"东风汽车"年终市场大盘点

对作为东风轻型商用车责任主体的东风汽车股份有限公司而言，2005年实在是不平凡的一年。在轻型商用车市场整体表现欠佳、竞争日益激烈的大背景下，东风轻型商用车产销竟然突破10万大关，比2004年增加4万余辆，同时在车辆品质、售后服务、顾客满意度等方面都同获嘉许，实在是件很难为之事。然而，东风汽车股份有限公司做到了，在其走向成功与辉煌的征程中，走过了一个里程碑式的节点，达到了其从未达到的高峰。可以预期，东风汽车股份有限公司在排除一个又一个的艰险之后，将登上一个又一个的高峰。     

Alternatives for consumer policy: A study of consumer organizations in the FRG

The most important findings of a research project on consumer organizations in the FRG point to the necessity for an alternative orientation in consumer policy in circumstances of economic crisis. During the thirty years of their existence, consumer organizations have specialized in educating the consumer about the rules under which the market operates and have requested the suppliers to comply with these rules. The organizations are faced today, however, with the situation that the process of interaction between producer and consumer functions only to a limited extent as an instrument for securing the satisfaction of wants. Many indicators show that the dynamics of economic development are taking a hold on more and more spheres of life and are jeopardizing the substance of natural and social living conditions. The inquiry shows that the consumer organizations, in contrast to the numerous initiatives of those affected, have gained no effective access to this problem. This reinforces the tendency towards an unfruitful polarization between grassroots-oriented forms of protest and traditional, in part publicly financed and institutionalized, interest representation structures.

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Verbraucherpolitische Alternativen: Eine Untersuchung der Verbraucherorganisationen in der Bundesrepublik

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand des Forschungsprojektes waren Alternativen der Verbraucherpolitik und der Organisierung von Verbraucherinteressen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Innerhalbe eines kooperativen Arbeitszusammenhangs von 6 Forschungsteams bildet das Projekt einen Bestandteil des Verbundes EMPIRISCHE VERBRAUCHERFORSCHUNG. Die hier thesenhaft referierten Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf die Evaluation unterschiedlicher Verbraucherorganisationen in der BRD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbraucher, Verbraucherzentralen, Stiftung Warentest, Stiftung Verbraucherinstitut).Die Verbraucherorganisationen stehen gegenwärtig vor dem Problem, daß aus dem Umfeld von Konsum und Reproduktion Problemlagen entstanden sind, die mit der traditionellen Orientierung der Verbraucherorganisation an Markt und Wettbewerb allein nicht mehr effizient zu bearbeiten sind. Umwelt- und Gesundheitsgefährdung, Verknappung der Rohstoffe sowie die Zerstörung traditioneller Lebens- und Kommunikationsformen bilden Stichworte einer gesellschaftlichen Diskussion, die als Indikator dafür zu werten ist, daß die Dynamik der ökonomischen Entwicklung auf immer mehr Lebensbereiche übergreift und natürliche und soziale Lebensbedingungen in der Substanz gefährdet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Verbraucherorganisationen bisher keinen effizienten Zugang zu diesen Problemen gefunden haben und so die Tendenz zu einer unfruchtbaren Polarisierung zwischen basisorientierten Formen des Protestes und den traditionellen, teilweise öffentlich finanzierten und institutionalisierten Strukturen der Interessenvertretung verstärkt wird. Die Untersuchung geht daher der Frage nach, ob die für die gesellschaftliche Integration wichtigen intermediären Organisation so organisiert werden können, daß sie ihre Vermittlungsfunktion zwischen den zentralen gesellschaftlichen Entscheidungsprozessen und der Ebene alltäglicher Betroffenheit nicht verlieren. Dem stehen die korporatistischen Beziehungen zwischen den Verbraucherorganisationen und der Bürokratie entgegen, über die sich gegenwärtig die staatliche Option der Rückverweisung ökonomischer, sozialer und gesellschaftspolitischer Problemlagen an den Steuerungsmechanismus der Marktregulation auch in der Verbraucherpolitik durchsetzt. Ein deutlicher Hinweis ist die Tendenz zur Ökonomiesierung der Verbraucherorganisationen. Mit der zunehmenden Umstellung auf kommerzielle Angebote an Verbraucherinformation drohen sie zu Dienstleistungsunternehmen zu entarten. Der Alternativentwurf zielt darauf ab, daß die Verbraucherorganisationen, entgegen der bisherigen Konzentration auf Probleme des formalen Austauschprozesses zwischen Produzenten und Konsumenten, neue und u.U. konfliktäre Problemfelder des Konsumbereiches zum Selektionskriterium ihrer Tätigkeit machen. Soweit hierbei disparitäre Bedürfnisbereiche und nicht Marktprozesse den Ausgangspunkt bilden, wird die Orientierung der Verbraucherpolitik an Markt und Wettbewerb in Teilbereichen durch die Bedürfnisorientierung ergänzt.

