社会资本视角下我国城市贫困问题治理研究

我国城市贫困是伴随我国改革开放、国企改革进行而日渐凸显的问题,随着城镇化进程的进一步加速,该问题还将进一步演化,是我国社会经济发展进程中必须面对和解决的重大难题。本文从构建社会资本的视角,通过对我国城市贫困问题的剖析,说明社会资本对贫困的滋生以及反贫困制度安排有重大影响,从构建制度型社会资本和关系型社会资本的视角,提出提升贫困人口社会资本的政策性建议,以期为破解我国城市贫困这一难题提供政策建议。     

我国当前城市贫困问题探析

随着改革的深化和社会结构的变迁，我国城市中贫困居民的数量不断增加，并已经成为我国经济发展过程中不容忽视的问题。本文对城市贫困规模、贫困程度、变动趋势进行分析，在阐释导致城市贫困的深层次原因基础上，提出了尽快制定“国家反贫困法”等对策性建议。     

当前中国城市贫困问题研究

20世纪90年代以来,城市贫困问题日益成为我国社会经济体系中的一个突出问题,城市贫困问题引起了政府和社会各界的极大关注。文章从城市贫困的界定入手,着重分析了其现状和成因,提出了解决城市贫困的基本对策。     

我国经济转型与城市贫困机制研究

人类社会的发展历程,从某个角度来看也是不停消除和减缓贫困的过程。一直以来,贫困在我国被当做是农村的现象,但是随着大量农村剩余劳动力从农村转移到城市,城市贫困问题开始日显突出。虽然城市贫困问题由来已久,我国真正意义上的城市贫困却是上个世纪九十年代开始出现的社会现象,到目前为止,城市贫困问题已经引起全社会广泛关注。     

我国城市贫困问题不容忽视

随着社会结构变迁和改革的深化,我国城市贫困居民的数量不断增加,并成为我国经济发展过程中不容忽视的问题.20世纪90年代以来,中国城市贫困问题越发严重,给社会与经济带来极大的负面影响.城市贫困人口问题是在社会转型期出现的一种人口现象,具有新时代特征.     

基于能力贫困与权利贫困视角的我国城市贫困原因分析——以甘肃省为例

城市贫困问题已成为中国改革和发展中急需解决的重要问题,治理城市贫困关系到稳定大局,实现“共同富裕”的发展目标,也是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。本文从能力贫困和权利贫困角度出发,结合甘肃省具体情况,对我国城市贫困原因进行了分析,并提出一些建议。     

试论我国城市反贫困的路径选择

随着经济的发展与改革的深入,城市贫困问题凸显,使我国在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中面临严峻考验。城市反贫困关系到社会大局的稳定和“共同富裕”发展目标的实现,是社会公平和正义的要求。文章探讨了综合治理城市贫困的路径选择,以期尽早解决城市贫困问题,努力使越来越多的人分享经济增长的成果,形成全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的社会。     

我国城市贫困问题的分析与对策研究

城市下岗职工的贫困,下岗职工集中居住形成的贫困区,由老工业基地城市和资源枯竭型城市构成的贫困城市,是我国特有的城市贫困问题。为解决“当代贫困”,防止“贫困代际传递”,政府应承担起对“贫困城市”的援助和对“贫困居民”的救助的基本责任,通过财政转移支付,建立社会保障体系,加大政策扶持力度,加强产业开发指导等,遏制并逐步解决城市贫困问题。     

"文化性"贫困:关于我国城市贫困的社会学思考

“结构性”贫困是我国城市贫困群体产生的初始原因,当城市贫困的状况长期得不到改善,并呈现长期化与固定化的趋势时,单纯地从结构性解释城市贫困的成因,治理贫困是不恰当的,应充分考虑城市贫困中“文化性”贫困因素的作用。“文化性”贫困对我国城市贫困群体本身带来诸多的负面影响。     

我国城市贫困演变的特征与治理路径的转型

改革开放以来,我国城市贫困在不断地演变与升级中呈现出新的特征,可概括为由旧贫困向新贫困转变,具体表现为贫困主体由传统贫困向就业贫困转变,贫困性质由绝对贫困向相对贫困转变,贫困致因由原生性贫困向再生性贫困转变,贫困状态由短期贫困向长期贫困转变,这无疑给当前及未来城市扶贫治理工作带来巨大挑战.在分析当前城市贫困治理体系的基础上认为,城市贫困的演变突显贫困治理转型的迫切性,而可持续生计理论及其政策含义是未来城市贫困治理转型的创新路径.     

