水文水资源环境管理与防洪减灾

为了进一步缓解水资源紧张情况,降低人类社会对水资源的破坏,相关部门以及科研团队不仅将很多先进的技术手段应用到了水资源治理中,还对防洪减灾的方式及理念进行了创新与完善,从而为水文管理质量提升提供有利条件。就水文水资源环境管理与防洪减灾方面的内容进行分析。     

水文水资源环境管理与防洪减灾

水文水资源的调查在我国已经有了长远的发展,但是由于技术和管理水平有限,我国水文水资源环境管理和防洪减灾依然存在较大的问题,本文重点对此类问题进行了详细的分析,供相关人员参考。     

水文水资源标准化管理在水利工程中的应用

在水资源管理中，包含了各种水利措施，如防汛抗旱、开源供水，在水利工程规划设计、水资源分配方面发挥着重要作用。结合当前情况，我国南方地区水源比较丰富，但是北方地区缺水严重。在我国水资源相对匮乏的环境下，加强水文水资源管理是非常必要的。文章就以水文水资源管理为探究重点，结合水利工程中水文水资源管理现状，进一步探讨水文水资源标准化管理在水利工程中的应用，具体内容如下。     

水文水资源常态和应急统合管理的探究

随着社会的进步和发展,对我国水文水资源常态和应急统合管理给予相应的重视对于现实生活具有非常重要的意义。我国的水资源比较缺乏,洪涝灾害和旱灾共同存在,近些年来水文事件发生的频率在日益增加,北方水资源的衰减趋势非常明显,形势不容乐观。针对我国的水情的基本情况,文章首先就水文水资源问题观察与管理实践进行了阐述,接着分析了水文水资源和应急统合管理的认知,最后进行了水文水资源常态和应急统合管理的探究。     

气候变化对水文水资源影响的研究进展

在如今社会不断发展的过程中,人们对于各方面资源的开发和排放在不断的加剧,这直接导致气候开始出现明显的变化,并且这方面的问题已经引起到了世界各国的重视。气候发生变化的同时,也对于水文水资源带来了极大的影响,这引起了水文水资源业界的关注。气候变化因素本身对于水文水资源所造成的影响主要表现在多个不同的方面,并非是单一因素所形成,主要针对气候变化对于水文水资源带来的影响进行了全面深入的研究。     

可持续发展水文水资源信息共享探索

我国地大物博、人口众多,任何资源都存在着总量较大但是人均不足的问题,水资源作为自然界万物生存与存在的不可替代资源更是如此。我国的人均水资源是世界人均水资源的四分之一。因此未来的发展当中应当重点关注水资源的保护,实现可持续发展。为了实现水资源的可持续发展,首先应当建立水文水资源信息共享系统。本文首先简要说明了当前我国水文水资源信息系统的发展现状,然后分析了当前水文水资源信息共享存在的问题,最后根据发展现状和存在的问题提出了相应的解决办法。     

气候变化对水文水资源影响的研究进展

水文水资源研究工作是国家与社会发展中不可缺少的重要内容,对自然环境保护以及人类社会稳定发展也有着重要的意义和影响。近年来,相关科研团队对气候变化与水文水资源之间的关系及现阶段各地区水文水资源管理情况进行了系统研究,为相关研究方案的制定以及管理模式的选择提供有利条件。     

水文水资源管理在水利工程中的应用探究

水文水资源管理在水利工程中非常重要,以水库加固的水利工程为例,论述了水文水资源管理在水利工程中应用的必要性及其管理内容。     

地表水水质监测现状分析与对策

随着人们生活水平不断的提高,对生活条件和生活环境的要求也越来越高。水资源是人类赖以生存的资源,但是,水资源的污染问题一直是全球比较关注的问题。尤其是在水资源紧缺的中国,需要对其进行保护,对地表水水质监测是水环境保护措施中的一种。本文就水质监测进行分析,对地表水水资源监测现状进行研究,并探讨地表水水资源监测优化对策,以便促进我国水资源监测的合理化、规范化和科学化。     

节水措施在农田水利工程灌溉中作用分析

水利工程的建设目的主要有两个方面:一是防洪减灾;二是提供生活用水以及农田灌溉。防洪减灾属于偶发性问题,目前,水利工程大多是用于农田灌溉方面,它在其中起着不容忽视的作用。由于我国水资源极度短缺,不管是在生活用水还是农田灌溉,节约用水一直是我们用水理念,尤其是在农业灌溉过程中,节水灌溉,合理的利用水资源是政府及人民重点关注的问题。所以,在农田灌溉过程中,农民需要掌握各种灌溉技术,从而将水的利用价值充分发挥出来,以达到有效的节约经济成本,保护生态环境的目的。现主要分析了农田水利工程节水灌溉的作用,以供大家参考。     

