和谐社会的政府公共支出研究

本文将政府的生产性公共支出划分为投入产品生产部门和技术生产部门两部分,通过两部门增长模型讨论了生产性公共支出比例与长期经济增长的关系,得出结论:为促进经济增长、构建社会主义和谐社会,政府对生产性公共支出在不同部门投入比例的选择应取决于其在不同部门产出弹性的比较。本文的结论为通过改变政府公共支出比例促进我国建立和谐社会、创新型社会以及转变经济增长方式提供了有力的理论支持。     

The Effect of Government Spending on the Debt‐to‐GDP Ratio: Some Keynesian Arithmetic

According to the standard approach to the issue of public debt sustainability, fiscal austerity is the route that many countries must currently follow to reduce their debt‐to‐GDP ratios back to sustainable paths. We challenge this conventional wisdom and argue that, below full employment, an increase in government spending may paradoxically reduce the debt‐to‐GDP ratio. This claim is particularly relevant today because with Central Bank interest rates near zero there is no alternative to fiscal policy, and the only argument against increasing government expenditure as a way to fight unemployment is its supposed negative effect on the state of public finances.     

我国公共支出规模对经济增长影响效应的实证分析

文章运用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的基本形式,推导出最优稳态经济增长率,并得出当政府设定的收入税税率等于政府财政支出带来的对市场生产的边际产出弹性时,政府财政支出规模处于最佳状态。通过我国公共支出规模对经济增长影响效应的实证分析,发现我国公共支出规模对经济增长具有正面影响。     

区域差异、民生支出与居民消费:理论与实证

本文在最优消费行为理论分析框架下,考虑我国区域差异中城乡居民消费的特点,将政府民生支出引入消费函数进行理论分析,并利用中国1997-2009年的面板数据,对政府民生支出与居民消费进行实证检验。研究结果表明,政府民生支出与居民消费存在正向关系;政府民生支出对农村居民消费的影响大于对城镇居民消费的影响;政府民生支出对农村居民消费的影响表现为中西部地区大于东部地区;各地区居民收入对消费的影响大于民生支出对消费的影响。因此,今后政府民生支出应向农村居民尤其是中西部地区农村倾斜,以促进居民消费的稳定增长。     

Government Spending Composition in an Endogenous Growth Model with Congestion

We build an endogenous growth model in which government expenditure is divided into public consumption and investment in public capital, and where both components suffer from some degree of congestion. We demonstrate that the socially optimal growth rate is negatively related to the degree of congestion. As regards the optimal share of government spending on infrastructure, we prove that an increase in congestion leads to a decrease in this share and that the optimal share of government spending on output can increase or decrease with congestion. In addition, we compare the social planner optimum with the second‐best outcome and show that, in this second case, welfare is lower. In this framework, we derive a necessary condition, which must hold in the second‐best equilibrium, involving the income tax rate and the share of government spending on public investment.     

SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF PUBLIC SPENDING IN A NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL

This paper analyses the effect of public expenditures in a modified Solow model of capital accumulation with optimizing agents. The model identifies optimal government size and composition of public expenditures which maximize the rate of growth in the dynamics to the steady state and the long‐run level of per capita income. Different allocations of public resources lead to different growth rates in the transitional dynamics depending on their elasticities. However effects from fiscal policy are only temporary. Finally we argue that neglecting the non‐linear nature of the relationship between government spending and growth may lead empirical studies to biased results.     

PUBLIC DEBT AS PRIVATE WEALTH: SOME EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS

Government bonds are interest‐bearing assets. Increasing public debt increases wealth, income and consumption demand. The smaller government expenditure is, the larger consumption demand must be in equilibrium, and the larger must be public debt. Conversely, lower public debt implies higher government spending and taxation. Public debt plays, thus, an important role in establishing equilibrium. It distributes output between consumers and government. In case of insufficient demand, a larger public debt entails higher private consumption and less public spending. If upper bounds on public debt are introduced (as in the Maastricht treaty), such constraints place lower bounds on taxation and public spending and may rule out macroeconomic equilibrium. As an aside, a minor flaw in Domar's (American Economic Review, 34 (4), pp. 798–827) classical analysis is corrected.     

INCOME DISTRIBUTION,TECHNICAL CHANGE AND THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

This paper explores the features of a dynamic multisectoral model that focuses on the relationship between income distribution, growth and international specialization. The model is explored both for the steady‐state properties and the transitory dynamics of integrated economies. Income inequality affects the patterns of growth and international specialization as the model uses non‐linear Engel curves and hence different income groups are characterized by different expenditure patterns. At the same time income distribution is also reflected in the relative wage rates of skilled to unskilled workers, i.e. the skill premium, and hence the wage structure affects comparative costs of industries which have different skill intensities. The model is applied to a situation that analyses qualitatively different economic development strategies of catching‐up economies (a ‘Latin American’ scenario and a ‘East Asian’ scenario).     