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Bernd Biervert is Professor of Economics and Reinhard Rock is Professor of Business Administration, both at the Bergische Universität — Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, P.O. Box 10 01 27, D-5600 Wuppertal, FRG. Kurt Monse is Wissenschaftlicher Angestellter at the same university.     

Towards an understanding of consumer recycling from an ethical perspective

Recycling is a post‐purchase consumer activity where the consumer usually considers not only individual but also social goals, ideas and ideologies. Accordingly, ethics is an inherent part of recycling; however, very few studies have explored this behaviour from an ethical point of view. The purpose of this paper is to explain consumer recycling by taking a multifaceted ethical approach. The conceptual model builds on theoretical underpinnings related to ethical consumption by exploring the extensions of the theory of planned behaviour, Jones' ethical decision‐making model and Holbrook's conceptualization of ethical consumption. Thus, the attitude‐intention framework incorporates three ethics‐related concepts: (1) moral obligation, i.e. the level of guilt to perform the behaviour, (2) moral intensity, i.e. the moral issue characteristics, and (3) collectivism, i.e. an individual‐level value orientation. The data were collected from a sample of Slovenian consumers, using an online consumer panel. The sample reflected the Slovenian population in terms of gender and age. The proposed conceptual model was tested using structural equation modelling. The results suggest the proposed ethical concepts play a significant role in the attitude‐intention framework. The more collectivistic individuals have more positive attitudes towards recycling. Moreover, the more consumers perceive recycling as morally intense, the more favourable their attitudes are. In turn, attitudes positively affect intentions to recycle. In addition, higher levels of moral obligation positively influence intentions to recycle. The only hypothesis that is not supported in this study refers to the influence of moral intensity on intentions to recycle. The implications for public policymakers and social marketers stem from a complex interplay of the antecedents of recycling behaviour. Future studies could go in several directions by extending the model to other moral issues, conducting a study in a cross‐cultural setting or taking a longitudinal approach.     

Framework for regulation of the consumer marketplace

Recent critiques of the costs, effectiveness, and potential inequities in consumer protection measures have drawn attention to the need for a coherent normative framework for consumer protection. This paper sketches therefore a framework for government intervention in the marketplace to protect consumers' economic interests.After outlining the overarching objectives of consumer protection, namely the improvement of economic efficiency and equity, it documents the two main failures in consumer markets, information and high enforcement costs. Discussion is then focused on the relevance of the recent economics of information literature and its implications in consumer protection. Finally, there is a brief discussion of equity rationales. The article concludes by drawing out the general policy implications of the approach adopted in the paper.

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Zur Regulierung von Konsumgütermärkten

Zusammenfassung Die neuere Kritik an den Kosten, an der Wirksamkeit und an den potentiellen Ungerechtigkeiten verbraucherpolitischer Instrumente macht deutlich, daß ein systematischer normativ-theoretischer Hintergrund für die Verbraucherpolitik nötig ist. Allgemeine Hinweise auf unausgewogene Marktmacht reichen im nach-regulatorischen Stadium nicht mehr aus.Der vorliegende Beitrag umreißt daher einen Rahmen für staatliche Intervention auf M:arkten zum Schutz des Verbraucherinteresses. Zunächst werden die Verbesserung sowohl der ökonomischen Effizienz als auch der Gleichrangigkeit als die beiden Hauptziele der Verbraucherpolitik und ihre Beziehungen untereinander angesprochen. Es folgt eine Behandlung der Interventionsbegründungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Effizienz mit einer Diskussion der neueren Literatur zur Informationsökonomie in ihrer Bedeutung für die Identifizierung von Informationsunzulänglichkeiten zuf Konsumgütermärkten und eine Behandlung der Interventionsbegründungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Gleichrangigkeit.Als Schlußfolgerung ergibt sich, daß Interventionen in höherem Maße markt- und produkt-spezifisch sein sollten; dies muß mit der Forderung nach längerfristiger Klarheit und Vorhersagbarkeit von Regelungen und Standards in Einklang gebracht werden. Abschließend wird darauf hingewiesen, daß trotz aller rationaler Rechtfertigungen, die der Beitrag liefert, die Entscheidung zur Intervention im Kern politischer Natur ist.

