金融消费者信息安全制度研究

金融机构掌握的消费者的基本信息、交易信息若保护不利,往往使消费者权益受损,加之信息技术在金融业务中的运用,金融消费者面临的信息安全问题成为新型的安全问题,亟需相应法律措施的保护.纵观国际相关立法,对金融消费者的信息安全保护主要有隐私权模式和安全保障义务模式.文章考察各国相关立法制度认为:可以通过赋予金融消费者相应的权利、完善金融经营者信息安全保障方面的义务两个途径共同来实现金融消费者的信息安全.     

The effects of consumer knowledge on responses to event sponsorships

Research into consumer responses to event sponsorships has grown in recent years. However, the effects of consumer knowledge on sponsorship response have received little consideration. Consumers' event knowledge is examined to determine whether experts and novices differ in information processing of sponsorships and whether a sponsor's brand equity influences perceptions of sponsor–event fit. Six sponsors (three high equity/three low equity) were paired with six events. Results of hypothesis testing indicate that experts generate more total thoughts about a sponsor–event combination. Experts and novices do not differ in sponsor–event congruence for high‐brand‐equity sponsors, but event experts perceive less of a match between sponsor and event for low‐brand‐equity sponsors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The effects of concrete and abstract consumer goals on information processing

This article examines the implications of adopting concrete and abstract purchase goals over several stages of information processing. Results are reported from a computerized experiment that demonstrates three important goal effects. At the acquisition stage, goals guide information exposure, inducing tendencies to engage in attribute-based or brand-based elaboration. During encoding, goals influence the level at which information is encoded, causing it to be more attribute-level or conceptual in nature. Finally, under certain conditions, goals may continue to guide product-related thinking through successive generations of product judgments. Implications of these findings for marketing theory and practice are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Choice deferral: The interaction effects of visual boundaries and consumer knowledge

Choice deferral is a common and lousy phenomenon for companies and consumers. This research examines how visual boundaries (by-alternatives vs. attributes) interact with consumer knowledge to influence choice deferral. Five studies (N = 1,245) and two single-paper meta-analyses demonstrate that by-alternative (vs. attribute) visual boundaries reduce choice deferral and that choice difficulty mediates this effect. The research also shows that these effects are stronger for less knowledgeable consumers. However, the interactive effect of visual boundaries and consumer knowledge on choice deferral depends on task and context characteristics. We discuss future research about choice deferral moderators and how to facilitate consumer choice.     

The effects of traffic light labels and involvement on consumer choices for food and financial products

Traffic light (TL) labels that inform consumers regarding product safety have received increasing attention in different fields. Behind the background of behavioural economics, this paper presents the results of a split‐sample choice experiment conducted in Germany to evaluate the impact of TL labelling on purchases of food and financial products. We hypothesize that consumers experience different levels of involvement with these two types of products, leading to different recommendations regarding the use of TLs. The results show that TLs affect consumer purchases of both product groups by focusing their attention on specific product attributes. For food, whereas the low‐fat attribute has no significant impact on food choices that do not include TLs, this attribute has a positive impact on choices once it is signalled with a TL label. The positive evaluation of the organic production attribute of a food product without a TL decreases when the same product is labelled with a TL. In the case of financial products, TLs significantly reinforce the impact of all characteristics on choice probability. TLs also generate a halo effect with regard to return variance. Although consumers demonstrate different levels of involvement for the two types of products, involvement does not always impact the evaluation of attributes. Compared with less involved consumers, more involved consumers exhibit more heterogeneous evaluations of the return variability attribute in the case of the financial product and the organic attribute in the case of the food product.     

