海上丝绸之路旅游体验价值对旅游者文化传播行为的影响

旅游是文化传播的载体,旅游者是文化传播的主体。本文基于情绪评价理论和社会认同理论,构建基于民族自豪感和文化认同的中介效应模型,考察海上丝绸之路（以下简称"海丝"）旅游体验价值对旅游者文化传播行为的影响机制。研究结果表明：旅游体验功能价值和符号价值通过民族自豪感和文化认同影响旅游者的文化传播行为。旅游者在海丝文化旅游体验中形成的集体身份认知诱发民族自豪感,进而将海丝文化符号与民族集体记忆建立情感连接,形成文化认同;在民族自豪感和文化认同的驱使下,旅游者将高度的情感能量转化为具体的文化传播行为。旅游者体验到的民族自豪感和文化认同越多,则实施文化传播行为的可能性越大,文化传播行为又强化了旅游者对自身群体身份的认同。因此,应进一步凝练海丝文化元素符号,凸显海丝文化成就,提高旅游体验价值,提升旅游者民族自豪感与文化认同,进而促进文化传播。     

体验化是休闲时代旅游发展的基本取向

休闲生活是小康社会逐步发展的一种主要的社会生活形态.迄今为止,已有众多的哲学家、社会学家、心理学家和经济学家从不同的角度对休闲提出了自己的理解和看法,有人将其归结为一种活动,有人归结为一种不被社会必要劳动吸收的时间,有人归结为一种精神态度,也有人倾向于体验.在探讨休闲时代的旅游业发展问题时,笔者认为体验化是休闲时代旅游发展的基本取向,可以从体验的角度来诠释休闲时代的旅游特征.     

触“景”会生“情”吗？——旅游体验场景和目的地熟悉度对游客地方依恋的影响

游客体验到的旅游目的地环境因素对其与旅游目的地之间的情感联结有重要的影响。该研究提出旅游体验场景的概念，并实证考察其物理维度、社会维度、社会象征维度、自然维度以及目的地熟悉度对游客地方依恋的影响。研究以丽江为例，采用问卷调研法，收集到422份有效问卷，运用结构方程模型对研究模型进行检验。研究发现，旅游体验场景的社会象征要素和自然要素对地方认同和地方依赖均有显著的正向影响；物理要素对地方认同有显著的正向影响，但对地方依赖的影响不显著。社会要素对地方认同和地方依赖的影响均不显著。目的地熟悉度对地方认同和地方依赖有显著的正向影响。旅游体验场景和目的地熟悉度的交互项对地方依恋的影响不显著。最后，根据研究结论总结了管理启示，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

旅游产品散论

目前学界对旅游产品的概念存在不少分歧,本文择取如下问题加以讨论:旅游产品是否包含媒介要素、是否是一种经历或体验、是否是商品、是否包含目的地出售的实物形态商品以及是否包含旅游资源.本文认为,媒介要素是旅游产品的必要组成部分,不能把旅游产品看作经历或体验,旅游产品是商品,旅游产品中不包含旅游地出售的旅游纪念品等实物形态商品,也不包括旅游资源.本文着重讨论了旅游资源与旅游产品的关系,提出旅游资源不是旅游产品或产品的一部分,而是、也仅仅是旅游产品生产要素中狭义的土地要素.     

“在场”到“难忘”：偏惯常环境下旅游体验的记忆形成与反馈机制

体验经济时代,提供难忘的旅游体验成为目的地的核心竞争力,旅游体验作为旅游研究的重要领域得到广泛重视。然而,现有研究在空间上强调非惯常环境下的旅游体验,时间上侧重在场体验,对偏惯常环境下的难忘体验缺乏关注。因此,该研究以游客在城市绿道这一偏惯常环境下的旅游休闲活动为情境,通过在场和归家后的历时分析,旨在洞悉从“在场”到“难忘”这一体验记忆的形成过程与反馈机制。通过对5个城市绿道中的55名受访者进行两阶段考察,采用主题分析和系统动力分析,研究发现,游客在场体验以“存在性自我”为核心,且随时间推移其在场体验细节会消减,而彼时感知和感觉到的体验则抽象为情感性欣赏、满足和认同长期保存,成为记忆中的难忘体验。同时,研究提出了“在场感知-阈限自我-情感记忆-情感连接-行为动机”的体验记忆形成和促进重游的正反馈机制,与重游下体验阈限突破的负反馈机制构成体验记忆形成的S形曲线模型,对旅游体验、体验记忆以及目的地体验设计具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

旅游对恩施土家族居民民族认同感的影响——基于个人生活史的视角

民族认同感是族群意识的基本组成部分。在旅游影响下,少数民族地区的民族认同呈现出多维度和不同方向的发展轨迹。文章通过对一位土家族青年女性个人生活史的记录,分析了在旅游发展进程中族群个体的民族认同感的演化过程,发现旅游对民族认同的影响在于:旅游引致的经济增长提高了民族文化的"势位";旅游产品创造了民族的集体记忆和文化景观;文化旅游的发展使民族认同的层次不断深化;民族旅游的盲目开发和过度开发将误导民族认同的方向。研究将为民族旅游地社会文化影响研究提供新的视角。     

