人口规模、农户建房自有资金、对国家政策的认知是影响农户建房需求意愿的主要因素;对国家政策的认知、家庭年收入是影响村庄建设的主要因素;基础设施条件和家庭年收入是影响集中搬迁意愿的主要因素。研究结论:农户对农村土地综合整治具有自身的需求,整治工作应充分尊重农户的主体地位。     

新农地制度下的土地产权安全性对土地租赁市场发育的影响

研究目的:检验新农地制度下的土地产权安全性对土地租赁市场发育的影响及农户参与土地租赁市场和非农就业市场间的联立性。研究方法:计量经济模型。研究结果:(1)农户租入土地决策与参与非农就业市场间存在联立性,提高土地产权的安全性能够显著激励农户租入土地的积极性;(2)农户租出土地决策与参与非农就业市场间并不存在明显的联立性,提高土地产权的安全性对土地租出决策具有微弱的激励作用。研究结论:新农地制度下的土地产权不安全性成为制约土地租赁市场发育的重要产权因素,土地的社会保障功能放大了农地产权不安全性对土地租赁市场发育带来的负面影响。     

基于地域和村域区位的宅基地价值测算及其空间分异特征研究 ——以浙江省典型县市为例

研究目的：构建宅基地多功能测算模型,基于地域和村域区位两个维度探讨宅基地综合价值及其空间分异,为宅基地的定价补偿提供理论参考。研究方法：参与式农村评估法（PRA）,文献研究法,定量分析法,比较分析法等。研究结果：（1）宏观地域尺度上,单位宅基地价值呈现浙北平原（嘉兴市）＞浙中盆地（义乌市）＞浙南山区（泰顺县）的分异特征,城中村单位宅基地价值地域差异相对较小,近郊至边远地区逐渐增大;（2）微观村域区位上,浙北平原（嘉兴市）和浙中盆地（义乌市）宅基地价值均呈现出城中村＞近郊型＞远郊型＞边远型的分异特征,浙南山区（泰顺县）宅基地呈现出城中村＞边远型＞近郊型＞远郊型的分异规律;（3）宅基地价值构成因地域和村域区位不同呈现明显差异。研究结论：宅基地功能价值具有显著的地域和村域区位分异特征,应考虑宏观地域和微观区位因素差异化定价,以平衡不同尺度区位农户宅基地的退出补偿收益。     

广东农村无地人口现状与获地途径研究

在落实了土地承包期30年不变的背景下,通过对广东省内传统的村庄、农户采取入户访谈的方式,就有关无地人口生产状态方面的问题进行调查后发现,在广东省内传统的农村地区,国家土地政策和各村是否严格执行国家土地政策对无地人口的数量有重要的影响,不断增加的无地人口对土地调整有影响,对土地转入没有直接影响却在一定程度上限制了农地转出,农村无地人口通过家庭继承的方式获取土地更普遍。