The impact of information sharing and bullwhip effects on improving consumer services in dual-channel retailing

Data sharing among the supply chain players can be an exceptionally significant factor for the retailing industry. In this consideration, an improved retailing methodology for a dual-channel supply chain with a single retailer and manufacturer is built under the bullwhip effect and asymmetric data sharing. Retailer provides asymmetric information to the manufacturer regarding demand to increase their profit. In this scenario, measuring the bullwhip effect is essential in retailing strategy. By adopting an online-to-offline retailing strategy, industries can earn more profit and increase the satisfaction level of customers. The present study focuses on dual-channel retailing, where the demand for the product in both channels varies with the selling price. Keeping in mind the goal of sustainable development, an advanced transportation strategy is utilized in this study, along with some carbon emission costs. Autonomated inspection is utilized to identify defective products. Finally, centralized and decentralized profit functions are formulated for this study. Several cases and numerical examples are provided to validate this study. It is clear from the numerical findings that information sharing within the players provides 1.26% more profit compared to a decentralized case. Due to asymmetric information, which leads to the bullwhip effect, the retailing system faces loss. Thus, information sharing is 0.19% beneficial for dual-channel retailing. Sensitivity analysis for key parameters ensures the findings' applicability in the real world.     

Socio-economic and demographic determinants of consumer problem perception

Studies on consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and complaining behaviour provide no consistent picture of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the consumers involved. This study indicates that consumers with different socio-economic characteristics perceive and experience different numbers and types of consumer problems.Younger people experience more problems with commercial information. Persons of lower income and full nest families report more problems with usage costs and product quality. Problems with after-sales service are more often experienced by male and upper class consumers. Differences in problem perception may affect subsequent satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and complaining behaviour.

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Sozioökonomische und demographische Einflüsse auf die Wahrnehmung von Verbraucherproblemen

Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zur Zufriedenheit, zur Unzufriedenheit und zum Beschwerdeverhalten von Konsumenten ergeben kein konsistentes Bild der sozioökonomischen und demographischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten Konsumenten. Die vorliegende Studie deutet darauf hin, daß Konsumenten mit unterschiedlichen sozioökonomischen Eigenschaften sich hinsichtlich der Anzahl und der Art der wahrgenommenen Verbraucherprobleme unterscheiden.Jüngere Verbraucher empfinden mehr Probleme mit kommerzieller Information. Verbraucher mit niedrigerem Einkommen und Familien mit Kindern nehmen mehr Probleme mit den Gebrauchskosten und mit der Produktqualität wahr. Probleme mit dem Kundendienst treten dagegen häufiger bei männlichen Konsumenten und solchen aus höheren Schichten auf. Unterschiede in der Problemwahrnehmung wirken sich auf die Zufriedenheit und das Beschwerdeverhalten von Konsumenten aus.

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Dick A. Francken is a Research Fellow at SWOKA, Institute for Scientific Research on Consumer Affairs, Kon. Emmakade 192–195, NL-2518 JP The Hague, The Netherlands. W. Fred van Raaij is Professor of Economic Psychology at Erasmus University, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.     

基于消费者需求与信息搜寻的消费者教育模型研究

本文结合消费者需求特点和信息搜寻两个维度,指出产品市场可分为易识实用产品市场、难识实用产品市场、易识享乐产品市场、难识享乐产品市场和未被考虑产品市场.企业应根据各类市场特征,制定有针对性的消费者教育策略.     

The limits of public consumer information

The article gives an overview of problems connected with the dissemination of public consumer information. It brings out some implications of psychological research on consumers and other human beings. The perspective taken is that of the consumer's role in a market or mixed economy. It is stressed that psychological research has yielded interesting methodological paradigms amd hypotheses which could and should be explored in practical situations outside the laboratories. If this is done, better advice can be given to guide consumer information campaigns.

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Die Grenzen öffentlicher Verbraucherinformationspolitik