论体验思维在旅游管理教学中的应用

新时期旅游人才需求日益呈现出专业化和多样化的趋势,对旅游教育发展提出了新的要求,各旅游院校人才培养和教学模式的转变迫在眉睫。一切知识源于实践,体验的过程就是实践的过程,通过体验可以培养学生的操作实践能力和创造性思维能力。本文以“体验教学”作为旅游管理教学的价值取向,探索了旅游管理教学中实践体验教学思维的基本途径。     

论体验思维在旅游管理教学中的应用

新时期旅游人才需求日益呈现出专业化和多样化的趋势,对旅游教育发展提出了新的要求,各旅游院校人才培养和教学模式的转变迫在眉睫.一切知识源于实践,体验的过程就是实践的过程,通过体验可以培养学生的操作实践能力和创造性思维能力.本文以"体验教学"作为旅游管理教学的价值取向,探索了旅游管理教学中实践体验教学思维的基本途径.     

区域旅游线路的复杂网络特征——以福建省为例

区域旅游线路呈现出的空间几何特征及其地理拓扑关系可以运用复杂网络工具进行剖析。该研究在国内外相关研究的基础上,以福建省为例,分别对省内出发和省外出发两种不同空间尺度的旅游线路进行定量分析,利用从出发地到各个旅游目的地形成的地理拓扑关系建构区域旅游网络,在此基础上从空间平均距离、形态指数、点度分布、中间性、匹配性、鲁棒性等统计量来分析旅游线路的空间网络结构。研究表明,多重区域旅游线路组合形成的网络整体上呈现出无标度网络特征,知名旅游目的地在网络中占据着核心位置;区域旅游线路的空间网络结构反映出福建省各旅游目的地的跨区合作已初见端倪,但仍需要深化推行产业集群区的跨区域合作经营;从点度的分布方面,省内旅游市场中的旅游线路在空间尺度上对旅游目的地的覆盖范围更加广泛,且各目的地的点度分布较为均衡,而省外旅游市场则仍需要继续与区域旅游的非核心目的地进行深度整合。     

旅游体验研究:进展与思考

本文从旅游体验和体验经济两个方面的理论综述和进展追踪出发,提出了基于该两方面理论具体到体验塑造实践的应用.文章总结了旅游体验的分类、概念化发展、真实性、体验质量、体验管理等问题.基于对体验分类的理论分析,提出了通过主体体验化和支撑主题化的旅游体验塑造途径;基于考察体验的影响逻辑,提出了改善体验质量的方法.     

Warfare tourism experiences and national identity: The case of Airborne Museum ‘Hartenstein’ in Oosterbeek,the Netherlands

This paper examines through an analysis of Dutch warfare tourism whether there is a relationship between the subjective perceived salience of Dutch identity and heritage tourists' motives, emotions and overall satisfaction. Using a social identity theory framework, this study provides a view of motives for Dutch warfare heritage tourism and the ways in which this specific variant of heritage tourism evokes different emotions and satisfaction evaluations in visitors. Specifically, we found that visitors who identified strongly as ‘being Dutch’ (the ‘in-group’) have stronger self-enhancement motives compared to those who identify less strongly, and that edutainment features strongly in the museum experience. Visitors seeking initiative/recognition express feelings of disappointment suggesting that the museum's symbolic function as a place of national in-group identity could be more highlighted. We demonstrate that an affirmative and engaged experience can manifest at nationally symbolic sites through positive historical narratives and entertainment, and through ‘in-group’ self-enhancement activities.     

‘What’s on your Bucket List?’: Tourism,identity and imperative experiential discourse

The concept of the Bucket List has achieved rapid and widespread recognition. This article makes an original Critical Discourse Analysis of the Bucket List as a cultural phenomenon that provides important insights into the interrelation between identity and tourism. The Bucket List is used to communicate specific suggestions of desirable tourism experiences and uses what can be termed the experiential imperative discourse, where the language, tone and framing of the text positions the experience described as essential and obligatory. Ultimately, the Bucket List discourse serves to prescribe culturally specific ideas of what constitute ‘good’ tourism experiences and is imposed on individuals who are prompted to desire a constantly renewing range of tourism experiences.     

The stigmatized tourist

This paper explores the tourism experience of the Arab and Muslim Tourist (AMT) visiting a (Western) developed country for tourism, from a critical socio-cultural perspective. Encapsulated in Goffman’s theoretical underpinning of the study of stigma, and informed by Said’s Orientalism, I used in-depth interviews to understand the tourism experience of the AMT in an immigration context, situated in what Goffman refers to as the ‘normal-deviant drama’. In a contemporary climate of xeno/ethno-racism, The AMT is stigmatized by association with his/her nationals (or par default by semblance to those nationals), who constitute a visible ethnic immigrant group in the visited country. His/her actual social identity becomes confounded with an ascribed virtual identity. As a moral issue, stigmatization spoils the tourist identity of the AMT, resulting in feelings of shame, confusion, and anger. The rise of anti-immigrants discourse and sentiments, and the rise of religious extremism practices and sentiments in the world, begs for more attention in contemporary tourist studies.     

