“双支柱”调控、政策协调搭配与宏观稳定效应

本文通过构建包含金融部门和“双支柱”调控政策的DSGE模型,系统考察了货币政策和宏观审慎政策的组合在不同经济金融冲击下的宏观经济和金融稳定效应。相关分析得出了三个基本结论:一是纳入宏观审慎政策的“双支柱”调控框架确实比单一使用货币政策具有相对更好的经济和金融稳定效应;二是“双支柱”调控框架在应对金融冲击时的稳定效应表现得更加明显,这说明宏观审慎政策确实是通过金融稳定渠道发挥作用的,从而与货币政策侧重实体经济(产出和通胀)的稳定效应形成了有效互补;三是不论是在价格型的货币政策工具下,还是在数量型的货币政策工具下,“双支柱”调控框架都较单一使用货币政策具有更好的经济金融稳定效应,这说明“双支柱”调控框架的有效性不依赖于货币政策工具的改变而改变,在具体的政策工具组合方面具有较为普遍的适用性。     

“双支柱”调控、政策协调搭配与宏观稳定效应

本文通过构建包含金融部门和“双支柱”调控政策的DSGE模型,系统考察了货币政策和宏观审慎政策的组合在不同经济金融冲击下的宏观经济和金融稳定效应。相关分析得出了三个基本结论:一是纳入宏观审慎政策的“双支柱”调控框架确实比单一使用货币政策具有相对更好的经济和金融稳定效应;二是“双支柱”调控框架在应对金融冲击时的稳定效应表现得更加明显,这说明宏观审慎政策确实是通过金融稳定渠道发挥作用的,从而与货币政策侧重实体经济(产出和通胀)的稳定效应形成了有效互补;三是不论是在价格型的货币政策工具下,还是在数量型的货币政策工具下,“双支柱”调控框架都较单一使用货币政策具有更好的经济金融稳定效应,这说明“双支柱”调控框架的有效性不依赖于货币政策工具的改变而改变,在具体的政策工具组合方面具有较为普遍的适用性。     

货币政策对住房市场财富效应的影响研究

文章在NK-DSGE模型中引入宏观审慎政策和预期到的货币政策冲击,以研究双支柱调控框架下预期到的货币政策冲击对住房市场财富效应的影响。研究结果表明,对货币政策冲击的预期不能有效控制住房价格,但会通过住房价格对无信贷约束家庭消费率的直接财富效应和受信贷约束家庭消费率的资产负债表效应产生更加显著的影响。而受预期到的货币政策冲击,限贷政策的收紧能有效控制住房价格,但会通过住房价格对无信贷约束家庭消费率的直接财富效应和受信贷约束家庭消费率的资产负债表效应产生更不显著的影响。     

房价波动、宏观审慎政策与货币政策协调效应分析——基于DSGE模型

目前我国房地产行业金融化、泡沫化倾向较强,是金融系统最大的灰犀牛。本文通过构建一个DSGE模型,将贷款价值比宏观审慎工具纳入其中,将房地产价格的稳态偏离作为宏观审慎的政策调控信号,分析了在技术冲击和货币政策冲击环境下,货币政策规则与宏观审慎政策的最优组合。研究结果表明：一是实施单一的货币政策调节产出和房价波动效果有限;二是宏观审慎政策和货币政策配合的双支柱调控框架有助于降低经济波动,减缓房价快速上行。根据上述结论,结合鄂尔多斯房地产特殊发展历程,本文提出政策建议如下：一是健全货币政策与宏观审慎政策的“双支柱”调控框架,二是构建多元化房地产金融体系,三是加强房地产金融市场监管。     

“稳增长”与“去杠杆”目标下的双支柱政策协调——基于供求冲击和金融摩擦视角

构建带有金融摩擦的DSGE模型,研究在供给面和需求面冲击下,各种不同类型的双支柱政策组合对稳增长与去杠杆的调控效果及传导机制。结果表明：当遇到技术冲击时,单独使用货币政策改变信贷供给状况可以较好地维护宏观经济的稳定,这也是金融危机之前未重视宏观审慎政策而只是强调货币政策控制经济周期波动的原因所在。面对正向房地产需求冲击,不适用于单纯采取大幅加息等总量措施,而应配合采取收紧LTV等宏观审慎政策,更有针对性地对房地产市场适度降温,避免对整体经济造成冲击,利率政策与LTV政策使经济增长和杠杆率的波动相对较小,政策组合更有效。     

