农村耕地抛荒的影响因素及治理研究——基于二次文献调查法

农村耕地抛荒是我国在城镇化发展和经济社会转型时期农村出现的一个普遍而现实的问题。农村耕地的抛荒导致农村耕地的不充分利用和有限耕地资源的极大浪费,虽然我国废除了农业税,并不断延长农村耕地承包期的时间,但农村耕地抛荒现象依然没得到遏制,本文通过二次文献调查法,搜集耕地抛荒相关的论文、报道共计557篇,通过数据整理和编码,分析和探讨当前我国农村地区的耕地抛荒问题。     

Study on the abandonment of sloping farmland in Fengjie County,Three Gorges Reservoir Area,a mountainous area in China

The farmland abandonment phenomenon in mountainous areas is a recent change in relationships between man and land that emerged in China's land-use transition. Revealing spatial distribution characteristics and influence factors of sloping farmland (SF) and abandoned farmland (AF) in mountainous areas is conducive to rational allocation and optimization on local land resources. This paper investigated regional distribution features of SF and AF in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) using high-resolution remote sensing images, ArcGIS spatial analysis, and statistical methods. The results found that the spatial distribution of SF and AF has an approximate characteristic under different topography, location, or accessibility backgrounds. However, within different spatial coupling relationships between SF and AF, influencing mechanisms of farmland abandonment are significantly different. The diversity of geographical locations reflecting natural and social contexts is an essential reason for this differentiation. Moreover, dominant influencing factors of farmland abandonment in the study area are natural factors such as slope and farmland quality. Socioeconomic factors, including distance to road, peasant income, and labor force proportion, guide the distribution and trend of farmland abandonment to varying degrees. Finally, four modes of farmland abandonment in TGRA have proposed and suggested that the corresponding plans for SF consolidation should be proposed based on fine classification, which is of great significance for farmland utilization and rural revitalization in underdeveloped mountainous areas.     

Farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro: Underlying and contributory causes of an announced development

Farmland abandonment is a widespread process with mixed socio-economic and environmental consequences. Farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro State is mainly instigated by the sugarcane industry crisis. The sugarcane crisis in Rio de Janeiro State affected traditional livelihoods and altered the environment and economy in the Norte Fluminense region (eastern part of Rio de Janeiro State). Therefore, it is essential to understand the underlying forces and contributory causes of farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro. We hypothesized that since the 1970s, macroeconomic and agricultural reforms mediated by economic shocks had driven the farmland abandonment in Rio de Janeiro State. We applied an interrupted time-series analysis over sugarcane harvest areas, relating the years of policy reforms and economic shocks to the trends in sugarcane harvest areas. The results suggest that the removal of agricultural subsidies, macroeconomic reforms, and elimination of the supply quota in the sugar mills have prompted competition and favored high-input agroindustry. Meanwhile, the labor force migration to the higher-paying oil Industry exacerbated the farmland abandonment rates for the smallholders of Rio de Janeiro State. This paper offers a valuable contribution to scientists and policymakers by providing an overview of the outcomes of the policies implemented and how they contributed to shaping the socio-economic dynamics in Rio de Janeiro State.     

Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su–Xi–Chang region: Implications for building a new countryside in coastal China

This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements from 1990 to 2006 in Su–Xi–Chang region of coastal China experienced dramatic economic and spatial restructuring, using high-resolution Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) data in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2006, and socio-economic data from both research institutes and government departments. To examine the spatial patterns of farmland and rural settlements and their change over time, a set of pattern metrics that capture different dimensions of land fragmentation was identified. The outcomes indicated that, to a large extent, land-use change from 1990 to 2006 in Su–Xi–Chang region was characterized by a serious replacement of farmland with urban and rural settlements, construction land, and artificial ponds. Population growth, rapid industrialization and urbanization are the major driving forces of farmland change, and China's economic reforms played an important role in the transformation of rural settlements. China's “building a new countryside” is an epoch-making countryside planning policy. The focuses of building a new countryside in coastal China need to be concentrated on protecting the farmland, developing modern agriculture, and building “clean and tidy villages.” Rural construction land consolidation and cultivated land consolidation are two important ways to achieve the building objectives. The authors argue that it is fundamental to lay out a scientific urban–rural integrated development planning for building a new countryside, which needs to pay more attention to making the rural have certain functions serving for the urban. In addition, the cultural elements of idyll and the rural landscape need to be reserved and respected in the process of building a new countryside in coastal China, instead of building a new countryside, which looks more like a city.     

