全面推进林业体制改革 加快现代林业建设

以集体林权制度改革为突破口,全面推进林业体制改革,着力解决森林资源的配置主体及配置方式、林地林木的产权实现形式、各级林业部门的职能转变等问题,建立与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的林业管理体制、经营机制,将改革推向纵深,为加快现代林业建设理顺政策秩序奠定制度基础。     

辽宁省集体林权改革与林业社会化服务体系调查报告

基于对辽宁省8个县(市)340户林农的调查数据,从林木生产与林下经济2个方面进行统计分析,分析辽宁省集体林权改革后林业社会化服务供需情况。结果表明:林改后辽宁林业社会化服务体系中存在的主要问题在:现有的林业服务机构的服务范围过小、林业合作组织数量太少、林业社会化服务的资金投入不足。鉴于此,提出在林木生产与林下经营过程中如何建立健全林业社会化服务体系的对策建议。     

集体林权制度改革对林农林业收入影响的实证分析——基于辽宁省8县332户农户的调研数据

集体林权制度改革后,林农林业收入的变化备受人们关注。基于实地调研数据,分析了林改前后农户林地面积、林地块数和收入的变化,并运用Probit模型对影响集体林权制度改革对林农林业收入效果的因素进行了分析,发现户主年龄、受教育程度、是否接受过林业技术培训和林地是否拥有林权证因素等对集体林权制度改革和林农林业收入的作用效果有较为显著的影响。     

集体林权改革刍议

基于集体林权改革的起点要求及目标要求,提出了5点初步想法;对实现集体林权改革的起点要求需要解决的4个问题进行分析的结果表明:起点要求重在产权分解、建立新的产权关系;阐明了从起点要求到达目标要求这一渐进过程中会出现的4个阶段,以及从集体林权改革起点走向总体目标的途径;最后,提出从3个视角来衡量集体林林改成效,为进一步促进集体林权改革提供参考依据和理论基础。     

建立集体森林资源资产化管理体系初探

针对林改后集体林权高度分散,千家万户经营林业,以及林业市场化、森林资源资本化发展的新形势,提出了建立集体森林资源资产化管理体系的概念,论述了其建立的意义与必要性;阐述了建立林业产权管理专门机构的职能及其管理内容,包括建立林业产权档案登记、纠纷调解仲裁、流转评估、经营管理、资产要素、社会化服务资产保护七大体系,以期为深化集体林权制度改革提供实践探索。     

解决林权历史遗留问题 深入推进集体林权制度改革

总结了海南省解决林权历史遗留问题的4条经验,即敢于面对矛盾、完善工作机制、科学处置纠纷、规范调解程序,分析了林改以来的林业新形势,再次阐述了集体林改的核心任务与基本要求,提出了林改不同进程省份的工作重点。强调加强组织领导,坚持家庭承包,提高改革质量;完善配套政策,妥善解决历史遗留问题,消除改革障碍,保持社会和谐稳定;加大科技支撑和服务,加快林业产业发展,促进农民就业增收和提高农民发展能力;抓好典型宣传,引导推动改革深化。     

参与式方法在集体林权制度改革中的应用思考

中国的集体林是一个特殊的、具有历史性、复杂性和关键性的产权系统。当前,中国政府正在开展集体林林权制度改革,希望通过改革能促进林业的发展。林权改革的目的在于通过明晰产权,进一步把森林管理的权力下放并改善权属的安全性。作为林业管理和改革的主体与核心,林农的参与十分重要。从参与的概念出发,探讨了在集体林权改制中应用参与式方法的可能性、应用的领域和应该注意的问题。建议在改革全过程中必须确保有实际意义的真正参与。     

林权改革的评价与思考

对林权改革进行了国际透视,比较了农业改革与林业改革的不同;分析了集体林权改革滞后的原因,对改革进行了总体评价。主要观点:全球林业经营普遍存在效率改进空间,而效率损失普遍与产权安排不当有关;林权改革的含义是还权与赋权,而不是对林权实行彻底的私有化;森林经营主体可以有农户本位和社区本位,经营形式选择权在民众。集体林区的林权改革调动了农民培育森林的积极性,改善了林业治理结构,但林业改革还没有完成。完善林业政策应考虑的问题:简化农村的林木采伐管理程序;构建便利的林业产权交易制度;引导农村社区逐步达到林业生产经营的最小经营规模;通过合作和市场交易促进林地经营权流转,优化资源配置;确保权利与责任的对称性。     