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag geht von drei grundlegenden Überlegungen aus. Zum einen hat die Funktionsfähigkeit von Verbrauchsgütermärkten zur Voraussetzung, daß die Konsumenten Zugang zu den für optimale Kaufentscheidungen notwendigen Informationen haben. Zum zweiten bieten die vorhandenen Medien nur begrenzte Möglichkeiten, solche Informationen zu übermitteln. Die dritte Überlegung beschäftigt sich mit den Konsumenten, deren Wahrnehmung als selektiv gekennzeichnet wird und deren Verhalten so starke Gewohnheiten ausgebildet hat, daß es häufig nur schwer zu beeinflussen ist und darüber hinaus manchmal sozialen Einflüssen ausgesetzt ist, die den Absichten der Verbraucherinformation entgegenstehen.Abbildung 1 zeigt einen Überblick über die Variablen, die zur Erklärung des Verbraucherverhaltens üblicherweise herangezogen werden. Es wird betont, daß die empirische Verbraucherforschung insbesondere im Bereich des Informationsverhaltens stärker die zeitlichen und räumlichen Beschränkungen berücksichtigen sollte, durch die die meisten Kaufentscheidungssituationen gekennzeichnet sind.Es werden zwei Modelle behandelt. Das eine, ein Modell der Informationsverarbeitung, wurde im Bereich der Verbraucherpsychologie entwickelt und repräsentiert den Stand der Laborforschung in diesem Bereich. Es wäre zweckmäßig, einige seiner Ergebnisse auch systematisch in Realsituationen zu überprüfen. Das zweite Modell ist das Linsen-Modell, das der Experimentalpsychologie entstammt und in den letzten fünfzehn Jahren in der Forschung ausgiebig angewendet wurde. Es kann vor allem der Problemstrukturierung im Bereich der Verbraucherinformation dienen.Abschließend wird die Nützlichkeit von Verbraucherinformation differenziert nach verschiedenen Typen von Kaufsituationen behandelt.

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Karl Erik Wärneryd is Professor of Economic Psychologie and Director of the Economic Research Institute at the Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, S-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden.     

The effects of eWOM characteristics on consumer ratings: evidence from TripAdvisor.com

Abstract

Given the rise of online review communities, the management of consumer ratings has gained much attention in the recent years. In this study, we use data from Tripadvisor.com and examine the number of stars that a review receives. Specifically, we address how a star rating is determined by the components in the focal review as well as the preceding reviews of other consumers. Our qualitative and quantitative analyses provide interesting findings as follows. A star rating has a positive relationship with the focal review’s valence. That is, the more positive a review is, the greater number of stars a review receives. The reviews of other consumers also play a role in determining a star rating of the focal review suggesting social influence among consumers. Interestingly, a review with lengthy content leads to a lower star rating only when using smartphones. We conclude with theoretical and managerial implications.     

The effects of scent on consumer behaviour

This article presents a systematic review of extant research on the effects of scent on consumer behaviour for readers of the International Journal of Consumer Studies. Although many articles have been published on this topic in recent years, there is a need for a comprehensive summary of up‐to‐date findings in this area of research. A systematic literature review is conducted with selected Chartered Association of Business Schools‐ranked journals in the fields of marketing and psychology, covering the period between 1980 and 2015. Thematic areas include the impact of scent on consumers’ cognitive and affective responses, attitudes and perceptions, as well as memory and behaviours. Relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of scent on these variables include affect, cognition, awareness and individual or environmental stimuli. Gaps for future research are identified and include the role of consumer awareness of scent and its influence on behaviour. Although this article provides a systematic review of the literature within the fields of psychology and marketing, it acknowledges that a large body of research regarding human responses to odours exists within other disciplinary fields such as neuroscience. The potential for, as well as the ethical caveats of, using scent stimuli for marketing purposes are also considered. This article makes a significant contribution to the consumer behaviour literature given its systematic article selection and review process, encompassing the most up‐to‐date research and focusing on all key thematic areas related to scent and consumption.     

The impact of interpersonal anxiety on consumer information processing

Effects of interpersonal anxiety on consumer information processing were investigated from a psychoanalytic perspective. Findings indicate that increases in the number and importance of others in subjects' decision environments heighten experienced levels of anxiety. In addition, the relationship of anxiety to information processing was found to be curvilinear (inverted U-shaped) as indicated by the total amount of information and the processing mode selected by subjects during a decision task. Implications for marketers and future research directions are provided.     

The effects of reference point, knowledge, and risk propensity on the evaluation of financial products

Evaluating and choosing a financial product often requires a trade-off between risk and returns on investment, as a riskier product may yield a higher return. We examine the effect of different reference points (i.e., a riskier reference vs. a safer reference) on the evaluation of a financial product when attributes are explicitly traded off during the evaluation. Our findings suggest that a safer reference increases the attractiveness of the focal product under evaluation, while a riskier reference point does not affect that evaluation. The safer reference point appears to facilitate the risk-seeking tendency in financial decision-making. Further, two types of consumer knowledge, namely, objective and subjective, can moderate the effect of the reference point. Subjective knowledge negatively affects attribute-based objective evaluations, promoting instead the use of external reference information. A discrepancy between the two types of knowledge (i.e., over-confidence), in particular, can cause a more biased evaluation.     

