从知识的角度回顾企业能力理论

本文基于知识的视角,从理论核心、分析对象、分析视角、分析维度、分类标准、方法论和组织适应七个方面来回顾、分析过去几十年来伯发展,7说明企业能力理论截然不同于其他理论的特色。     

基于知识的企业理论

本文认为，企业的根本任务是创造知识，企业是许多专业化分工活动通过一定的结构与方式联结与聚集在一起的动态性组织，这种独特的结构会产生一种系统集成放大效应。企业的存在是因为企业能够创造出独特的生产性知识、制度性知识和管理性知识，企业进行知识创造和知识转换的能力是企业存在的原因，企业专业化生产与协作过程中积累的共有知识和和人知识决定着企业的效率边界。一种有效率的、最有生命力的企业制度就是能提供一种合理性、激励性的制度安排，鼓励知识的不断创造、使用、转移和共享，而不仅仅是那些理论上能够使组织交易费用最小的企业制度。     

企业理论:基于知识视角的分析

在完全理性、完全信息的假定条件下,企业在新古典经济学中被简化为一个生产函数.企业合约理论打破这样的假定,把研究重心转移到"交易"和"合约"上,也使得企业与市场之间的关系模糊化,企业的生产特征被忽视.企业知识理论也在有限理性条件下,把研究重点回归到企业生产上,在新的假设条件下,分析企业的本质、企业的边界、企业的异质性以及企业的内部结构,进而分析企业知识管理的主要内容.     

基于知识自组织理论的企业知识管理分析

通过指出知识自组织是企业知识管理的一个重要组成,其动力是分工协作、目的是企业知识创新、演化的形态是知识生态系统、组织形式是学习型组织,在归纳已有知识自组织研究基础上,总结了知识自组织与企业发展的关系,分析了知识自组织理论对企业知识管理的启示.     

企业理论之新解释:一个基于知识管理的模型

企业理论研究往往关注三个基本问题:"企业为什么存在、企业和市场的边界是什么";"为什么企业会有所不同,是什么原因导致了这种不同";以及这些理论如何被应用于企业以获得持久的竞争优势.本文力图在这三个方面作出理论探索:一是从知识管理的角度回答企业理论的几个基本问题;二是建立一个基于知识传输的模型,并基于这个模型提出了四个可以检验的命题;三是讨论该模型对战略管理实践的启示.     

企业知识传导研究的理论演进及评述

在分析了企业竞争优势源泉研究的演化进程基础上,分别从知识不能被传导和知识作为公共品可以零成本传导,以及知识可以传导但存在相关的障碍3个方面探讨了知识传导研究的演进过程,从而指出,企业知识和能力的传导和整合才是企业竞争优势源泉的关键。     

企业知识传导研究的理论演进及评述

在分析了企业竞争优势源泉研究的演化进程基础上，分别从知识不能被传导和知识作为公共品可以零成本传导．以及知识可以传导但存在相关的障碍3个方面探讨了知识传导研究的演进过程，从而指出，企业知识和能力的传导和整合才是企业竞争优势源泉的关键。     

从"交换记忆理论"角度谈企业知识管理

世界著名企业惠普的首席执行官曾预言：“21世纪的成功企业将是那些懂得如何获取、整理以及利用自己员工的知识的企业。”事实证明，在当今全球信息时代背景下，智力资源已成为组织竞争的首要资源。正因如此，知识管理越来越受到企业界的重视，成为企业管理中不可或缺的一个组成部分。     

高科技企业知识管理研究

"知识管理"一词来自彼得·德鲁克(Peter Drucker)的一句话,"知识工人是组成新经济的个体,在这种新经济中硬通货是知识,而知识的经济化过程是需要管理的."他在世纪交替时做出如下断言:"20世纪最重要的,也是最独特的管理的贡献,是制造业中手工工作者的生产力提高了50倍.     

"知识经济"冲击传统经济学 --从报酬递减到报酬递增

(一) 传统经济学是构建在报酬递减的假设之上的--"如果技术和生产的其他要素不变,增加其中某个要素的投入量,会使边际产量递增到一定点,超过这一定点,增加的投入量会使边际产量递减."也即经济行为会产生一种负反馈,它导致在市场上领先的产品或公司最终要走到极限,从而达到一个可以预见的价格和市场份额的平衡.这种传统经济理论强调最小效率规模:随着产量的增加、规模的扩大,企业收益呈递减趋势,成本会相应上升.这样,企业经营一旦超过适度规模,利润率就会下降,成本会相应上升.     

Volatility in the knowledge economy

Summary. We seek to explain the economic volatility of the last 6 years, in particular the rapid expansion and contraction of the knowledge sectors. Our hypothesis is that these sectors amplify the business cycle due to their increasing returns to scale, growing faster than others in an upswing and contracting faster in a downswing. To test this hypothesis we postulate a general equilibrium model with two sectors: one with increasing returns that are external to the firm and endogenously determined - the knowledge sector - and the other with constant returns to scale. We introduce a new measure of volatility of output, a real beta, and derive a resolving equation, from which we prove that the increasing return sectors exhibit more volatility then other sectors. We validate the main results on US macro economic data of real GDP by industry (2-3 digits SIC codes) of the 1977-2001 period, and provide policy conclusions.Received: 18 March 2002, Revised: 16 February 2004, JEL Classification Numbers: D5, D58, E10, L50, L52, O38, O51.Correspondence to: Graciela Chichilnisky     

浅谈"万村千乡市场工程"对我国农村经济的影响

在商务部"万村千乡市场工程"的推动下,农家店在我国广大农村地区迅速发展起来,对农村经济的发展起到了很大的促进作用.但"万村千乡市场工程"在运行中也存在一些问题,本文分析了这些问题产生的原因,并提出了相应的解决对策.     

