金融危机和新冠肺炎疫情中美联储货币政策的异同、影响及我国应对

与金融危机相比,新冠肺炎疫情主要是对实体经济产生冲击,继而导致金融体系产生动荡,经济陷入衰退.通过对2008年全球金融危机和新冠肺炎疫情暴发后美联储使用的操作方式进行对比分析发现,美联储再次使用了大规摸资产购买、降低基准利率及前瞻性指引等工具,在稳定市场波动的同时,给予了市场足够的信心和充分的政策预期.但宽松政策在带来积极作用的同时也会产生负面影响,包括影响市场正常运转和价格发现功能、引发全球金融市场动荡、导致市场主体出现过度风险承担等.我国应警惕美联储政策的外部溢出效应并做好政策退出后的应对安排,同时货币政策应坚持以我为主、松紧适度,把握调控节奏,在稳增长与防风险之间建立长期均衡.     

新冠肺炎疫情对新金融工具会计准则应用的影响

新冠肺炎疫情的爆发对商业银行实施新金融工具会计准则产生了重要影响.本文介绍了新冠肺炎疫情以来国际会计准则理事会和我国金融监管部门就实施新金融工具会计准则采取的措施,基于59家上市银行2019年和2020年年报数据,对上市银行应用新金融工具会计准则中预期信用损失模型及信息披露情况进行了分析,并提出相关政策建议.     

新冠肺炎疫情对我国经济的影响

2020年初,我国出现新冠肺炎疫情且仍在持续蔓延,节后首个交易日沪、深股市开盘大跌,再次引起社会各界就疫情对中国经济影响的关注。对此,我国应继续合理引导市场预期,采取相对更为宽松的货币政策、适当提高财政赤字率、切实减轻企业负担以及多部门协调的政策支持等予以积极应对。     

新冠肺炎疫情对河北省经济影响分析

新冠肺炎疫情自2020年1月下旬发生以来,对河北省经济金融带来较大影响。2月份需求端全面下滑,尤以消费损失最大,供给端服务业受冲击严重,工业生产节奏打乱,经济运行压力加大。进入3月份,我国疫情基本控制,但以欧美为代表的主要国家和地区疫情大幅蔓延,对全球供应链构成严重打击,同时境外病例输入性风险与日俱增,防疫形势仍然严峻,对河北省经济恢复产生掣肘。     

The Challenges for Labour Market Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic*

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic economic impact in most countries. In the UK, it has led to sharp falls in labour demand in many sectors of the economy and to initial acute labour shortages in other sectors. Much more than in a typical downturn, the current crisis is not simply a general slowdown in economic activity but also a radical short-term shift in the mix of economic activities – of which an unknown, but possibly significant, amount will be persistent. The initial policy response has focused on cushioning the blow to families’ finances and allowing the majority of workers and firms to resume their original activities once the crisis subsides. These are crucial priorities. But there should also be a focus on reallocating some workers, either temporarily if working in shut-down sectors or permanently by facilitating transitions to sectors and jobs offering better prospects and facing labour shortages. The phasing-out of the furlough subsidies, which is projected to happen in Autumn 2020, brings this into even sharper focus since the alternative for many workers will be unemployment. Active labour market policy will need to be front and centre.     

Comparing COVID-19 with the GFC: A shockwave analysis of currency markets

I analyze the shockwave effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on currency markets, with a comparison to the global financial crisis (GFC), employing Kapetanios m-break unit root test, investigations of standalone risk measures—downside variance, upside risk, volatility skewness, Gaussian Value at Risk (VaR), historical VaR, modified VaR—and Diebold–Yilmaz volatility spillover analysis. Standalone risk analysis shows that the turmoil in the initial months of COVID-19 was not as severe as that in the GFC. However, examination of co-movements and volatility spillovers illustrates a different scenario. According to the results of the static connectedness measure of Diebold–Yilmaz, the shockwave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the total volatility spillover is about eight times greater than that of the GFC. Among standalone risk measures, the results closest to this finding are obtained from volatility skewness analysis. Additionally, of six foreign exchange rates, the Brazilian real and Turkish lira are the currencies experiencing the greatest increase in received volatility during the GFC and the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. These findings suggest the severe effect of crises on emerging financial markets.     