Vulnerability to poverty in China: a subjective poverty line approach

Wide arrays of econometric techniques have been proposed to assess vulnerability to poverty. All such measures attempt to determine the probability to fall (or remain) into poverty given households’ characteristics. We have used cross-section data from the Chinese Household Income Project Series and subjective poverty lines to shed light on the sources of uncertainty in China. The lack of a comprehensive pension system and distance from the markets raise vulnerability in rural areas, whereas the hukou registration system has generated a growing mass of exploited and unprotected migrants in urban areas.     

农民贫困问题探源

本文针对农民贫困问题,结合十六大报告提出全面建设小康社会的目标,第一次比较系统地提出了农村贫困包括物质贫困、精神贫困和政治贫困的新观点。     

Smoke and mirrors? The science of poverty measurement and its application

Measures of poverty are much used, but also much criticised as having limited value in debates on public resource allocation. Some argue that the measures are too conservative and do little more than complicate important issues of inequality and injustice. However, poverty measurement can be sensitive to these concerns if grounded in the field's well-developed theoretical foundation. In South Africa, poverty measures over more than 50 years have consistently taken into account distributional issues and the causes and implications of deprivation, and most South African analyses of poverty have recognised and incorporated the multi-dimensional nature of poverty. Recognising different perceptions of aggregation, time horizon and the role of states and markets is perhaps more important than methodology when assessing what poverty measures can contribute. With proper theorisation, and attention paid to the purpose of poverty diagnostics, measurement is more than sleight-of-hand and can provide both a tool for advocacy and a means to implement policies that promote greater social justice.     

Understanding urban poverty in two high-density suburbs of Harare,Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT

Urban communities are heterogeneous and averages mask inequities and deprivations among poor and rich urban communities. This article examines the situation of households residing in two low-income, high-density suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe. The aim of the research was to contextualise urban poverty by looking at selected urban communities and vertically analysing the patterns and determinants of poverty. A household survey was administered to 1000 households and qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study found high levels of income poverty and also found differences in poverty experiences between the two suburbs. The major proximate determinants of poverty were large family size; low education level of the household head; lack of income from permanent employment; low cash transfers; and short length of residence in the suburb. Increasing household income consumption can be addressed through scaling-up industries, which would result in more quality employment.     

从西藏脱贫攻坚透视中国共产党的组织领导力

在中国共产党的坚强领导下,西藏脱贫攻坚取得了巨大成就。在西藏脱贫攻坚伟大实践中,中央指明了西藏脱贫攻坚应遵循的总目标、明确了西藏脱贫攻坚的着眼点和着力点,自治区党委将"绿水青山就是金山银山,冰山雪地就是金山银山"的理念贯穿西藏脱贫攻坚的始终,体现了中国共产党科学的思想指引力;自治区党委率先建立四级党委"一把手"负总责的脱贫攻坚组织体系、着力健全脱贫攻坚保障制度、持续推进"强基础、惠民生"脱贫攻坚有力抓手,表明了中国共产党非凡的组织实施力;中央从全局高度对西藏脱贫攻坚工作的空前重视、举全国之力助推西藏打赢脱贫攻坚战,自治区党委统筹推进西藏脱贫攻坚工作,彰显了中国共产党强大的统筹协调力;西藏脱贫攻坚成为提升中国国家形象的重要切入点、使所谓"西藏问题"的谬论不攻自破、为全国乃至世界极端复杂贫困治理贡献了智慧,从而提升了中国共产党广泛的国际影响力。     