社会保障、包容性增长与居民消费升级

包容性增长是经济发展的最终目标,社会保障制度的不断完善,在消除贫困和促进居民消费方面发挥着重要作用,是包容性增长的有效手段。基于2010—2018年CFPS数据,以生命周期理论为基础构建理论模型,运用面板分位数、反事实估计、PSM-DID等方法探究社会保障对居民消费升级的影响。研究发现不同类型社会保障对居民消费的影响存在异质性,相较于医疗保险和政府补助,养老保险对增加居民消费倾向有积极作用,各类社会保障均有利于居民消费结构由食品支出向发展型或享受型消费升级,且对农村居民和低收入群体消费结构升级有更显著的正向作用,表明社会保障促进了中国的包容性增长。     

Is fiscal revenue concentration ratio in China too high?

This paper challenges the viewpoint that fiscal revenue concentration ratio in China is too high. First, this paper estimates China's nominal and real fiscal revenue concentration ratios at both budgetary and full‐calibre levels, and makes an international comparison using all available data of the IMF's GFS database for both developed and developing countries, revealing five stylised facts that expresses serious doubts about the statement that fiscal revenue concentration ratio in China is too high. Second, the paper proposes four indicators to measure asymmetric degree of China's central fiscal revenue concentration ratio and expenditure concentration ratio to identify whether fiscal revenue concentration ratio in China is too high. The results show that: (i) central fiscal revenue concentration ratio is lower and (ii) compared with asymmetric degree of China's central budgetary fiscal revenue concentration ratio and expenditure concentration ratio, asymmetric degree of China's central full‐calibre fiscal revenue concentration ratio and expenditure concentration ratio is more serious, indicating that the central full‐calibre revenue concentration ratio is much lower. Therefore, this paper not only disproves the view that China's fiscal revenue concentration ratio is too high, but also shows that China's fiscal revenue concentration ratio, especially at a full‐calibre level, is much lower. Further international comparison shows that asymmetric degree of China's central fiscal revenue concentration ratio and expenditure concentration ratio is ranked third in the world, and Chinese central government has the lowest ability to undertake full‐calibre fiscal expenditure among the world's countries. Finally, following the State Council's guidance on properly increasing central authority, the paper argues that it is necessary for the central government to improve central fiscal revenue concentration ratio, especially at the full‐calibre level.     

Redistribution in a Neo‐Kaleckian Two‐country Model

We investigate the interaction between demand‐driven growth and income distribution in open economies, by combining expenditure‐switching and demand spillover effects in a neo‐Kaleckian two country model. First, we specify elasticities of wage share and real exchange rate to the money wage relative to labor productivity, in order to precisely describe the distributive pass‐through from money wages to the labor share and the real exchange rate. Second, we analyze the demand effects of an increase in the money wage for given labor productivity (a redistribution towards labor) in both Home and Foreign country, as well as globally. We derive closed form results for two identical countries. These results indicate that redistribution towards labor at Home: (i) always increases growth globally if Home is wage‐led, but can lead to lower growth at Home relative to Foreign; and (ii) will always imply lower growth at Home relative to Foreign if Home is profit‐led, but can still be growth‐enhancing at Home. Thus, to the extent that countries are concerned with their relative economic performance, a fallacy of composition can emerge. Numerical simulations suggest that these fallacies could indeed occur. As a consequence, ‘returns to coordination’ over international labor policies might be substantial.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE EFFECTS OF FISCAL POLICY

The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy are analyzed using a Keynesian growth model. Comparative static analysis shows that the long‐run effects of an increase in public spending and a decrease in taxation on economic growth and government budget balance depend on the relative size of marginal propensity to consume and invest and could be positive under certain conditions. Empirical estimates show that consumption and production structure have changed significantly from 1930s to 2007; both positive and negative effects on growth and budget balance of the same fiscal policy are found in different time periods.     