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Iain Ramsay is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 22–24 Windsor Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England. This article is a summary of ideas which are developed at greater length in I. Ramsay: Rationales for intervention in the consumer marketplace, Occasional Paper, Office of Fair Trading, London. Copies of this study may be obtained from the Office of Fair Trading.     

The development and validation of an organizational cohesion inventory

This study develops a scale, organizational cohesion inventory (OCI), which measures cohesion at the organizational level. The OCI contains six dimensions: employee centripetalism, leader cohesiveness, task cooperation, interpersonal harmony, benefit sharing, and value identification. We conducted three studies to develop and validate the OCI in the Chinese context. In Study 1, we generated and selected scale items, and examined the construct validity of the OCI. Study 2 tested its incremental validity and nomological validity. Study 3 assessed its concurrent validity. In general, results of the three studies show that the OCI has good psychometric properties. It is therefore could be useful for more thorough and comprehensive studies on organizational cohesion.     

Construct validation of an Arabic version of the Learning Transfer System Inventory for use in Jordan

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate an Arabic version of the Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI) for use in Jordan. The study also investigated the perceptions of transfer system characteristics across selected individual and situational variables. The LTSI was administered to 450 employees of 28 different public and private sector organizations operating in Jordan. Principal axis factoring with oblique rotation was used to uncover the underlying structure of the Arabic version of the LTSI. Results showed a latent factor structure that is highly consistent with the English version of the LTSI. Results also indicated that transfer system perceptions differed across levels of education, years of experience, types of training, choice of training, sector of the organization and task of the organization. Implications for the field of human resource development are also provided.     

New means of legal protection for the American consumer

Public Interest Law, as practised by several private consumer organizations and law firms, has come to play an important role in US consumer protection. The author analyses important cases brought to litigation and discusses their impact on the behavior of private firms and government agencies. There is reason to believe that by better funding as planned by Congress and Government these organizations will take an even more active and constructive part in consumer action.

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Zusammenfassung »Public Interest Law«, das durch verschiedene Konsumentenorganisationen und Anwaltsgemeinschaften durchgesetzt wird, spielt inzwischen eine bedeutende Rolle im Verbraucherschutz der USA. Der Autor untersucht wichtige Rechtsstreitigkeiten, die der Verwirklichung von »Public Interest Law« im Verbraucherinteresse dienen, und erörtert ihren Einfluß auf das Verhalten von Anbietern und staatlichen Behörden. Durch eine bessere Finanzierung können diese Organisationen eine noch größere und konstruktivere Rolle für den amerikanischen Verbraucher ausüben; dies wird inzwischen auch von der neuen Regierung und vom Kongreß anerkannt und findet seinen Ausdruck in entsprechenden Gesetzesinitiativen.

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Leonard C. Meeker is Attorney at Law and Member of the Center for Law and Social Policy, 1751 N. Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036, USA.     

Learned helplessness as an explanation of elderly consumer complaint behavior

Studies of consumer complaint behavior have shown that many elderly consumers are very reluctant to pursue their rights through the complaint process when they encounter problems with products or services. This passive complaint behavior may be very costly to the elderly, who often live on fixed incomes. This paper presents a theory developed in experimental psychology that may help explain why clderly consumers are more likely than other consumers to incur losses rather than engage in complaint activity. The theory, known as learned helplessness (LH), refers to a process whereby noncontingent reinforcement produces the expectation that events are uncontrollable.The theory of learned helplessness is presented and related to specific behaviors of dissatisfied elderly consumers that have been reported in the literature. Strategy implications of the theory are discussed for counselors, consumer affairs practitioners, and others interested in helping elderly consumers exercise their rights.Mary C. LaForge is currently Associate Professor of Marketing at Clemson University. She received her Ph.D. in Marketing from the University of Georgia. Her current research interest focuses on the behavior of the elderly as consumers.     

The vulnerable healthcare consumer: an interpretive synthesis of the patient experience literature

The increased policy emphasis on the ‘patient experience’ places the health consumer in centre stage as the driver for healthcare delivery. This poses challenges for service providers to meet the needs of more vulnerable groups, notably those with disabilities, who are often more likely to be both in greater need of services and, at the same time, less able to access them. This paper reports an interpretive synthesis of qualitative research studies in the UK and US on the experience of vulnerable patient groups using a broad range of health services. An interpretive review method was adopted to capture the complexity of the data. Eighteen papers were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria for the review. Seven key themes were identified: life experience, service design, point of delivery, accessibility, availability, specialist education/training and consumer typology. Although policy makers and providers often refer to the need for greater consumerism in the development of health services, our review suggests that it may be appropriate to consider a model of ‘mediated consumerism’ for some groups of service users. While some concerns are common to both mainstream and vulnerable consumers, others such as accessibility of services, and the resulting experience of health care, are particular to specific vulnerable groups. Accessing the experiences of these more vulnerable groups therefore warrants close attention in the development of both policy and practice in health service delivery.     