Delineation of a permanent basic farmland protection area around a city centre: Case study of Changzhou City,China

The delineation of permanent basic farmland will safeguard the production baseline of China’s agricultural development by securing easily appropriated, high-quality farmland surrounding urban areas, thereby strictly controlling the use of farmland (especially high-quality farmland surrounding urban areas) facing accelerated urban expansion. This study researched the delineation of permanent basic farmland in a typical region undergoing rapid urbanization. By constructing a systematic classification model, farmland was classified into matrix, edge, and island farmlands in order to analyze farmland contiguity and fragmentation. Based on the indicator requirements of various plans related to farmland, an evaluation indicator system was constructed in order to develop an evaluation model for comprehensive farmland productivity. From the perspective of farmland spatial contiguity and highly efficient productivity, a delineation model for permanent basic farmland was proposed to delimit the permanent protection and utilization boundaries for high-quality farmland around urban areas. The results show the following: (1) matrix and edge farmlands can intuitively display farmland contiguity characteristics; (2) comprehensive farmland productivity was closely related to farmland spatial patterns, supporting infrastructure, and policy management and protection; and (3) there was a high degree of spatial overlap between contiguous and highly productive farmland. The model took both comprehensive farmland productivity and spatial clustering into consideration in order to delineate permanent basic farmland, which is a beneficial factor in protecting farmland quality and safeguarding sustainable farmland utilization. It can also be used as a control line to limit urban sprawl, guide urban cluster development, and improve economical and intensive urban land use.     

国外农地保护政策与措施对我国的启示

世界工业化、城市化进程导致的农地减少已成为大家关注的焦点.综观国外农地保护采取的政策与措施,既有特殊性,又有共性.采用文献资料法和比较分析法对国外农地保护的政策与措施进行分析与概括,结合我国当前实际提出相应的农地保护建议.     

四川省城镇化进程及耕地保护研究

四川省城镇化已经进入到快速发展时期,然而在城镇化进程中占用了大量耕地,导致城镇化建设用地和耕地矛盾日益突出,耕地保护形势严峻。文章以四川省为研究对象,利用文献分析与系统调查等研究方法,对四川省城镇化与耕地保护相关问题进行研究。结果表明:四川省近年来城镇化建设取得较大进展,一是产业结构不断优化,工业仍是四川省经济发展主导产业;二是城镇化人口逐年增加,城镇化水平发展较快;三是城镇化规模不断扩大,城镇体系建设区域合理。而随着城镇化快速发展,耕地面积也在逐年减少,2010~2012年四川省每年耕地面积减少2.8万hm~2。并提出合理规划土地规划,建立健全耕地保护体系;加大土地开发整理复垦力度;提高人们耕地保护意识;提高土地利用技术;积极发展特色农业,促进农业走向产业化等方面促进城镇化建设与耕地保护协调发展的对策建议。     

Analyzing the behavioural mechanism of farmland abandonment in the hilly mountainous areas in China from the perspective of farming household diversity

Revealing the mechanism under the occurrence of farmland abandonment from the perspective of farming household diversity is conducive to proposing well-directed farmland protection policies. With a thorough consideration and study of cases in some hilly mountainous areas in China, this paper uses behaviour decision models of farming households to systematically understand and analyse the behavioural mechanism leading to farmland abandonment by different types of farming households, including aged households, stable part-time households, unstable part-time households and pure households. The mechanism is empirically analysed with a logistic regression model by household survey data collected from Jiangxi and Guizhou, 2 Chinese provinces, and the results observed as follows: (1) age is a key determinant of farmland abandonment of aged households, and as the age of farm labourers increases by one year, the probability of farmland abandonment increases by 8.5 %; (2) off-farm labourers is a key determinant of farmland abandonment of stable part-time households, and for each additional number of off-farm labourers, the abandonment probability increases by 41.4 %; (3) plot features such as land quality, irrigation and distance to home, are the main determinants affecting farmland abandonment of pure households; and (4) high possibility for unstable part-time households not to abandon farmland. A series of policy measures targeted for diverse farming households are therefore finally proposed to alleviate the farmland abandonment in hilly mountainous areas and other areas with similar problems.     