Geopolitical encounters of tourism: A conceptual approach

This article presents a conceptual framework for examining the tourism encounter as a geopolitical encounter. In establishing this framework, we identify the theoretical intersection of tourism, geopolitics, and encounter in order to conceptualize how experience reflects and shapes power relations at national, regional, and global scales. We examine three dimensions—long central to tourism analysis—of the geopolitical tourism encounter: temporal encounters, bodily encounters and identity encounters. In doing so, we demonstrate the significance of tourism in the everyday dimensions of geopolitical discourse and practice. This article offers a critical lens through which scholars can theorize the geopolitical drivers and implications of the tourism encounter.     

Theoretical linkages between well-being and tourism: The case of self-determination theory and spiritual tourism

Self-determination theory (SDT) offers a robust and globally adopted evidence-based foundation from which explorations of increasingly popular forms of travel, like spiritual tourism, can be analyzed for their potential contributions to well-being. This paper draws on SDT to examine outcomes of well-being within spiritual tourism. It draws on autoethnography, a thick data approach to qualitative inquiry, which allows for the emergence of experiential and self-reflective processes engendered by forms of travel like spiritual tourism. The autoethnographic narrative is based on the author's spiritual tourism experience at a yoga/meditation retreat in Rishikesh, India. The narrative is transcended through theory-based linkages to broader social phenomena (i.e., well-being, SDT), by so doing, the legacy of theoretical development, characteristic of interpretive inquiry, is sustained.     

Ecotourism after nature: Anthropocene tourism as a new capitalist “fix”

Abstract

How does ecotourism – conventionally characterized by its pursuit of a “natural” experience – confront assertions that “nature is over” attendant to growing promotion of the “Anthropocene”? One increasingly prominent strategy is to try to harness this “end of nature” itself as a novel tourism “product”. If the Anthropocene is better understood as the Capitalocene, as some contend, then this strategy can be viewed as a paradigmatic example of disaster capitalism in which crises precipitated by capitalist processes are themselves exploited as new forms of accumulation. In this way, engagement with the Anthropocene becomes the latest in a series of spatio-temporal “fixes” that the tourism industry can be seen to provide to the capitalist system in general. Here I explore this dynamic by examining several ways in which the prospect of the loss of “natural” resources are promoted as the basis of tourism experience: disaster tourism; extinction tourism; voluntourism; development tourism; and, increasingly, self-consciously Anthropocene tourism as well. Via such strategies, Anthropocene tourism exemplifies capitalism’s astonishing capacity for self-renewal through creative destruction, sustaining itself in a “post-nature” world by continuing to market social and environmental awareness and action even while shifting from pursuit of nonhuman “nature” previously grounding these aims.     

红色旅游与政党认同——基于井冈山景区的实证研究

文章基于对"红色旅游的摇篮"——井冈山景区的游客调查,应用结构方程模型,构建了旅游对政党认同的影响模型,分析并刻画了旅游活动对政党认同的影响及其作用于政党认同的具体路径,探讨了游客对政党认同和国家认同的认知差异、政党认同的阶层差异以及旅游的政治功能等相关问题。研究表明,政党认同更多的是人们理性认知的结果。红色旅游活动对于增进游客对中国共产党的认知和情感具有重要作用,并可间接地促进人们对中国共产党的认同行为。通过唤起记忆、讲述历史和情景体验,红色旅游有助于维护中国共产党执政的历史合法性,同时也有助于培养人们的爱国主义精神。     

文化和旅游融合:多层次关系内涵、挑战与践行路径

文化和旅游部的组建使"文旅融合"成为热词,对文化和旅游关系的历时性反思却比较缺乏,进而影响了对文化和旅游关系的完整理解。文章基于对文化和旅游关系演变的历时性梳理,分析了文化和旅游关系的起源、发展与提升及其相应阶段可能面临的挑战。研究认为:文化的身份意义和旅游者追求身份认同使文化具有吸引物属性,建构文化的身份认同与集体记忆增强其吸引物属性并使之成为旅游资源,是践行文旅融合的第一层次路径,但也可能会面临关于文化工具性的批判。通过文化的可参观性生产提升文化的展示水平,是增强旅游者文化旅游体验的重要方式,也是践行文旅融合的第二层次路径,但因此而引起的文化商品化往往被批判为旅游导致文化衰落。文化旅游产品的进一步商业化与产业链延伸是践行文旅融合的第三层次路径,但也可能导致过度商业化与文化体验失真的批判。