Redistribution and Government Tactical Behaviour: An Analysis of Local Public Expenditure in China after the 1994 Tax Reform

During the last few decades significant changes have affected Chinese public finance. In 1994, a major tax reform was undertaken and central–local sharing arrangements were deeply modified; the evolutions of regional public expenditure in the years following the reform deserve to be analysed. The issue is relevant for two additional reasons. First, income inequality is becoming a relevant issue and it is therefore important to understand whether the Chinese government is pursuing some kind of redistribution policy. Second, an analysis of the local expenditure dynamics might provide some important information concerning the objectives and the behaviour of the Chinese government. The article considers a set of structural, political and socio‐economic variables to analyse the determinants of local public expenditure in 30 Chinese regions over the period 1995–2007. The results reveal that redistribution seems not to be a priority for the Chinese government: expenditure is higher in richer and more internationally open regions, and the only redistribution evidence that emerges is related to urban–rural disparities.     

On the Risk of a Sovereign Debt Crisis in Italy

The intention for the Italian government to stimulate business activity via large increases in government spending is not in line with the stabilisation of the public debt ratio. Instead, if such policy were implemented, the risk of a sovereign debt crisis would be high. In this article, we analyse the capacity of the Italian economy to shoulder sovereign debt under different scenarios. We conclude that focusing on growth enhancing structural reforms, would allow for moderate increases in public expenditure.     

地区财政预决算偏差与政府效率、经济增长的关系研究

为研究地区经济增长、地方政府效率等环境变量对财政预决算偏差的影响,本文构建三个理论假设并通过面板数据协整模型、误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数及面板计量模型等方法对其进行检验,结果符合预期。研究表明：上述各要素之间存在长期和短期稳定关系;地区经济增长对预决算偏差的影响最为显著,呈现正向扩大效应;地方政府效率与预决算偏差的长期关系更加稳定,且对预决算偏差具负向冲击力;财政预决算偏差中,支出偏离度与收入偏离度的关系微弱,弹性系数较低。在经济新常态背景下,为缩小预决算偏差,我国应优化地方政府绩效评价体系,降低GDP指标权重,重视提升地方政府效率,推进建设规范有序的现代财政治理机制。     

Innovation Economy,Productive Public Expenditure and Economic Growth

Multidisciplinary innovation is the main engine of growth for an increasing number of economies. Innovation requires the participation of and interaction between all economic agents. It also requires public spending on education, research and infrastructures. Our main goal is to emphasize the government's role in a growing innovation economy. Developing a non‐scale, idea‐based, one‐sector growth model with complementarities and productive public expenditure, we analyse theoretically the growth effects of an increase in productive public expenditure, which we find positive in the short, medium and long run.     

我国存在最优政府规模曲线吗

本文运用格兰杰方法对我国1978-2004年政府支出与经济增长的因果关系进行检验,结果表明:经济增长是我国政府规模的格兰杰原因,但政府规模不是经济增长的格兰杰原因。这一结论说明我国并不存在最优政府规模曲线,但验证了瓦格纳定律,同时也为我国现阶段的财政政策取向提供了有益的参照。     

公共财政视野下的财政支出结构变迁

财政支出结构优化研究的传统方法致力于探究能够促进经济增长率最大化的财政支出规模与结构,财政支出结构优化问题被视为简单的效率问题.这种思维在我国政府确立公共财政改革目标之后应该被扭转.公共支出必须服从构建和谐社会、促进协调发展的目标,必须具备公共财政所要求的公共性.本文从财政支出结构随经济发展变迁的进化论观点出发,构建财政支出结构变迁模型,通过广泛的国际比较,在公共财政视野下,对财政支出结构优化问题作出了阐释.     

Sraffian general equilibrium

If the Sraffa system of equations is augmented by consumption demand equations of households and investment demand equations of industries the result is a complete system of general equilibrium having a unique positive solution for the relative prices, absolute levels of industrial outputs, the rates of growth and profit, the real wage rate, and the shares of ownership of the capital stock. The model has been generalized to include the government sector and determine the tax rate and public expenditure. Constructive algorithms for the computation of the general equilibrium have been presented. Empirical evidence from cross‐country sources has been gathered in support of a central inference of the model viz. the long‐run convergence of industrial growth rates and rates of profit towards uniformity.     

财政分权、政府行为与地区经济增长

分税制以后,经济增长的主要政治推动力从中央政府转到地方政府。政府行为的市场化不仅为地区经济增长提供了推动力,也为地方政府官员运用现有权力和可控资源进行寻租提供了可能。从地市级层面上探究地方政府行为对银行信贷与经济增长关系的影响,并将官员腐败纳入地方政府产生干预行为的动机,可以发现,地方政府在多重利益驱动下产生的银行信贷干预行为,会对不同地区和不同类型的地市经济产生不同的影响。财政激励、晋升激励、腐败都会对银行信贷与经济增长的关系产生重要影响,但在地区之间存在差异,而且三种利益动机驱动下产生的信贷干预行为的影响程度同样存在差异,其中晋升激励和腐败行为的影响更大。