Impact of minimalist practices on consumer happiness and financial well-being

This study assesses the relationship between minimalism, financial well-being, and happiness. The role of age and spirituality and their impact on minimalism, happiness, and financial well-being is also investigated. The upward spiral theory of change posits that making positive lifestyle changes can bring about happiness and well-being and has been used as a theoretical framework. Data is conveniently collected from 343 Pakistani consumers using survey questionnaires and analyzed in SPSS and M Plus software. Results indicate that minimalism directly affects financial well-being, spirituality, and happiness. Similarly, financial well-being also has a direct positive impact on happiness. Minimalism has been found to indirectly effects happiness via financial well-being. Interestingly, age and spirituality have weakened the relationship between minimalism and happiness. In contrast, the role of age as a moderator between minimalism and spirituality is insignificant. This paper provides exciting insights into the relatively new concept of minimalism and its consequences.     

Effect of consumer self‐confidence on information search and dissemination: Mediating role of subjective knowledge

Consumers search for information about products to make a satisfactory purchase decision and gain knowledge about new features and updates. Consumers also use this knowledge to be vocal about their product experience because several consumers seek interpersonal recommendations. This phenomenon has contributed to the emergence of information search (IS) and information dissemination (ID) as a key research area in the field of consumer behaviour. However, the role of personal factors such as consumer self‐confidence and subjective knowledge has received little attention in the extant IS and ID literature. The major argument of this study is that information acquisition confidence and social outcome confidence enhance subjective knowledge and consequently increase the will of consumers to search and disseminate information in the context of smartphone buyers in India. Structural equation modelling was employed to test the proposed hypotheses using a convenience sample of 259 consumers obtained through a cross‐sectional survey. The study shows that subjective knowledge is crucial in strengthening the association between consumer self‐confidence and consumer intention for IS and ID. Additionally, enhancing consumer’s social outcome confidence contributes towards high subjective knowledge and consequently accelerates information dissemination. Results suggest that firms could focus on enhancing the social outcome confidence and subjective knowledge of consumers to motivate them to disseminate information. The results also show that consumers with high confidence in information acquisition ability have the high subjective knowledge and are more likely to search for information. Overall, this study contributes to the emerging literature regarding the role of personal factors in IS and dissemination behaviour.     

The provision of information on consumer rights: British experiences

In 1973, the British Government created the official post of Director General of Fair Trading with, inter alia, the power to produce and distribute information and advice to consumers in the United Kingdom. This paper describes how the Office of Fair Trading set out to perform this function, using a variety of media, and the lessons learnt about the consumer's reaction to and absorption of consumer advice material. It finally forecasts the likely trends in demand for consumer information material.

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Die Bereitstellung von Informationen über Verbraucherrechte: Britische Erfahrungen

Zusammenfassung Die britische Regierung schuf 1973 die Position eines Generalbevollmächtigten für Handelsund Wettbewerbsfragen, die u.a. auch die Kompetenz erhielt, Verbraucherinformationen zu erarbeiten und bereitzuhalten und Verbraucherberatung durchzuführen.Der Beitrag berichtet, wie und mithilfe welcher Medien diese Aufgaben erfüllt werden, und über die Erfahrungen, die mit der Reaktion der Verbraucher und deren Akzeptanz der Beratungsmaterialien gemacht wurden. Abschließende Überlegungen befassen sich mit zukünftigen Entwicklungen der Nachfrage nach Informationsmaterialien.

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John Perry is the Chief Information Officer at the Office of Fair Trading, Field House, Bream's Buildings, London EC4A 1PR, England.     

信息化环境中的财务管理分析

文章阐述了财务管理信息化对财务内部控制的影响,并从系统控制与管理控制两个部分描述信息化环境下财务内部控制系统的构建.     

