Urban Infrastructure Financing and Delivery in India and China

I. Introduction When Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh announced in 2005 that Mumbai will be like Shanghai for India, a trigger was fired. Little did he know that his statement would be taken out of context and interpreted differently than what he had meant. Since then, the term “Shanghaing Mumbai” has caught on in the city development discussions in India.The Chief Minister of Maharashtra said that he would do his best to fulfil the dream of making Mumbai into a World Class Ci…     

Growth and Common Prosperity in China

This paper introduces a decomposition method that quantifies the contributions to common prosperity of labor market performance and social policies and extends the idea of shared prosperity to a new measure of inequity in opportunities.The resulting common prosperity indices and opportunity equality indices are then applied to five waves of the Chinese Household Income Project data from 1988 to 2018.This paper shows that the labor market performance and social policies have been improving over the last 30 years and have helped China move towards common prosperity for everyone.The indices developed in this paper allow us to quantify the extent of shared prosperity that a country has achieved and to carry out empirical studies on which policy is working and which is not.It can also help us identify the fundamental causes of inequality and aid us in achieving equality in opportunity among all members of society.     

Prospects and Analysis of FDI in China

I. The General Picture of FDI1. The amount of FDI used in practice and incontract all increased significantlyIn 2004, China approved the establishment of 43,661 foreign-funded enterprises, 6.29 percentmore than in 2003. The contractual amount of FDI was US$153.479 billion, 33.38 percentmore than in 2003 and the amount actually used reached US$60.63 billion, rising by 13.32percent. By the end of the year, the total number of foreign-funded enterprises in Chinacame to 508,938. The contra…     

Rural Taxation and Government Regulations in China

I. IntroductionIn recent years, the problem of rural taxation in China, especially increasing informal local charges on peasants, has become more acute. The central government has been aware of the problem for a decade, and has been taking various steps to alleviate the problem. Yet, to date, these actions have met with limited success. In 2002, after a difficult decision-making process, the central government decided to     

CEPA and Opportunities for Hong Kong and Mainland China in Logistics Service

This paper, after reviewing the liberalization of logistics services under the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong （hereinafter CEPA）, analyzes the implication of CEPA to both sides in this sector.     

Innovation trends and industrial renewal in Finland and Sweden 1970–2013

We examine trends in innovation output for two highly ranked innovative countries: Finland and Sweden (1970–2013). Our novel dataset, collected using the LBIO (literature-based innovation output) method, suggests that the innovation trends are positive for both countries, despite an extended downturn in the 1980s. The findings cast some doubt on the proposition that the current stagnation of many developed countries is due to a lack of innovation and investment opportunities. Our data show that Finland catches up to, and passes, Sweden in innovation output in the 1990s. In per capita terms, Finland stays ahead throughout the period. We find that the strong Finnish performance is largely driven by innovation increase in just a handfull of sectors, but is not restricted to few companies. Both countries saw a rise in innovation during the dot-com era and the structural changes that followed. Since 2000 however, Sweden has outperformed Finland in terms of total innovations, especially in machinery and ICT, while the Finnish rate of innovation has stabilised. We suggest that these patterns may be explained by different paths of industrial renewal.     

Rising Poverty and Its Causes in Urban China

Ⅰ. IntroductionPoverty has generally been perceived as a ruralphenomenon in China. However, urban poverty hasbecome a vital issue since 1995 with the re-structuringof public-owned enterprises. Even officiall statisticsconfirm that the total number of unemployed workersplus xiagang(laid-off)workers reached a figure of some     

Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in China

I. General Correlation between Employmentand Income Distribution in ChinaBy the general rules of the market economy, the size of employment and the wage levelshould be expanded and raised with economic growth. The wage level should move in theopposite direction from the changes in the size of employment, and the total payroll shouldmove in the same direction with the size of employment when there is little change in thetotal payroll.Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in…     

Rural Electrification in China： History and Institution

I. Introduction Prior to 2002 there was a rural electricity administrative system at the county level andbelow, which was separated from the urban (or state) electricity system. In 1949 when the People’s Republic was founded, there were only 33 small hydropower stations in rural China, with a total installed capacity of 3.63 MW, and total electricity consumption in rural areas was 20 million kWh. Since 1949, rural electrification has made considerable progress and contributed a lot to the …     

Game between Government and Developer in Land Market

Although China is transforming gradually, the land market isn＇t mature yet. Therefore, rent-seeking inevitably comes forth in the land market. Based on a game analysis of rent-seeking activities between government and developer, this paper explores the behavioral orientation of various interest groups and influential factors in the process of land requisition, examines the huge loss that rent-seeking activities bring to the society and puts forward the necessity of innovating system to regulate the behavior of the government and limit rent-seeking activities in the land market.     