论“新经济”之新

"新经济"是伴随经济全球化和信息技术革命而出现的一种新的经济形态。"新经济"与"知识产业"和"知识经济"息息相关,它们一脉相承,有着继承和演进的历史关系。"新经济"之新主要呈现于新技术、新产业、新业态和新模式四个方面。新技术是"新经济"发展的核心动力,新产业是"新经济"的主要载体,新业态是"新经济"的经营状态,新模式是"新经济"发展过程中通过产业联合、业态融合等方式形成的新的商业模式。     

A political economy theory of the soft budget constraint

Why do soft budget constraints exist and persist? In this paper we argue that the prevalence of soft budget constraints can be best explained by the political desirability of softness. We develop an infinite horizon political economy model where neither democratic nor autocratic politicians can commit to policies that are not ex post optimal. We show that because of the dynamic commitment problem inherent in the soft budget constraint, politicians can in essence commit to make transfers to entrepreneurs which otherwise they would not be able to do. This encourages such entrepreneurs to support them politically. Though the soft budget constraint may induce economic inefficiency, it may be politically rational because it influences the probability of political survival. In consequence, even when information is complete, politicians may fund bad projects which they anticipate they will have to bail out in the future. We show that, maybe somewhat surprisingly, dictators who are less likely to lose power, are more likely to use the soft budget constraint as a strategy to gain political support.     

On the political economy of zoning

Households choose a community in a metropolitan area and collectively set a minimum housing quality and a property tax to finance a local public good. The collective imposition of a lower bound on housing consumption induces an income-stratified equilibrium in a specification where meaningful community differentiation would not arise without zoning. We show computationally that zoning restrictions are likely to be stringent, with a majority facing a binding constraint in communities that permit it. By inducing a stratified equilibrium, zoning causes Tiebout-welfare gains in aggregate but with large welfare transfers. Relative to stratified equilibrium without zoning, the zoning equilibrium is significantly more efficient as it reduces housing-market distortions.     

On the political economy of immigration

We study how immigration policies that impose capital and skill requirements would be determined under majority voting when native agents differ in their wealth holdings and vote to maximize their income.     

论市场经济的复杂性

论证了市场经济作为一个自发生成的开放系统,其本源是非设计性的,其发展趋势是难以完全预测和驾驭的;作为一个开放的自组织系统,其本性不是像经典力学的封闭型热力学系统那样"自动趋于均衡",其常态是非均衡的、变动不居的;作为一个属人的复杂系统,其运行不能不受到具有迥然相异之意志、欲望和需求的人们的各种行为的干扰,也不能不受到它运行于其中自然环境、社会制度、历史文化、传统习俗等因素的制约,其未来充满不确定性.社会主义市场经济既具有市场经济一般意义上的复杂性,又具有基于社会主义初级阶段基本国情的特殊意义上的复杂性.中国的理论经济学研究应当正视这个基本事实.     

社区服务型经济初探

一、社区服务型经济的内涵 社区经济是城乡居民消费的主要领域,是经济体系的基础,它形成了城乡最基本的消费,并带动消费的连锁反应,强有力地支撑着城乡经济的繁荣,对一个地区的国民生产总值的形成和财政收入的实现有着极为重要的基础作用。     

Labor theory of value and the uncertainty in capitalist economy

This article aims to offer a reply to Steedman’s critique of Marx’s labor theory of value. Although this critique having been there for about three decades, the anti-critiques from Marxists are up to date flawed with fatal limitation, losing sight of an important dimension of labor theory of value, i.e., without taking it as a theoretical tool of understanding the uncertainty rooted in capitalist mode of production. The first part of this article reviews the controversy initiated by Steedman. Part 2 discusses Marx’s dual theory of market value and Rubin’s interpretation. Our view is that, if Rubin’s interpretation is accepted, a refutation of Steedman’s critique towards Marx will be impossible. Part 3 of this article explores the possible reconstruction of market value in the perspective of the dynamics in the pivoting of market value. We concludes that, the relationship between the standard condition of production and value is not, as argued by Steedman, of deterministic and one-directional character. For Marx, labor theory of value is applied to analyze the uncertain relation between the means and the end, the condition and the result of capitalist production. Meanwhile, another reply is attempted towards the negative comment on labor theory of value made by contemporary evolutionary economist such as Hodgson. In our view, Marx’s labor theory of value is not irrelevant as claimed by Hodgson to the main topics of evolutionary economics such as variety and “natural selection.” It is through labor theory of value that Marx explains the co-evolution of technology and economy.