对土地征用中外部性的经济学思考

随着城市化、工业化的不断加快,大量农地被征用。然而在征地过程中,过低的征地补偿费产生了一系列的外部成本,最终导致土地资源配置效率低下,威胁粮食安全,影响社会稳定,为经济发展带来了隐患。因此,必须根据市场公平价格原则来确定征地补偿价格,提高征地补偿费,并妥善安置失地农民,尽量消除因征地引发的各种不安定因素,减少外部成本对城市化和工业化的影响,促进城市化和工业化快速持续的发展。     

城市扩张对大城市周边基本农田的影响——以西安市长安区为例

[目的]随着城市化与工业化进程的加快,城市扩张与基本农田保护之间的矛盾日益突出。研究快速城市化下基本农田的变化,能够为相关规划的编制和保护政策的制定提供科学支撑。[方法]文章以西安市长安区为例,以2009年二调基本农田和2012年规划基本农田为基础数据,基于Arc GIS技术与景观格局分析方法,对比长安区基本农田的数量、质量差异及空间分布特征,探讨城市建设用地扩张与土地增值收益对基本农田变化的影响。[结果](1)基本农田数量有所增加,质量有所下降;(2)基本农田空间分布呈现出由中心向外围扩散趋势,破碎化程度提高;(3)城市扩张的土地来源主要是增量土地,新增建设用地主要由农地转化而来,基本农田被侵占明显,且沿主要道路和乡镇边界被侵占严重;(4)基本农田转变用途后的巨大增值空间是城市扩张的主要动机。[结论]城市扩张会导致大城市周边基本农田质量的下降,同时既要保基本农田数量又要保经济发展的矛盾迫使基本农田破碎化程度提高。     

区域后备适宜建设用地评价方法探讨--以广西崇左市为例

运用“反规划”的理念、按照“反规划”的思路,总结区域后备适宜建设用地评价的理论和方法,采用GIS空间叠加分析、计算机辅助等技术,以广西崇左市为研究区域综合考虑地质灾害危险性、地形坡度、石漠化、重要生态保护区、基本农田、水域等要素,通过单因素、多因素综合评价环节确定崇左市后备适宜建设用地。评价结果可引导现有城镇和产业逐步迁出土地开发建设不适宜区,在编制相关规划时将城镇和产业布局在土地开发建设适宜区,同时引导城镇化工业化向区域后备适宜建设用地进行拓展。     

Driving forces behind vineyard abandonment in Slovakia following the move to a market-oriented economy

The abandonment of farmland has become a widespread phenomenon in post-socialist countries that have seen revolutionary changes in their economic systems. The phenomenon is notable in vineyard areas, where abandonment leads to the loss of the unique character of vineyard landscapes. This paper assesses the extent of vineyard abandonment in Slovakia and analyses the driving forces behind it. We used statistical and Corine Land Cover data to map the change in vineyard areas in Slovakia and analyse the pressure of underlying driving forces. Special attention was paid to small-scale, traditionally managed vineyards that were not changed by agricultural collectivisation and are now considered to be traditional agricultural landscape structures. These areas were mapped using Google Earth aerial photography combined with field research. A case study of the Svätý Jur area provided a detailed analysis of the changes, driving forces and perceptions of local residents. This area is representative of a historical vineyard area that has been deeply affected by the country's political and economic transformations. We found that over the past 20 years almost half the vineyard area in Slovakia has been abandoned or converted to arable land. The import of cheap grape must and wines, increased production costs and insufficient agricultural subsidies have made viticulture unprofitable. Local farmers perceive financial instruments and an inadequate market as limiting factors for farming, together with weak support from local government and the expansion of unsuitable housing. While 65% of local people said they would engage in viticulture if it was more profitable, 31% showed no interest in farming at all. Abandonment of the vineyards is continuous process resulted from the economical and cultural changes after the transition to market-oriented economy. Government support should be directly aimed to protection and management of traditional small scale vineyards and their historical, cultural, biodiversity, and aesthetical values.     

