海关监管视角下口岸贸易便利化测评体系的建立与应用研究

在贸易便利化研究领域中,便利化水平的测度和分析是其中一项重要的研究内容。只有掌握当前贸易便利化水平和便利化措施成效如何,了解推进贸易便利化进程中存在的优势短板,才能够有针对性的制定和完善便利化政策和策略。对此以海关监管为切入点,以作为贸易活动重要载体的口岸及其通关便利化流程为研究对象,综合运用层次分析法和熵权法等方法建立一套既符合国际通行惯例和评价标准,同时又符合我国口岸监管特征和外贸实际的贸易便利化测评体系,通过口岸实例对测评体系进行了验证分析,对进一步完善贸易便利化测评方法提出了合理化建议。     

我国口岸营商环境及贸易便利化研究

口岸营商环境和贸易便利化是一体两面的关系,其内涵体现为通关为主、制度载体、量化测评、贸易平衡,其重点环节是企业管理、通关时效、精简收费、法治建设。由此,可以在简政放权、科学测评、提升时效、技术运用、立法明责等方面开展工作。     

长江经济带贸易便利化的现状与提升对策研究

长江经济带是全国举足轻重的经济发展区域.该区域工业经济基础雄厚、门类齐全,进出口贸易在全国占有极其重要的地位,区域经济开放格局已经形成.通过分析贸易便利化的理论基础,对长江经济带降低交易成本、提升区域竞争优势及口岸与海关通关效率方面的实践进行了分析,最后提出了学习发达国家先进经验、完善长江经济带贸易便利化体系,加强基础设施建设、强化资源优化配置,加快金融电子化与信息化的无缝对接及持续优化区域海关环境等对策建议.     

APEC国家贸易便利化水平测算对我国出口的影响

APEC是较早开展贸易投资便利化研究的区域性经济组织之一。本文主要采用口岸效率、海关环境、规则环境、电子商务应用共4个一级指标以及16个二级指标,利用因子分析法和引力模型研究贸易便利化对中国与APEC主要成员国出口贸易的实证影响。本文通过研究发现,贸易伙伴国的经济规模大小和贸易便利化水平对双边贸易有着显著的正向作用,同时发现贸易便利化对一国出口贸易的影响程度远大于关税下降带来的福利。     

上海自贸区贸易便利化对贸易流量影响的实证研究

本文在分析上海自贸试验区建立对我国贸易影响的基础上,以贸易引力模型为基础对其贸易便利化进行了实证研究,构建了贸易便利化测评指标体系。同时,对上海自贸区贸易便利化水平与其他25个国家(地区)的贸易流量影响因素进行了实证研究,研究结果表明:与国内生产总值、人均国内生产总值、人口数量等其他因素相比,贸易便利化水平是对进出口总额影响最大的因素,最后在实证基础上提出了提高上海自贸试验区的贸易便利化水平的相关建议。     

提升霍尔果斯口岸贸易发展水平策略研究

通过对新疆霍尔果斯口岸贸易规模、方式、企业、商品结构、对象、地位的描述,全面总结了霍尔果斯口岸贸易发展的成就,并进一步提出了改善口岸贸易环境、完善通关便利化机制、挖掘口岸农产品贸易潜力、做大做强边境互市贸易、筹建霍尔果斯市等政策建议。     

RCEP成员国贸易便利化水平测算及对出口影响的实证研究

本文系统地构建了贸易便利化测度系统,利用主成分分析法衡量了RCEP成员国的贸易便利化水平,并在扩展引力模型的基础上,实证分析了其对中国贸易流量的影响,同时模拟了各项贸易便利化指标提升对中国出口贸易潜力值的影响。研究表明:RCEP成员国中东盟国家的贸易便利化水平低于RCEP成员国中的非东盟国家;贸易伙伴国的贸易便利化水平、市场规模、市场需求等因素对双边贸易流量有显著的促进作用;模拟结果显示,口岸效率与电子商务等贸易便利化指标的改善对中国出口贸易潜力的影响更大。     