The consumer information deficit: Assessment and policy implications

This paper reports about a research project financially supported by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology of the FRG as part of the work of a consortium of consumer research teams from several universities. Using the problem of purchasing an automobile as an example, consumer information need and information supply are analyzed in order to delineate the consumer information deficit. Information need is defined as information suitable for reducing risks of purchase perceived by consumers which were ascertained in two surveys. Information supply was analysed by a content analysis of sales brochures, advertisements, and automotive magazines, as well as a study of the information content of sales talks. It turns out that the information supply is unsatisfactory with regard to the information need.Several studies of attempts to reduce the information deficit are also reported. A lab study indicates that required improvements of the information content of sales brochures may help consumers to make better purchase decisions. A videotex information system, which was also investigated, had no influence on purchase decisions, but was still considered useful by consumers.

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Das Informationsdefizit der Konsumenten: Erhebung und Folgerungen für die Verbraucherpolitik

Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Untersuchung berichtet, die im Rahmen des vom BMFT geförderten Forschungsverbundes empirische Verbraucherforschung an der Universität Hohenheim durchgeführt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung war, die weitverbreitete Behauptung, die Konsumenten hätten ein Informationsdefizit, empirisch zu untersuchen, sowie Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung des Informationsdefizites, falls es ein solches gibt, aufzuzeigen. Die Erhebung des Informationsdefizites geschah am Beispiel des Problems eines Automobilkaufes. Zunächst wurde der Informationsbedarf der Konsumenten erhoben, der operationalisiert wurde als die Menge der Informationen die notwendig sind, um die von allen Konsumenten kollektiv empfundenen Kaufrisiken zu reduzieren. Empfundene Kaufrisiken wurden in einer offenen Befragung ermittelt und durch Befragung einer Zufallsstichprobe von 500 Neuwagenkäufern abgesichert und entsprechend ihrer Bedeutung gewichtet. Dem Informationsbedarf wurde das Informationsangebot gegenübergestellt. Alle bedeutsamen institutionellen Informationsquellen wurden daraufhin untersucht, inwieweit sie Informationen enthalten, die zur Reduktion der von den Konsumenten empfunden Kaufrisiken geeignet sind. Werbeanzeigen, Prospekte sowie Automobiltests wurden einer Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen. Ergänzend wurden Redakteure von Automobilzeitschriften befragt sowie Verkaufgespräche simuliert und auf ihren Informationsgehalt untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, daß es zahlreiche, von Konsumenten empfundene Kaufrisiken gibt, über die keine oder kaum Informationen erhältlich sind, oder wo die Informationen von eingeschränkter Brauchbarkeit sind, da sie entweder nicht nachprüfbar sind oder technisches Vorverständnis beim Konsumenten voraussetzen. Unter den Kaufrisiken, in bezug auf die das Informationsangebot unbefriedigend ist, finden sich etliche, die von den Konsumenten als besonders wichtig eingestuft werden.Anschließend wird über mehrere Studien berichtet, in denen Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des Informationsdefizites untersucht wurden. Ein Laborexperiment zeigte, daß Informationsauflagen, mit deren Hilfe der Informationsgehalt von Prospekten verbessert wurde, die Kaufentscheidungen der Versuchspersonen verbesserten. Parallel wurde ein Informationssystem in Bildschirmtext untersucht, das allerdings keinen meßbaren Einfluß auf die Qualität der gefällten Kaufentscheidungen hatte. Beide Informationsmaßnahmen wurden von den Versuchspersonen allerdings als nützlich beurteilt. Andere Maßnahmen der Verbraucherinformation, wie persönliche Beratung und Aktivinformation in den Massenmedien, werden zur Verringerung des Informationsdefizites im Bereich der Produktinformation als weniger geeignet angesehen, könnten aber im Bereich der Bedarfsreflexion oder im Bereich der Strukturierung von Konsumproblemen sinnvolle Ergänzungen darstellen. Eine ausführliche Darstellung des Forschungsprojektes in deutscher Sprache findet sich bei Dedler et al. (1984).

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Klaus G. Grunert is Assistant Professor of Consumer Economics at the University of Hohenheim, Institute 530, PO Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, West Germany. The research project described in this paper was directed by Gerhard Scherhorn with Konrad Dedler, Ingrid Gottschalk, Margot Heiderich, Annemarie L. Hoffmann, and the author as co-workers. A more complete report of the research may be found in Dedler et al. (1984).