货币政策与宏观审慎政策共同支持宏观经济稳定

货币政策是维持宏观经济稳定运行的重要政策工具,但2007—2009年国际金融危机表明,仅仅保持物价水平稳定,忽视金融风险,并不足以维持宏观经济稳定。近年来中国提出双支柱宏观政策框架以支持宏观经济稳定,这一创新具有重要的理论与现实意义。我们首先提出了双支柱宏观调控的框架,强调应该注重两类政策目标的协同与矛盾、政策传导渠道的相互交叉与影响、冲击类型与开放条件的差异等,从而保证双支柱宏观调控对宏观经济的稳定效应。接下来,我们建立了一个DSGE两国模型,作为分析双支柱宏观调控稳定宏观经济的案例研究。研究表明,第一,金融冲击下,货币政策有助于稳定宏观经济,且随着汇率制度从固定转向浮动,货币政策稳定宏观经济的效果会明显加强。第二,在货币政策的基础上,增加以跨境资本流入税为代表的宏观审慎政策工具,可以有效遏制金融市场的顺周期机制,进一步提高宏观经济的稳定性,从而验证了双支柱宏观调控的有效性。第三,双支柱宏观调控的有效性与汇率制度有关,当汇率灵活性水平较低时,双支柱宏观调控对宏观经济的稳定效果更好。     

“双支柱”政策、跨境资金流动与银行风险承担

本文构建了包含宏观审慎政策和跨境资金流动的D-L-M模型,基于中国28家商业银行2009-2020年面板数据,研究“双支柱”政策、跨境资金流动和银行风险承担的互动效应。研究表明:跨境资金流动对货币政策和宏观审慎政策的银行风险承担渠道有负向调节作用;存在“双支柱”政策的银行风险承担协调效应,宏观审慎政策能够削弱货币政策的银行风险承担渠道,跨境资金规模增长和银行风险承担水平提高会强化该协调效应;跨境资金流动周期对“双支柱”政策的协调效应存在非对称影响,在跨境资金流动上行期,“双支柱”政策协调效应更佳。     

外部冲击、金融业开放与“双支柱”调控

面对高度复杂不确定的外部环境,如何设计政策组合以实现金融业开放、汇率市场化以及国内经济恢复等多重宏观经济目标具有重要的理论与现实意义。为此,本文构建一个具有金融业开放特征的多部门DSGE模型,分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策“双支柱”调控框架应对外部冲击的作用机制与福利效果,并讨论金融业开放水平对汇率制度选择与政策协调搭配的影响。研究表明：为应对外部冲击,中央银行对汇率波动进行管理的力度需要随金融业开放水平的提高而不断加大。同时,金融业开放水平越高,宏观审慎政策逆周期调节银行资产负债表以稳定金融系统乃至整个宏观经济的效果越好。进一步地,在“双支柱”调控框架下,货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调搭配使用不仅可以带来显著的福利改进,而且能够降低央行对汇率波动的最优管理程度,提高货币政策独立性,从而为实现金融业开放、汇率市场化以及国内经济恢复等多重目标创造条件。     

多元外生冲击下双支柱调控的信号选择与制度安排 ——基于动态随机一般均衡模型

随着我国宏观杠杆率不断攀升,系统性风险成为政策制定者关注的重点,宏观审慎政策工具成为应对当前风险挑战的重要手段。本文构建了一个DSGE模型,将逆周期资本缓冲宏观审慎政策工具纳入其中,将宏观杠杆率作为宏观审慎政策调控的信号,以福利效应最大化为标准,研究在多元化的外生冲击环境下,货币政策和宏观审慎政策的最优制度安排。研究结果表明:一是通过货币政策防范金融风险的效果存在局限;二是宏观审慎政策和货币政策配合的双支柱调控框架有助于降低经济波动,改善社会福利;三是宏观审慎政策效果的充分发挥需要货币政策配合。根据上述结论,本文提出政策建议如下:一是货币政策和宏观审慎政策在目标、工具、手段上应该相互独立。二是要完善货币政策和审慎政策的协调配合,加快双支柱政策框架体系建设。     

我国货币政策和宏观审慎政策双支柱调控框架研究

寻找货币政策和宏观审慎政策的最优组合模式对于完善货币政策和宏观审慎政策双支柱调控框架意义重大。本文在DSGE模型中同时纳入价格型和数量型货币政策规则、资本充足率和贷款价值比宏观审慎政策规则、民营和国营企业。按照货币政策规则是否需要考虑金融稳定变量,宏观审慎政策规则是否需要考虑经济稳定变量,中央银行对货币政策和宏观审慎政策损失函数是考虑各自最小化还是合并最小化三类标准,将货币政策和宏观审慎政策组合模式分为8类,探讨每类模式下的政策效果。结果显示,最优政策组合模式为:货币政策规则主管经济稳定变量、兼顾金融稳定变量;宏观审慎政策规则主管金融稳定变量,兼顾经济稳定变量;中央银行追求货币政策和宏观审慎政策损失函数之和最小化。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.