提升通关水平服务地方对外开放

口岸通关便利化是贸易便利化的重要一环。十八大报告提出．我国要全面提高开放型经济水平。要进一步扩大开放,加快口岸通关便利化日益紧迫。     

贸易便利化的测评及其对我国服务贸易出口的影响——基于跨国面板数据的实证研究

本文首先对贸易便利化与服务贸易出口进行了机理分析,构建了贸易便利化测评指标体系,运用熵值法测算出109个国家2007-2011年的贸易便利化综合得分,结果显示:2007-2011年平均综合得分前三名分别为新加坡(4.96)、中国香港(4.64)和瑞典(4.57),中国(2.90)排名第51位。然后利用跨国面板数据进行了实证研究,结果表明贸易便利化对服务贸易出口的影响是显著的,并且在低水平国家,贸易便利化对服务贸易出口的影响更大。最后,从改善贸易便利化水平的角度提出了相关建议。     

对标世行提升我国跨境贸易便利度

2018年国务院印发《优化口岸营商环境促进跨境贸易便利化工作方案》,优化口岸营商环境工作情况纳入国务院督查范围,提升我国跨境贸易便利度成为各级政府工作的重点。本文依据世界银行公布的《营商环境报告》作为尺度,分析了我国在"跨境贸易"指标的现状。通过与"跨境贸易"指标排名靠前的国家相比,我国在进出口单证合规、边界合规耗时和成本上尚有较大提升空间。这就需要我们进一步深化"放管服"改革,进一步发挥自贸区以制度创新为核心的功能,在营造更加良好的营商环境方面进行不懈努力。     

中国入世10周年与全球多边贸易体制的变化

本文回顾了中国加入世界贸易组织10年来的改革与发展历程,指出中国对全球多边贸易体制的主要贡献在于推动国际经贸发展、反对贸易保护主义、忠实履行多边贸易规则、努力协调多边贸易谈判、积极参与多边贸易机制建设以及切实维护发展中国家利益。10年来,多边贸易体制的变迁主要表现为力量结构、议题结构及外部透明度的变化。展望未来,多边贸易体制的改革应重在制度建设与反对贸易保护主义。基于加入世界贸易组织以来的实践经验,本文得出了我国参与全球经济治理的几点启示。     

Assessing the Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Global Perspective

This paper estimates the relationship between trade facilitation and trade flows using a panel of disaggregated manufactured goods for the 2000–2001 period for 75 countries. Four categories of trade facilitation are defined, measured and assessed for their impact on bilateral trade flows using a gravity model. The four measures of trade facilitation are: port infrastructure (air and maritime), customs environment, regulatory environments and e‐business infrastructure. The results suggest that raising global capacity halfway to the world average in the four areas would increase trade by $377 billion. Most regions of the world increase exports more than imports. In large part, this result stems from increased exports to OECD markets that is obtained through a country's own effort to improve ports, customs, regulations and services infrastructures. In addition, the results suggest that reform and capacity building in trade facilitation in areas related to GATT Articles V, VIII and X that are under discussion at the World Trade Organisation could expand trade and exports significantly. Many of the reform measures necessary to achieve this goal need not necessarily require large‐scale investment projects, but rather action in legal and administrative reform to facilitate trade.     

Measuring International Trade Costs

The costs of international trade have become an increasingly important item in trade negotiations (under the heading ‘trade facilitation’) and element of trade theory, but definition and measurement of trade costs remain in their infancy. This paper argues that the most conceptually appropriate measure is the gap between cost‐insurance‐freight (cif) and free‐on‐board (fob) values of traded goods, but that this must be measured on a consistent volume of trade. Such data are only available for a few countries. We calculate cif–fob gap values for the three largest trading nations that report such data (Australia, Brazil and the USA). These values provide plausible estimates of ad valorem trade costs for the three importing countries and for all countries’ exports. The estimates indicate that although trade costs have fallen over the last two decades, average trade costs now exceed the average tariff rate on imports into the USA and Australia. Country rankings by the cif–fob gap values differ significantly from those by commonly used proxies for trade costs, such as the indicators of time and cost in the World Bank’s Doing Business database, and analysis based on such proxies is likely to produce misleading results.     

