Export Variety,Revenue, and Productivity in China

In this paper I argue through empirical testing that it is the underlying export variety that helps to explain the strong correlation between China's provincial export revenue and productivity. The empirical model maps export varieties into provincial GDP functions with multiple sectors by price index theory. By employing panel data that covers all 31 executive districts of mainland China from 1998 to 2005, I find that export varieties, via export revenue, significantly affect productivity: it accounts for 44.1% of interprovincial TFP differences and 36.6% of within‐province TFP growth; a 10% increase in export variety leads to a 1.4% productivity growth in China.     

消失的鱼汛:中国近海渔业之殇(上)

近几年来,韩国扣押处罚中国渔船的事件时有发生,而这一现象背后是一个无奈的事实——中国的近海已经无鱼可捕。掠夺式的捕捞,加剧的近海污染和疯狂的近海开发,让很多鱼虾绝迹,近海的鱼汛也已经消失。有人戏称,如今在中国近海捕鱼就像是在大海里找大熊猫。漫长的海岸线曾经以其丰厚的渔业资源让渔民受益,然而随着近海渔业资源的日渐枯竭,渔民们发现他们赖以     

消失的鱼汛:中国近海渔业之殇(下)

疯狂的近海开发更令人关注的是,近年来中国海洋开发骤然加速,发展海洋经济成为国家战略,一轮海洋开发大潮正张弓待发。然而如果在扬帆前回望一眼海岸,现实却是那么的怵目惊心:海洋经济未及扬帆启程,近海渔业资源雪上加霜。     

Interregional Disparities in Productivity and the Choice of Fiscal Regime

Two districts with divergent productivity levels engage in policy-making on the provision of local public goods that enhance future income and hence create a dynamic linkage across periods. The policy choices of district representatives are derived under alternative fiscal systems, and the relative merits of the systems are evaluated. It is predicted that a decentralized system is more likely to be selected in a more equal society. On the other hand, when a great deal of benefit spills over from a local public good, or when policy makers are expected to care solely about the immediate effects of their decisions on their districts, a centralized system is more likely to be selected.     

Uncertain Productivity Growth and the Choice between FDI and Export

While determinants of FDI patterns have received widespread attention, the timing of their surge remains largely unexplained. According to the proximity–concentration trade‐off argument, a surge in FDI in times of decaying international transportation costs seemingly represents a paradox. Besides transportation costs, other factors have contextually changed: in particular, the uncertainty that firms bear has increased. Enriching the classical choice problem of a multinational firm with insights from the literature on investment under uncertainty, we illustrate how different types of uncertainty determine the timing and optimal entry mode (i.e. FDI or export) of a multinational enterprise into a new market.     

IUU捕捞对渔业资源的损害及港口国的管制措施分析

IUU捕捞是国际海洋渔业资源的公害。港口国可以通过渔船登陆等措施执行防范、遏制与消除IUU捕捞的渔业政策。IUU导致的后果很严重,甚至可以摧毁整个渔业。从事IUU捕捞行为的人都是不负责任的人,它们无视捕鱼纪律和规则,相对于行为端正的渔业人（也即：按照捕鱼规则作业的渔民）,获得了不公平的竞争优势。     

宏观替代弹性、国内生产率与进口种类利得纠偏

基于2006-2016年中国与124个进口来源国(地区)数据,证实了中国国内产品种类与进口产品种类的替代性,考察了阿明顿(Armington)宏观替代弹性、国内生产率对进口产品种类利得的影响,测算了中国工业品贸易利得的偏误.结果 发现:在中国国内产品种类与进口产品种类具有替代性的条件下,中国国内生产率会放大贸易成本对进口产品种类的影响;Armington宏观替代弹性越高,贸易成本对进口产品种类的影响越大;中国工业平均贸易利得被高估12％,国内生产率导致的平均贸易利得被高估9％;从行业结构看,有12个行业的进口利得被低估或高估,其中"煤炭"贸易利得被高估3～5倍.因此,应科学判断进口产品种类利得,不断提高国内生产率.     

Choice of Product Variety for the Durable-goods Monopolist

Received January 10, 2001; revised version received June 25, 2001     

Does the Choice between Wage Inequality and Unemployment Affect Productivity Growth?

Abstract. We present a non-scale continuous-time overlapping-generations growth model that provides an explanation for why economies with relative wage rigidity feature higher unemployment, but not slower productivity growth, than economies with flexible wages. The compression of the wage distribution associated with relative wage rigidity slows down human capital accumulation and growth ceteris paribus . But unemployment among the low-skilled workers strengthens the incentives to invest in human capital and, hence, growth. The two effects are offsetting, and growth is independent of the prevailing degree of relative wage rigidity. This knife-edge result is robust with respect to some modifications of the model.     

Offshoring,Sourcing Substitution Bias,and the Measurement of Growth in U.S. Gross Domestic Product and Productivity

The decade before the financial crisis of 2008 was a time of large changes in sourcing patterns for manufactured goods, particularly after China's entry into the WTO in 2001. Sourcing substitution reduced the prices paid by wholesale level buyers of these goods, but these price reductions were mostly not captured in the U.S. import price indexes and the U.S. GDP deflator. To find plausible values for sourcing bias we first use data on changes in sourcing patterns over 1997–2007 to predict the effect of the reported price discount from the new emerging market suppliers. Next, we compare adjusted import price indexes for products used for household consumption with consumer price indexes. In the GDP deflator for apparel imports, sourcing bias is found to average 0.6 percent per year, and for durable goods it averages 1 percent per year. During the decade of rapidly changing sourcing patterns, a tenth of the reported speedup in multifactor productivity growth of the U.S. private business sector may have come from sourcing bias in the deflators for imports.     