Workfare,welfare, agency,and well-being

Workfare programs are state-instituted programs that require able-bodied persons with children of school age who wish to claim welfare payments to participate in job training programs, and, eventually, to enter the work force. The philosophy of workfare is based on the value of work and the goal of self-determination. However, as a mandatory program for welfare recipients, workfare requires of those recipients certain duties which, according to those who challenge workfare, interfere with the freedom to choose what one will do with one's life. Whether some form of workfare will be adopted as part of our national welfare system remains to be seen. What the debate about such a program suggests is that welfare, in itself, by ignoring the necessity of security and education for full human agency, neither satisfies basic needs nor prepares its recipients for any life other than that of dependency. With all its difficulties workfare nevertheless presents an alternative to welfare that, at least in theory, more closely identifies its purpose with the values of our society.     

Externalities, Indivisibility, Nonreplicability, and Agglomeration

In this paper we argue that the impact of external scale economies and diseconomies on city size is not nearly as clear-cut as it is tacitly believed in urban economics. Similarly, city-size distortions are not caused by externalities alone. Indivisibility and nonreplicability, which prevent establishing the “right” number of cities, may represent a source for city-size distortions which can be stronger than the standard resource misallocation resulting from external scale economies and diseconomies. It follows that a direct population dispersion policy is not just an inferior substitute to Pigouvian taxes and subsidies but rather a useful complement.     

Streets, Malls, and Supermarkets

We develop a model of competition between shopping centers, comparing competitive outcomes in three alternative modes of retail organization, namely: streets (in which neither developers or retailers internalize agglomeration effects between products); malls (in which developers internalize); and supermarkets (in which both developers and retailers internalize). For a fixed number of centers: (i) converting streets to malls intensifies developer (but not retailer) competition, which increases product range (i.e., the number of shops built by the developers) and consumer surplus, reduces profits, and has ambiguous effects on welfare; (ii) converting streets to supermarkets intensifies retailer and developer competition, has ambiguous effects on product range (number of shops), reduces profits, and increases social welfare. With free entry both conversions reduce the number of centers and, if there is excess entry, conversion to supermarkets (but not malls) unambiguously increases welfare.     

Profit,productivity, and profit-sharing

This study is an investigation of the effect of profit-sharing on labor productivity. When monitoring labor performance is costly for management, a regular wage/salary contract is insufficient to induce profit-maximizing behavior from the worker. The authors demonstrate that when this profit-maximizing behavior can be induced only through profit-sharing, a linear profit-sharing program will increase productivity and the welfare of both management and labor. The benefit from profit-sharing is increasing up to the point where the utility of additional income is offset by the negative utility of extraordinary effort (working harder or providing higher quality work). The income effect, i.e., the change in negative utility of extraordinary effort given a change in income, can potentially either increase or decrease the point at which the income-effort tradeoff-reaches zero.     

Packaging,business, and society

The objective of this paper is to present the impact of packaging material on sustainability. The article analyzes the size of the problem that arises from the use of packaging and the effect of various types of packaging material on waste management. The data on solid waste from the United States and the European Union reinforce that the problem is not only huge but also requires immediate attention. The research found that paying attention to packaging has the potential to improve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Reducing packaging in supply chains improves profitability for organizations, reduces environmental impact, and helps societies in lowering the cost of disposal. The cost of packaging materials and the costs of disposal and landfill, are borne by the end consumers. Suggested approaches to minimizing the generation of packaging waste include concerted efforts for reducing packaging throughout supply chains where elimination of packaging is not feasible, the formation of a global policy on the use and disposal of packaging materials, and educating consumers.     

Delegation, Committees, and Managers

Attempts to economize on decision-making time imply that groups of peers may delegate authority to a small committee of managers even though this means that the information and preferences of the uninvolved players are neglected. Decisions are more likely to be delegated to players with better information and more representative preferences. The possibility of ex post protests may force managers to take the preferences of others into account but may also give them incentives to ignore their private information. The argument may explain employees' willingness to let bosses decide, and thus throw some light on the theory of the firm.     

Indifference,indecision, and coin-flipping

This article operationalizes a non-empty relation as implied if strict preference and indifference jointly do not completely order the choice set. Specifically, indecision is operationalized as a positive preference for delegating choice to a least predictable device.     

Debt,equity, and information

Most firms issue financial assets such as debt or equity (e.g. bonds or stock) to outside investors. While these financial assets differ greatly in their characteristics, their diversity has received little attention in the literature. Filling this important gap in the literature, this paper views debt and equity as financial contracts, and asks why they are optimal instead of other financial contracts. By endogenizing the bankruptcy process, this paper shows how debt and equity arise as a consequence of an optimal allocation of cash-flow rights and monitoring rights, and how equity leads to dividend signaling.