Multidimensional poverty in South Africa in 2001–16

This study uses the Census 2001 and 2011 as well as Community Survey 2007 and 2016 data to derive a multidimensional poverty index in South Africa for each year, before assessing the changes in non-money-metric, multidimensional poverty over time. Both the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty decreased continuously, and these declines were more rapid than that of money-metric poverty. The decrease in multidimensional poverty between 2001 and 2016 was most rapid for female Africans residing in rural areas in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu–Natal provinces. Multidimensional poverty was most serious in numerous district councils in these two provinces, despite the fact that poverty decline was also most rapid in these district councils. The results of the multidimensional poverty index decomposition indicated that Africans contributed more than 95% to multidimensional poverty, while unemployment, years of schooling and disability were the three indicators contributing most to poverty.     

多维视角下农村贫困的测度与分析

近年来,学者和政策制定者逐渐将贫困的研究视角从单一的收入贫困扩展到多维贫困。文章基于CFPS的2010年基线调查数据,采取Alkire和Foster提出的双界限方法,根据《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011-2020)》提出的目标任务选取贫困维度,对我国农村的多维贫困进行了测度,并对测度结果进行了稳健性分析。测度结果表明,我国农村多维贫困状况比收入贫困状况恶劣。维度分解结果表明,社会保障和生活质量等维度的剥夺情况比较严重。地区分解结果显示,西部地区被剥夺状况高于中、西部地区。稳健性分析结果显示,测度结果对权重的选取是稳健的。因此,我国在此10年中,应从多维视角识别农村贫困,有针对性地提高扶贫政策的有效性。     

Estimating a poverty line: An application to free basic municipal services in South Africa

One of the key interventions aimed at improving the welfare of South African households has been local government's provision of a package of free basic municipal services to poor households. It is, however, not completely clear how different municipalities identify households that are eligible for these services. Evidence suggests that many municipalities currently provide services to all households with a monthly income of less than R1500 a month. This ‘free basic services poverty line’ is, however, low in comparison with a number of unofficial poverty lines used by policymakers and researchers in South Africa. This paper considers the impact of increasing the value of the free basic services line, in terms of the additional share and number of households eligible for support and the additional financial cost. We find that urban municipalities would face the steepest increases in their free basic services budgets with any potential increase in the free basic services poverty line.     

Food poverty,hunger and household production in rural Eastern Cape households

More than two decades since the advent of democracy in South Africa, the place of small-scale agriculture in rural development, poverty alleviation and food security remains ambiguous and highly contested. However, there is now some new evidence that official income poverty estimates in South Africa may be underestimating the contribution of rural, land-based livelihoods when measuring household well-being. This paper aims to explore this possibility further by identifying how household production activities are associated with improved food security among rural Eastern Cape households in the former homelands. The analysis is based on data from Statistics South Africa’s 2008/9 Living Conditions Survey and its annual General Household Surveys. In adopting a food poverty lens, the findings suggest that hunger levels are lower among farming households in the Eastern Cape even though a higher percentage of these households (relative to non-farming households) live below the national food poverty line. The paper concludes by discussing some implications for policy.     

The growth,poverty and inequality nexus in South Africa: Cointegration and causality analysis

This study empirically established the long-run relationship and causality effects that exist between growth, poverty and inequality. The analysis was carried out on a panel of nine South African provinces from 1995 to 2012. To capture poverty and inequality in a broader context, two measures of poverty (income and non-income) and three measures of inequality (income, education and land) were adopted for the study. The results confirm that there is a long-run relationship between growth, poverty and inequality. Notable results from the causality tests suggest that growth does not promote equal distribution of income in society but as income distribution begins to equalise, economic growth rises. This is regarded as growth–inequality disconnect. The unidirectional causality, which runs from income poverty to income inequality, suggests that a rising level of income poverty will lead to falling income inequality in the society; likewise, income inequality increases as non-income poverty declines.