Relevance of trade facilitation in emerging countries' exports

The objective of this article is to analyse trade flows in emerging nations with a maritime boundary, where trade facilitation plays a decisive role in their international development. In order to detect possible patterns in performance, we apply the economic approach of gravity models using the World Bank Logistic Performance Index (LPI) as a good proxy of trade facilitation. The results of the estimation lead to the conclusion that the more complex the transportation of goods is, the more influential the logistics indicator, trade facilitation being most prominent in Middle East exporters.     

中国特色自由贸易港政策制度体系创新的基点与内涵探讨

国家确立了构建自由贸易港政策制度体系的战略任务,但目前各界对自由港、自由贸易港内涵的认识仁者见仁、智者见智,对自由贸易试验区与自由贸易港关系的理解也多种多样。本文通过梳理自由港的本源“基因”和历史“进货”路径,从自由港与各类特殊经济功能区发展的关系角度,阐述自由贸易港政策和制度体系创新的一些基本点,提出了推进中国特色自由贸易港事业的“三合一”基本框架,即“汲取传统自由港的理念精华、服务国家重大战略实践需求、着眼未来创新构架政策制度”。     

Beyond the Information Technology Agreement: Harmonisation of Standards and Trade in Electronics

Product standards can have a dual impact on costs and, thus, on trade. They can impose costs on exporters as it may be necessary to adapt products for specific markets (cost effect). In contrast, standards can reduce exporters’ information costs as they convey information on product characteristics (informational effect). Using a new World Bank database of European standards for electronic products, we examine the net impact of internationally harmonised European standards on European Union imports. We find that European Union standards for electronic products that are harmonised to international standards have a significant and a positive net effect on trade. The results suggest that efforts to promote trade in electronic products could be complemented by steps to promote standards harmonisation. This might include, for example, restarting talks to extend the WTO’s Information Technology Agreement to commitments to harmonise national standards in electronic products.     

国际贸易便利化发展进程新特征分析

当前,国际贸易便利化问题并不仅仅为WTO或WCO等传统贸易组织所关注,其迅速发展的进程已在全球的每一个角落全面铺开,并表现出制定主体分散化,规则制定不断的专业化、软法化、巴尔干化、技术化等10项特征。这些新特征中昭示着贸易便利化进程虽然将在保护主义的丛林中艰难行进,但并不会停下它的脚步。     

绥芬河自贸片区贸易便利化实践研究

本文介绍了绥芬河自贸区开辟铁路互贸交易点、赋予农村农业合作社开展互市贸易经营权、拓展互贸商品进口准入国范围、创新俄籍自然人从事互贸业务规范化管理模式、培育互市贸易新业态新模式、金融外汇结算等制度创新的主要做法和实践效果,提出了贸易便利化要找准政策切入点、因时制宜、助力特色产业优化升级、加强内外联动、引领投资便利化、优化金融服务、注意防范风险等对策建议。     

产业结构影响中国贸易收支失衡的理论分析与实证检验

分析和解决中国当前的贸易收支失衡即巨额的贸易顺差问题是解决中国经济外部失衡的关键所在。从贸易方式看,加工贸易逐渐成为中国贸易收支失衡的决定性因素;从商品结构看,机械及运输设备类产品已成为工业制成品贸易顺差的重要来源。理论分析表明,中国巨额的贸易顺差是在特定的历史背景下形成的,具有一定的脆弱性。实证研究发现,产业结构和贸易结构及二者的相互影响对中国贸易收支失衡具有重要的影响作用;人民币升值虽然有利于改善中国的贸易收支失衡状况,但与结构变量相比,其改善的程度较弱。要从根本上解决中国经济的外部失衡,政策的着力点应更多地放在以产业结构调整为核心的结构性问题方面。     

基于 APEC的贸易便利化测评及对我国出口影响的实证分析

本文根据全球竞争力报告等多种商业调查数据,对多个国家的贸易便利化水平进行了测算和排序,运用引力模型定量分析了贸易便利化水平对我国贸易出口量的影响,确认我国贸易便利化水平为一般便利,发现贸易的便利化比关税减让更能促进一国出口量的增长,指出各国贸易便利化改革主要以达到贸易量增长为目标,并对我国贸易便利化改革提出了对策建议。