劳动力转移、资本深化与农地流转

随着工业化和城镇化的深入,大量农村劳动力外出工作,户均资本投入增加,农业生产趋于资本深化,农地流转市场日渐活跃,过往的研究大多关注劳动力转移对农地流转的影响,少有提及资本深化是否及如何影响农地流转。本文首先建立了相关影响机制并提出研究假说,进而使用CFPS数据进行检验,不仅估算资本深化对农地流转的直接影响,也分析劳动力转移如何通过资本深化间接改变农地流转。研究结果表明,劳动力转移显著地促进了农户农业生产的资本深化进程,资本对劳动力投入进行了替代,同时,资本深化显著提升了种粮大户的农地经营规模。如果将农地流转细分为转入与转出,资本深化促进了转入,但抑制了转出。本研究对于优化农地资源配置,提高农地规模经营水平,促进农业生产提供了新的研究视角。     

我国农村土地承包权退出的地方探索与基本判断——基于四川省内江市的改革实践

四川省内江市大胆推进农村土地经营权退出改革,为破解工业化进程中的"二兼滞留"问题提供了重要经验。内江实践证明了农村土地承包权退出是在新型城镇化和农业现代化进程不可逆转的背景下重构农村人地关系的必然趋势,是破解农村土地资源稀缺与闲置并存矛盾、加快农业现代化进程的客观要求,但城市就业预期的不稳定性、土地的保障性和增值性预期决定着退出土地承包权将是一个长期过程。     

西部新型城镇化与乡村振兴协调的时空特征及影响机制

[目的]定量评估西部新型城镇化与乡村振兴协调的时空特征及影响机制,对促进新型城镇化与乡村振兴协调发展具有重要理论与现实意义。[方法]文章采用熵权与变异系数综合赋权法、耦合协调度、相对发展度、ESDA分析2009—2019年西部新型城镇化与乡村振兴协调发展的时空特征,在此基础上借助地理探测器进一步分析导致空间异质性的驱动因子。[结果]新型城镇化与乡村振兴发展指数增速明显,协调水平不断优化,从2009年拮抗、磨合发展阶段,到2019年多数地区达到初步协调发展阶段;西部内部协调度呈现出显著的空间“集聚性”和“两极化”特征,具有“俱乐部趋同”现象;相对于单因子驱动,双因子的交互作用解释能力更强。[结论]西部新型城镇化与乡村振兴协调发展的时空特征变化明显;内部地区发展水平存在较大差异,在基础设施“硬件”上多下功夫的同时,构建“多组合”发展策略有助于西部新型城镇化与乡村振兴耦合协调水平的提升。     

不同代际视角下农户耕地撂荒行为研究——基于江西省兴国县293份农户问卷调查

研究目的：基于江西省兴国县农户调研数据,分析农户代际差异对山区农村耕地撂荒的影响。研究方法：Logit和Tobit模型。研究结果：（1）调查地区有46.1%的农户撂荒耕地,且代际差异每提升一级,耕地撂荒意愿会增加9%;（2）耕地经营规模、耕地块数和土地流转是决定新生代农户耕地是否撂荒及撂荒规模的关键因素,而受教育程度、非农收入占比、土地流转、村内撂荒程度和耕地分散程度对中生代农户耕地撂荒意愿作用最大;（3）老一代农户耕地撂荒规模所受影响因素最多,且性别和土地流转对老一代农户耕地撂荒规模的减缓作用最大。研究结论：在推动耕地要素自由流动和农田基础设施建设的同时,应当考虑不同代际农户所处的生命周期阶段及其自身禀赋差距对耕地撂荒的影响。     