Access to justice for the consumer in the USA

The problem of providing access to justice for consumers in the United States is largely a problem of the high cost of attorneys' services. Major attempts to solve this problem include increased competition, enhanced damages, contingent fees, class actions, government provision of legal services, simplified procedures, arbitration, and mediation. The success or failure of each of these approaches depends not only upon legal provisions but on a variety of political and structural factors.

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Rechtszugang für Verbraucher in den USA

Zusammenfassung Das Problem, in den USA einen ausreichenden Rechtszugang für Konsumenten zu gewährleisten, ist weitgehend eine Frage der hohen Anwaltskosten. Der Beitrag diskutiert eine Reihe von Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der derzeitigen Situation. Dazu gehören die Verstärkung des Wettbewerbs, eine Erhöhung von Schadenersatzansprüchen, erfolgsgebundene Honorare, die Verbandsklage, ein staatlich finanzierter Rechtsbeistand, Regelungen zur Verfahrensvereinfachung, Schiedsgerichtsverfahren sowie Vermittlungsverfahren. Der Beitrag kommt zu dem Schluß, daß keine dieser Maßnahmen allein in der Lage ist, das Problem zu lösen, sondern daß mehrere Ansätze ausprobiert werden müssen, und daß ein Erfolg nicht nur von der Wirksamkeit dieser Maßnahmen abhängt, sondern auch von einer Reihe von politischen und gesellschaftlichen Faktoren.

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Peter B. Maggs is Corman Professor of Law at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Law, 504 East Pennsylvania Avenue, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. The article is based on a paper delivered at the First International Congress of Consumer Law, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The author wishes to thank Dr. Antonio Benjamin of the Sao Paulo State Attorney General's office for his suggestion of the topic of this paper and for his superb organization of the Congress.     

Representing the political consumer: liquid agencies in the production of consumer voice

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the consumer role in marketplace transformation by examining how political consumers become produced in food retailing. It attends to situated representational practices in a Swedish consumer cooperative that seeks to strengthen consumer voice in markets. Combining notions of political and symbolic representations, the paper demonstrates the production of spokespersons for the cooperatives’ owners who, in turn, work to engage other consumers to voice and enact concerns in the cooperative. Four stages of representational practices are identified: (s)electing, equipping, engaging, and enacting. These practices are conceptualised as part of processes of agencing and concerning: (s)electing and equipping work to arrange consumer agencies, while engaging and enacting refer to ways of concerning others that put agencies into motion. Agencies are proposed as liquid in character and the capacity of consumers to shape markets comes into effect depending upon how agencies continuously become connected to each other.     

根据消费者问题的变迁 探讨消费者教育的课题

改革开放以来，随着经济的飞速发展，消费者问题也日益严重，“假冒伪劣商品”一词成为近20年来历久不衰的流行语，消费者的投诉与年俱增，投诉内容也越来越复杂，20年来发生了很大的变化。     

Towards an understanding of the role of trade fairs as facilitators of consumer creativity

Trade fairs are an integral part of the marketing strategy for many products and services. The aim of this article is to investigate how trade fairs as a means of marketing communication bring about new ideas, desires and wants in consumers and by so doing facilitate everyday consumer creativity. The results imply that trade fairs play an important role in setting the stage for consumer creativity. Based on an empirical study of trade fair visitors carried out using an ethnographic method, the study demonstrates how consumers communicate their visit to a trade fair. The findings indicate that trade fairs have an influence on consumer creativity in the different phases of the process. As an outcome, two metaphors describing the role of trade fairs as facilitators of everyday consumer creativity are proposed. These are trade fairs as a tool and a vantage point. The implications for effective trade fair management and postmodern marketing are explored.     

The relevance of alternative paradigms as guidelines for consumer policy and organized consumer action

Within the context of a social systems approach, the author first presents a typology of consumer problems and consumer policies.Consumer problems are characterized at five levels as functional or structural. Functional problems can be solved by policies directed at the individual consumer, groups of consumers, or individual firms. Structural problems can be solved by policies directed at the general framework within which consumers make their decisions.Three paradigms are then presented which — each in a different way — highlight the social and political influence of consumers, thus providing alternative rationales for solving functional and structural problems.Finally, the main results of an empirical study are presented, showing how the three paradigms are used as guidelines for organized consumer action in Denmark. The author concludes that only two of the three paradigms should — in a complementary fashion — be considered relevant guidelines for consumer action.