Fishing in a Shallow Lake: Exploring a Classic Fishery Model in a Habitat with Shallow Lake Dynamics

Renewable resources such as fish exist within habitats. Harvesting activities may directly impact the habitat, beyond the influence caused by changing the balance between species. When harvesting activities impact stock size and habitat health in different ways, both states must be explicitly considered. A classic fisheries model is embedded in a habitat that exhibits shallow lake dynamics, where carrying capacity depends on habitat health and fishing effort damages the habitat. Hysteresis in the habitat dynamics can manifest itself as multiple steady states for both the dynamic and open access solutions. Numerical explorations of the model suggest that a new fishery in such a setting should often be managed to protect the health of the habitat, while it may not be optimal to restore a fishery in an already degraded habitat. Conventional policy tools applied in their classic form are unlikely to be effective.     

农产品市场契约安排与交易模式选择

农产品交易模式依其激励强度、权力控制以及绩效特性等条件可以区分为市场型、混合型以及等级制三种类型。不确定性影响农产品产地交易模式的选择。不确定性程度越小,越宜采用市场交易模式;不确定性程度越大,越宜采用等级制交易模式;不确定性程度介于中间时,宜采用混合型交易模式。     

论产品多样性对消费者品牌感知与选择的影响

在决策过程中,如果消费者用于判断和评估的信息缺失,会以产品和品牌的外在属性作为线索来推断其内在品质,并作出选择行为.在这一理论背景下,我们将产品多样性、消费者品牌感知与选择纳入研究框架.实证研究的结果表明,产品多样性以感知质量为中介正向影响品牌的选择,同时以感知专业性为中介正向影响感知质量.     

基于网络外部性的产品差异化与兼容性选择

本文研究了网络外部性与转移成本存在下的新进入企业的产品差异化与兼容性选择问题,并考虑了在位企业的兼容性动机。研究结果表明:对于新进入企业而言,只存在两种策略组合,即(最大差异化,不兼容)和(最大差异化,兼容);在位企业是偏好兼容的。     

Ecological Benchmarking to Explore Alternative Fishing Schemes to Protect Endangered Species by Substitution: The Danish Demersal Fishery in the North Sea

The cod stock in the North Sea is threatened by overexploitation. To recover this fishing stock, pressure needs to be reduced. This implies that catch compositions with small amounts of cod are preferred by public policy makers. The present analysis assesses the technological efficiency of fishing trips in terms of the substitution possibilities away from cod by considering landings of cod as an undesirable output. A conservative non-parametric frontier technology approach imposing minimal assumptions and based on directional distance functions is applied to explore alternative fishing activities for Danish gill netters operating in the North Sea with the goal of reducing cod catches. Since performance on different fishing trips may be influenced by the operating environment, a four-stage approach is applied to correct for exogenous factors (Fried et al., J Product Anal 12(3):249–267, 1999). The corrected directional distance function efficiency scores reveal the behavioural inefficiencies, i.e., prospects for decreasing the catch of cod while catch of other species are increased.      

政府产品创新补贴下的企业R＆D策略选择

为了研究在政府产品创新补贴政策下企业的R＆D策略选择问题,建立了双寡头市场中面向工艺R＆D的三阶段博弈模型：第一阶段政府以社会福利最大为目标选择产品创新补贴率;第二阶段企业进行R＆D投资以降低生产成本;第三阶段企业在产品市场中进行古诺竞争。根据双寡头在第二和第三阶段是否合作,给出了研发竞争、研发卡特尔、技术共享联盟和研究共同体等四种R＆D策略,得到了相应的政府最优R＆D补贴率。研究表明：从企业的R＆D投入和产品产量的角度看,当溢出效应较高时,研发竞争策略优于研发卡特尔策略;当溢出效应较低时,研发卡特尔策略优于研发竞争策略。研发卡特尔策略与研发竞争策略相比,研发卡特尔更能推动企业利润的提高并且可以改善社会总福利。从产品产量、企业利润和社会总福利最大化角度考虑,研究共同体为四种策略中的最优策略。     

进口中间品质量与中国制造业企业全要素生产率

本文基于2000~2007年中国工业企业数据和海关数据,采用A-C-F方法测度制造业企业全要素生产率,进而探讨进口中间品质量对企业全要素生产率的影响,研究发现:进口高质量中间品有助于企业通过"学习效应"机制、研发与进口中间品质量的"互补效应"机制,提高全要素生产率。这两种机制在考虑了企业贸易方式、出口状态、所有制类型、进口来源地差异后皆稳健。在全球价值链环境下,提升中国贸易利得的一个有效途径是进口高质量中间品。     

Revenue risks,insurance, and the behavior of competitive firms

This paper explores some issues relating to a competitive firm's choice of the levels of output and insurance cover when faced with certain types of revenue risks. The analysis generalizes and extends existing results. In particular, we examine the implication, for the level of output and of insurance cover, of different risk attitudes of the firm under variable and fixed premium schemes. The possibility of using the premium schedule in, say, an export credit-guarantee scheme, as an instrument for stimulating the firm's output is noted.