Primary causes of total hamlet abandonment for different types of hamlets in remote mountain areas of China: A case study of Shouning County,Fujian Province

Total hamlet abandonment in remote mountains throughout the last several decades as a result of severe rural depopulation constitutes many serious socioeconomic problems now occurring in China and many other developing countries. To get a more profound insight into the primary causes of hamlet abandonment, this study builds on a conceptual framework through conducting an in-depth qualitative analysis based on a case-study of Shouning County, Southeast China. The primary causes of total hamlet abandonment have been illustrated by classifying these abandoned hamlets into three types: disaster-affected hamlets, township hamlets, and remote hamlets. Results have shown that the primary causes of abandonment were tremendously different for each type of the hamlets in question. Natural disasters and subsequently immediate government-sponsored resettlement were the primary causes of disaster-driven hamlet abandonment. Sudden onset events and ex situ resettlement have produced quick hamlet abandonment. Our results also show that in situ urbanization and government-sponsored resettlement were the dominating causes of hamlet abandonment for adjacent hamlets of townships. For remote hamlets (which were the dominating type of abandoned hamlets), severe lack of public services (especially education) was the first and foremost cause of hamlet abandonment, while in situ urbanization and the government-sponsored Poverty Alleviation Resettlement Project (PARP) were secondary causes. Adverse natural conditions, however, were relatively minor factors in remote hamlet abandonment. Lastly, external factors were significant ‘pull’ forces in comparison, leading to hamlet abandonment for all types of abandoned hamlets within the study. The heterogeneity of hamlet abandonment and multi-scale causes have been highlighted in our case study. These findings therein have important policy implications for rural sustainability in developing countries, particularly China.     

广东省土地利用变化时空分异及其与城市化和工业化的耦合关系

研究目的:分析广东省1996—2008年土地利用变化趋势和特征,划分快速型、中速型、慢速型和稳定型4种土地利用变化类型,探讨土地利用变化与城市化和工业化耦合关系。研究方法:GIS技术,统计分析与耦合分析方法。研究结果:珠江三角洲地区土地利用变化剧烈,粤东地区次之,粤西地区和北部山区相对稳定;城市化、产业非农化与综合土地利用动态度有较高一致性,表现出良好的正相关性。土地利用变化越剧烈的地区,其城市化进程和工业化进程对土地利用变化的影响越大;处于城市化加速和完成阶段、工业化中期和后期的县市区土地利用变化剧烈。研究结论:城市化和工业化的迅速发展是导致土地利用变化的重要因素,必须通过掌握广东省土地利用变化的时空分异及其与城市化、工业化耦合关系,合理调控未来各区域土地利用发展方向。     

唐山市耕地占用与经济发展关系分析

研究目的:采用改良的脱钩理论对唐山市历年及未来耕地占用与非农GDP之间关系进行分析,指导城市化、工业化过程中的耕地保护问题。研究方法:改良脱钩理论的脱钩指标计算模型和增长经济理论模型,定性与定量相结合。研究结果:(1)唐山市2000—2009年耕地占用与非农GDP呈现出不同的脱钩状态,原因也不尽相同;(2)唐山市未来经济发展中,脱钩指标分别为0.29和0.03,耕地占用压力仍然存在。研究结论:改良后的脱钩指标更加合理且与增长经济学理论相结合,不仅能够真实、准确反映唐山市耕地占用与经济发展的关系,而且有利于认识双保工程,指导耕地保护工作。     

农地非农化的经济学分析

农地非农化是城市化和工业化发展的必然产物.在分析农地非农化实质的基础上,探讨了农地转用价格过低的原因,认为要充分考虑到农地的生态价值、社会价值、选择价值以及产权意义上的价值,把农地的正外部效应充分内化,修正扭曲的农地资源价格体系,在一定程度上可以抑制非农用地的数量.运用农地非农化土地一级市场的模型,认为存在农转非市场失灵,政府要在多目标决策的前提下进行干预,通过提高价格来降低农地市场供给曲线的弹性,从而起到控制农地非农化的数量.