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Die Bedeutung alternativer Paradigmata als Leitlinien für Verbraucherpolitik und kollektive Verbraucheraktionen

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag faßt Verbraucherprobleme als Einschränkungen der Bedürfnisbefriedigung von Konsumenten vor, während und nach dem Kauf auf und beginnt mit einer Typologie von Verbraucherproblemen, die in erster Linie funktionelle und strukturelle Probleme unterscheidet. Funktionelle Probleme entstehen durch Informationsmängel oder durch Störungen in der Kommunikation zwischen Konsumenten und Produzenten, können sich aber auch aus bestimmten Marketingpraktiken der Anbieter ergeben. Solche Probleme können durch Maßnahmen gelöst werden, die sich an einzelne Konsumenten, Gruppen von Konsumenten oder an einzelne Firmen richten. Strukturelle Probleme werden durch Bedingungen hervorgerufen, an die sich Konsumenten kurzfristig anpassen müssen. Im Unterschied zu funktionellen Problemen sind sie eher genereller Natur. Sie können durch Maßnahmen gelöst werden, die sich an ganze Branchen, an Verbände, Arbeitnehmerorganisationen oder an politisch Tätige wenden, und sind in der Regel das Ergebnis kollektiver Entscheidungsprozesse oder kollektiven Handelns der Konsumenten.Zur Beurteilung der Notwendigkeit verbraucherpolitischer Maßnahmen bietet die einschlägige Literatur drei verschiedene Grundpositionen an, nämlich erstens das Paradigma der verbraucherkontrollierten Produktion (dieses Paradigma kann Verbraucherpolitik nicht rechtfertigen und muß in einer Politik des laissez-faire die beste Lösung von Verbraucherproblemen sehen), zweitens das Paradigma der Interdependenz von Konsum und Produktion (es liefert einige Begründungen für verbraucherpolitische Maßnahmen vor allem zur Überwindung von Informationslücken und zur Marktpflege) und schließlich das Paradigma des produzentenkontrollierten Verbrauchs (es rechtfertigt insbesondere verbraucherpolitische Maßnahmen, die sich mit solchen Verbraucherproblemen beschäftigen, deren Lösung nicht im Produzenten-Interesse liegt).Eine Studie des Autors in Dänemark zeigt, daß die Verbraucherbewegung dieses Landes vorrangig vom Paradigma der Interdependenz von Konsum und Produktion geleitet wird und daß die Resourcen vorrangig zur Lösung funktioneller Probleme verwendet werden. Wesentliche Schlußfolgerung des Autors ist, daß das Paradigma des produzentenkontrollierten Verbrauchs ebenso als Leitlinie herangezogen werden sollte. Die beiden Paradigmata schließen sich nicht gegeneinander aus, sondern sollten als wechselseitige Ergänzung aufgefaßt werden.

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Hans Rask Jensen is Associate Professor of Marketing, Sønderborg School of Economics and Business Administration, Grundtvigs Allé 100, DK-6400 Sønderborg, Denmark.     

Reactions of the jilted consumer

Differential promotion strategies are a vital relationship marketing tool that is advantageous to both the company and the targeted customer. However, a differential approach means some customers do not fare as well as others. The customers who get the lesser deals are the focus of this study. How does a customer react when they learn another customer received a better deal? How should the provider respond when this imbalance is obvious to the customer? Fairness theory is utilized to address these research questions. The study includes an experiment featuring hypothetical scenarios. MANOVA results reveal that a proactive, upfront strategic response can mitigate the negative effects of differential promotion strategies in terms of fairness perceptions and behavioral outcomes.     

Nutrition information in the market: food labelling as an aid to the consumer

This research was conducted in order to find out how consumers perceive and use the information given on food labels. It included two different studies: (i) a pilot study consisting of in-depth interviews with the help of an interview guide in 25 households, (ii) a consumer survey of personal interviews with a representative sample of the Norwegian population, 1050 persons over 15 years of age. The data showed that, even though the food labels were perceived as difficult to understand, there were nevertheless many consumers who made use of them. The typical pattern was occasional use; 46% read them very or rather often. The typical reader is a women between 30 and 59 years of age, and with a high education. Of all the substances listed on the food labels, most people looked for the additives (60%) and amount of fat (58%). Only 10% reported that they were very satisfied with the food labels as they appear today, whereas about 40% were rather satisfied. Suggestions from the respondents to make the food labels more satisfactory are discussed.