流动性冲击、货币政策失误与金融危机——对美国金融危机的反思

本文认为:(1)流动性冲击主要通过资产负债表渠道和资产价格渠道来影响金融市场,正是这两种渠道才使得流动性在金融危机爆发及传导的过程中扮演了重要角色。借款人的资产负债表效应导致损失螺旋和保证金螺旋的产生,造成资产的折价销售,推动了资产价格的下跌和进一步的银根紧缩;(2)房地产泡沫的形成与美联储的货币政策失误、金融市场结构变化、新布雷顿森林体系以及投资者的羊群行为等有关,房地产泡沫破灭是美国金融危机的导火索;(3)金融危机爆发后,美联储通过调整中央银行的资产负债表,推出各种形式的金融创新工具,向金融市场注入流动性,有效地降低了金融市场崩溃的概率。论文最后从流动性管理的角度,对美国金融危机进行了反思。     

Inflation Expectations,Inflation Target Credibility,and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Germany

Using the exact wording of the European Central Bank's definition of price stability, we started a representative online survey of German citizens in January 2019 that is designed to measure long-term inflation expectations and the credibility of the inflation target. Our results indicate that credibility has decreased in our sample period, particularly in the course of the deep recession implied by the Covid-19 pandemic. Interestingly, even though inflation rates in Germany have been clearly below 2% for several years, credibility has declined mainly because Germans increasingly expect that inflation will be much higher than 2% over the medium term. We investigate how inflation expectations and the impact of the pandemic depend on personal characteristics including age, gender, education, and political attitude.     

Market sentiment to COVID-19 and the Chinese stock market

We classify the market sentiment to COVID-19 into expected and unexpected components and then examine their particular impacts on the stock market. We find that unexpected sentiment causes fluctuations in the stock market more than expected sentiment does. However, unexpected sentiment cannot affect stock market informativeness despite the remarkable informational effect of expected sentiment. Moreover, the relation between expected sentiment and stock market fluctuation or informativeness is one-way, whereas there exists a two-way interaction between unexpected sentiment and stock market fluctuation. This further confirms that expected sentiment is informational, whereas unexpected sentiment is quite noisy and informationally harmful.     

金融危机研究模型与预测问题研究

本文回顾了金融危机形成理论的研究方法和研究模型,发现这些模型有两个重要的缺陷:即脱离了危机前宏观经济恶化的实际,同时把政府在经济恶化后的经济政策外生于模型之外,从而导致了危机理论只能解释危机而无法形成正确的预测。本文认为金融危机是市场缺陷在宏观经济恶化条件下的放大,是不适当的宏观经济政策的必然结果,现代金融条件下金融体系的脆弱性增加了金融危机爆发的频次和危害性。     

Modelling the Distributional Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis*

The COVID-19 emergency has had a dramatic impact on market incomes and income-support policies. The lack of timely available data constrains the estimation of the scale and direction of recent changes in the income distribution, which in turn constrains policymakers seeking to monitor such developments. We overcome the lack of data by proposing a dynamic calibrated microsimulation approach to generate counterfactual income distributions as a function of more timely external data than are available in dated income surveys. We combine nowcasting methods using publicly available data and a household income generation model to perform the first calibrated simulation based upon actual data, aiming to assess the distributional implications of the COVID-19 crisis in Ireland. Overall, we find that the crisis had an equalizing real-time effect for both gross and disposable incomes, notwithstanding the significant hardship experienced by many households.     

金融衍生品、美元本位制与全球金融危机

这次由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机的直接原因是金融衍生品的泛滥和传递,其根本原因则是以美元本位体制和浮动汇率制为核心的全球金融制度安排,或者说是国际货币体系内在缺陷的结果.因此,当前需要约束美元霸权行为,对国际货币体系进行改革和重构;打破美元的垄断地位,推动实现国际货币的多元化;完善IMF的治理结构和SDR的机制,使IMF最终充当世界中央银行,SDR成为统一的世界货币.     

Gold and US sectoral stocks during COVID-19 pandemic

In this study, we examine the hedging relationship between gold and US sectoral stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic. We employ a multivariate volatility framework, which accounts for salient features of the series in the computation of optimal weights and optimal hedging ratios. We find evidence of hedging effectiveness between gold and sectoral stocks, albeit with lower performance, during the pandemic. Overall, including gold in a stock portfolio could provide a valuable asset class that can improve the risk-adjusted performance of stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we find that the estimated portfolio weights and hedge ratios are sensitive to structural breaks, and ignoring the breaks can lead to overestimation of the hedging effectiveness of gold for US sectoral stocks. Since the analysis involves sectoral stock data, we believe that any investor in the US stock market that seeks to maximize risk-adjusted returns is likely to find the results useful when making investment decisions during the pandemic.     

危机后期货市场的表现及政策建议

本轮金融危机中,金融衍生品成为众矢之的。对场外衍生品和场内衍生品不加区分,造成了人们对场内衍生品的误解。数据分析表明,以期货为代表的场内衍生品市场在此次金融危机中表现稳定,继续发挥功能作用。危机之后,大力稳步发展以期货为代表的场内衍生品,将有助于提高我国的国际影响力和在国际大宗商品定价中的话语权。