Collective action in China’s recent collective forestry property rights reform

China’s recent collective forestry property rights reform (CFPRR) is regarded as the third Land Reform and has been implemented to accelerate China’s rural restructuring. In departing from previous top-down policy changes, the CFPRR has focused on local collective practices and actions. It indicates a shift in China’s rural governance, away from direct intervention towards support for local collective actions. Based on a case study of Hongtian Village, the origin of the CFPRR, this article analyses the process of insinuating collective action and the impact that this has had in creating a new cultural understanding and acceptance of collective forestry property rights. In contrast to the relative insecurity of tenure that can accompany many reforms of the governance of common pool resources, the paper suggests that the success of the ‘Hongtian model’ mainly lies in high levels of process engagement by local people and effective interaction between villagers and the government. While not addressing all the issues associated with the inefficiency of the previous collective approach to forestry, the paper suggests that there are many transferable lessons to be learnt from the CFPRR, both within and beyond China.     

林地确权对农户的影响分析——基于云南省林改前,2009年、2010年的数据

林地确权是集体林权制度改革的首要任务,它是集体林改深入推进的前提,更是林农实现林地经营权、处置权、收益权的基础。通过实地调查,从农户的角度探讨林地确权对农户林业收入、林业生产投资、配套政策需求等方面产生的影响。并提出一些建议,以期促进林改工作的稳步推进,将林改的价值深化和延伸。     

Diverse local regulatory responses to a new forestry regime in forest communities in the Bolivian Amazon

Over the last decade, important land and forest governance reforms have taken place in many tropical countries, including the devolution of ownership rights over land and forests, decentralization that created mechanisms for forest dwellers to participate in decision making in lowest tiers of governments. These reforms have resulted in an intensive academic debate on governance and management of forests and how actors should be involved. An important but understudied element in this debate is the ways in which communities cope with new legislation and responsibilities. Property rights bestowed by the government leave many aspects undecided and require that local forest users devise principles of access and allocation and establish authority to control those processes. We studied 16 communities in the northern Bolivian Amazon to evaluate how forest communities develop and control local rules for resource access and use. We found that the first requirement to community rule design, enforcement, and effective forest management is the opportunity to, and equity of, access to forest resources among members. Under the newly imposed forestry regulations, communities took matters in their own hands and designed more specific rules, rights and obligations of how community members could and should use economically important resources. The cases suggest that communities hold and maintain capacity to prepare their own ownership arrangements and related rules, even if they are strongly conditioned by the regulatory reforms. Very specific local histories, that may differ from community to community, influence strongly how specific ideas are being shaped, which in northern Bolivia resulted in notable local differences. The results suggest that new regulatory regimes should create appropriate conditions for communities to define adequate or at least convenient forestry institutions that assure an acceptable level of collective coexistence according to each particular communal history.     

Situating community forestry enterprises within New Institutional Economic theory: What are the implications for their organization?

Community forestry enterprises (CFEs) have gained considerable traction with rural development and forestry practitioners as models for community development, poverty alleviation, and conservation. This paper uses New Institutional Economic theory to identify the key organizational features and potential inherent weaknesses of CFEs. NIE theory focuses on arguments of economic efficiency, specifically transaction cost reductions that serve as incentives for collective action by groups of owners. Examples are given to show how the organization of CFEs reduced transaction costs stemming from interactions with industrial loggers and service providers. However, the creation of these community enterprises goes beyond simple transaction cost reductions and economic justifications. Additional unquantifiable benefits, such as self-determination, control over resources that communities have historically used, application of acquired skills, political representation, and application of acquired skills to name a few, are also secured through community ownership. These benefits however do not come without a cost. As enterprises where ownership rights are incomplete or ill-defined and which do not operate with the incentives of investor-owned firms, CFEs have little to no initial capital pool and experience considerable investment limitations due to limited wealth, horizon problems, and unsolved issues with moral hazard vis-à-vis banks. CFEs also face important management and collective decision-making challenges. In spite of their institutional weaknesses, it is apparent that many societies have decided that the benefits of community ownership far outweigh their ownership costs. State intervention and policy have played an important role in building the necessary supportive framework for the development of these enterprises. NIE as a dominant model for understanding alternative entrepreneurial forms was useful for identifying some important aspects of CFEs that, in a profit-driven economy, can constitute weaknesses that place them at a disadvantage with investor-owned firms. This analysis informs where policy should be targeted if CFEs are to be supported and fostered.     