The Onlookers in 《Sense and Sensibility》

In this article,not the Protagonists but the minor roles were analyzed as Onlookers.Most efforts was put on Mrs.Jennings,who was the second important character in the novel and was analyzed as a transfer figure and onlooker to promote the development of the stories.The author hid her own viewpoint,didn't express it directly,but expressed it by Mrs.Jennings     

Smooth production and supply of live pigs in China：Fluctuations and adjustment

Although the pig-breeding industry in China has been developing rapidly, it has undergone an unsmooth process, which features periodical fluctuations of live pig production. First, this paper explains the meaning of smooth production and supply of live pigs, then this paper analyses the fluctuations of production and price of live pigs in China based on related data, and by use of Griliches＇ partial adjustment model construct short-term and long-term models for the production and supply of live pigs in China. Finally, this paper analyses the obstacles hindering the smooth production and supply of live pigs in China, and puts forward some strategies for the smooth production and supply of live pigs.     

Energy Restructuring in China： Retrospects and Prospects

Thirty years have passed since China first adopted the policy of reform and opening up to the outside. Reviewing and appraising the advantages and disadvantages of the government＇s energy restructuring policy in the intervening years is of great importance to the consideration of future reform and opening-up efforts in this industry. Energy production and supply have been a major part of the national economic restructuring. In this paper, the author proceeds from three angles to review and assess the reform and opening-up efforts in the energy industry, and suggests some direction and priorities for its restrueturing in the future.     

Change in a Transitional Economy： The Private Entrepreneurs and Enterprises in China

This study examines some changes that have taken place among Chinese private entrepreneurs and enterprises. The study compares some results of a recent survey-a sample of five hundred small and medium-sized private enterprises in central China-with some former literature views about Chinese private enterprises in the west. The comparison consists of private entrepreneurs social origins, enterprises development, internal and external factors for a successful enterprises, marketing strategy, and influence of the government, Implications are also discussed.     

Minorities’ Fields of Expertise in Economics and Employment Demand in These Fields

Efforts by public and private institutions to increase the number of minorities participating in graduate economics programs has contributed to a growing supply of Ph. D. trained minority economists. However, minorities are still under-represented as faculty members in economics departments. This presidential address explores whether the concentration of minorities in a few fields of specialization creates a demand-supply mismatch for these individuals.

Nonlinear Relationship between HSI and HIBOR in Hong Kong

This paper aims at exploring the relationship between Hang Seng Stock Index （HIS） and the Interbank Offered Interest Rate （HIBOR） in Hong Kong. The STR-FIGARCH Model is used to examine the nonlinear and inverse relationship between the two high frequency series.     

Money Demand and Economic Liberalization in a Small Open Economy—Trinidad and Tobago

Economic liberalization creates potential instability in money demand. The introduction of liberalization in the early 1990s coincided with instability in the long-run demand for broad money (M2). OLS estimates confirm the presence of a structural break in the M2 model. Monetary policy should be based on a narrow definition of money. Moreover, the demand for money function must take explicit account of the openness of the economy. The results have important implications for policymakers in other Caribbean countries that are contemplating economic liberalization.     

Rising Consumption of Animal Products in China and India： National and Global Implications

Over the past two decades,the consumption of animal products has increased rapidly in China and India,driven by rising income and large populations.Such strong demand for animal products could have substantial impacts on both their own and global food and feed demand and supply.This paper examines the nature of rising demand for animal products in China and India and discusses national and global implications.     

Determinants and Effects of Small Chilli Farmers’ Participation in Supermarket Channels in Indonesia

The number of supermarkets in Indonesia is increasing, but small-scale farmers may be at risk of being excluded from these emerging marketing channels. Drawing on data from our survey of 600 small-scale chilli farmers in West Java, we examine the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to participate in supermarket channels. We use a treatment-effect model to examine the effect of supermarket participation on income, while controlling for the possibility of selectivity bias. Our results indicate that participation in the supermarket channel significantly increases farm income, even after we controlled for differences in education, chilli-farming experience, storage-house ownership, and the distance from the farmer's house to a bitumen road.