读懂集体林权制度改革的真谛——福建省林权改革考察报告

通过对集体林权制度改革开拓实践的福建省进行实地考察,认识到林权制度改革的真正意义,见证了集体林权制度改革后福建林区发生的变化。阐述了集体林权制度改革的必要性、重要性以及改革的核心内容和政府的作用,明确了必须坚持的6项原则。深入讨论了如何推进集体林权制度改革、如何成为集体林权制度改革的参与者和支持者应做的努力。     

环首都地区农户集体林权制度改革结果满意度实证分析——以丰宁县为例

选取环首都地区的丰宁县143户农户进行集体林权制度改革结果满意度的调研,运用描述统计分析和二项Logistic模型对农户集体林权制度改革结果满意度影响因素进行实证分析。结果发现:大部分农户对集体林权制度改革结果不满意;户主是否村干部、户主年龄、林地分配是否合理、集体林改了解程度对农户集体林权制度改革结果满意度具有显著影响;丰宁县集体林权制度改革的效果未明显达到政策目标。提出丰宁县集体林权制度改革政策效果如何得到提高是需要继续探索的问题。基于研究,得到通过扩展林业收入来源来实现集体林权制度改革使农户收入增加等政策目标以及通过教育援助提高生态区域人力资本等启示。     

遂昌县推进公益林补偿收益权质押融资的措施及对策

为持续深化集体林权制度改革、农村金融改革和林权融资创新机制,遂昌县制订了推进公益林补偿收益权质押融资工作的意见,探索推广公益林补偿收益权质押融资模式,大力创新公益林收益权管理机制,有效缓解了"三农"融资难题,支持林农创业,促进林业经济发展,拓宽农村集体经济组织与农户融资渠道,助推"三农"发展。     

落实中央“新政”促进经济增长——小额林权抵押贷款和森林保险政策座谈会综述

截至目前,全国完成林权确权到户的面积约占全部集体林地面积的50%。林改后,林农耕山务林积极性高涨,面临资金困难。深化林改需要抵押贷款与森林保险等金融配套改革的支持。清华大学、国家林业局经研中心与福建省林业厅联合开展的"小额林权抵押贷款和森林保险政策"课题研究成果表明:国家公共财政分别投入72亿元贷款贴息和补贴70亿保费,可分别拉动2000亿贷款规模和转移1万亿元的林业风险责任,是公共财政投入的"四两拨千斤"之举。中央政研室、中央农村工作领导小组、国务院研究室、中国人民银行、中国保监会、财政部、银监会等部门高层领导表示积极支持一个工作,从不同角度提出建设性构想,在机构、政策与制度层面积极推进小额林权抵押贷款和森林保险。     

Land Tenure,Tenure Security and Farm Efficiency: Panel Evidence from the Philippines

This article tests the relationships among formalised property rights, land tenure contracts and productive efficiency in farming. Using four rounds of panel data from 230 rice farms in the Philippines, we measure the effects of land tenure arrangements on farm efficiency using a stochastic production frontier model. We test for the allocative efficiency of observed land rental markets. We also test how land tenure security affects farmers' investment decisions. Results suggest that, despite the presence of formalised titles, the rental market remains inefficient at allocating land. In contrast, the unformalised tenure contracts used by farmers appear to provide tenure security.     

广东集体林权改革的制度设计与政策适应性调整研究

在对林业"三定"时期"均山"情况进行评价与反思的基础上,从林改制度设计与政策适应性调整的角度,对广东版集体林权制度改革模式进行了系统分析与高度概括,充分肯定了广东对集体山林实行"分股不分山、分利不分林"的具体做法,指出了林改制度设计的路径选择,分析了广东集体林"合作共有"的产权模式,并针对提高林改工作的绩效提出了具体建议。     

黑龙江省集体林权制度改革的思考

通过调查研究,对黑龙江省集体林权制度改革的目标和成效进行了分析,进而对其作出整体性评价与判断,认为集体林权改革中存在的主要问题和冲突是林权改革后的某些制度建设未能赶上林权改革的发展速度,出现了某些制度的滞后与缺失,最后为完善黑龙江省集体林权制度改革提出建议。     

中国集体林产权制度改革回顾与展望

采用历史产权制度研究方法,利用详实的历史数据与信息,系统地分析改革开放以来中国集体林产权制度改革每个重要时期的改革内容与进程以及集体林地林木流转制度演化历程,发现改革开放四十年中国集体林所有权和家庭经营的基因没有变,变的是集体林地承包经营权的实现形式;指出集体林产权制度变迁道路中的困惑;提出未来集体林产权制度的选择路径。