新媒体环境下我国科普场馆的数字化路径探索

科普场馆作为普及科学知识、传播科学思想和科学方法的平台，是面向公众尤其是青少年群体开展科普教育活动的重要阵地。但随着信息化技术的不断发展，以往传统的科学传播模式正面临巨大挑战，科普场馆的数字化转型成为其在新媒体环境下构建竞争力和影响力必须解决的重要课题。文章分析了科普场馆数字化现状，同时以北京地区为例分析了公众对数字化科普场馆的使用行为和认知情况，最后探讨了实现科普场馆数字化的可能路径和措施。     

Toward an ‘International Business’ Paradigm of Endogenous Growth: Multinationals and Governments as Co-Endogenisers

Endogenous growth theory has recently originated in economics. Building on this theory, this paper conceptualises the phenomenon of endogenous growth in terms of some new ideas developed in the field of international business (IB), especially Dunning's eclectic paradigm and his notion of macro-organisation policy. These ideas have so far not been linked to the notion of endogenous growth. At the same time, mainstream economics has not made much progress in exploring the MNC-government relationships through which growth-inducing 'mechanics' are created, a topic of great importance in IB. Both MNCs and governments complement each other in facilitating an efficient matching of ownership-specific assets (notably knowledge) with location-specific advantages through Dunning's OLI mechanism, thereby enabling the developing host countries to realise potential growth in an intensified manner, a new mode of endogenous growth that counteracts the law of diminishing returns. The phenomenon of MNC-cum-governmentdriven endogenous growth will be conceptualised.     

Optimal seller strategy in overlapping auctions

Little research has been conducted on a common phenomenon in today's online environment: the concurrent selling of identical products in online auctions. To fill this gap, the current research proposes a game-theoretical model to analyze the seller's optimal strategy for selling two identical items in overlapping auctions. The overlap is modeled endogenously (as the seller's decision), trading off multiple influences including the positive effect on the overlap from bidders' forward-looking behavior and the seller's time discounting, versus the negative impact from bidders' learning and varied demand (i.e., bidder entry). The combined impact of these factors governs the conditions for which a simultaneous, sequential, or partially overlapping strategy is optimal. When the effect of bidders' forward-looking behavior and/or the seller's time discounting dominates, running simultaneous auctions is optimal; when bidders' learning (and bidder entry) dominates, running sequential auctions is optimal. Partially overlapping auctions are optimal when neither effect dominates and the opposing effects are offsetting.     

Customer Participation Behavior in High- Versus Low-Contact Services: The Multiple Roles of Customer Trust

ABSTRACT

In light of the changing roles of customers from service co-producer to value co-creator, the customer participation literature has conceptualized two types of participation behavior: co-production and value co-creation. However, there is a dearth of knowledge concerning both the antecedents of customer co-creation behavior and the outcomes of such behavior in relation to customer-perceived value and loyalty. Anchored in the trust-commitment theory, the present research (a) examines the effect of how a customer's trust in the service personnel could affect his/her cooperative behavior over the service design and delivery processes; and (b) investigates how the potential impact of a customer's trust in service personnel on his/her co-design and co-delivery behavior could be made contingent upon the customer's trust in the service brand and the types of high- versus low-customer-contact service contexts. Filling the aforementioned research gaps, the present research contributes to advance our knowledge of the roles played by trust at different levels of analysis in facilitating customer participation behavior and improving our appreciation of the customer contact service contexts when designing the service organization for maximizing service value and sustaining brand loyalty over time.     

Entry mode selection and its impact on an incumbent supply chain coordination

This paper considers a supply chain where a manufacturer sells its product through a retailer. In such a market, a potential entrant can make a substitute product by imitating the incumbent's product and then sells it to the common market with one of three alternative entry modes: (i) selling through the incumbent's retailer, (ii) selling through another independent retailer, or (iii) selling directly to consumers. Faced with the entrant's entry, the manufacturer has managed to offer a value-added service to add to its product's value at a cost. We investigate the entrant's optimal entry mode when the manufacturer offers profit-sharing contracts to the retailer and when it does not, and discuss the impact of the potential invader's entry on the incumbent firms' performances. The results show that: (1) the entrant sells directly to consumers when faced with weak value competition, and sells through another retailer against fierce value competition. (2) If the value competition is relatively fierce and the efficiency of the value-added service is relatively high as well, the incumbent firms can benefit from the new entry. (3) A profit-sharing contract, as a coordination policy, can fully coordinate the incumbent supply chain no matter whether there exists a potential entrant or not, yet the entry can affect the distribution of the profits between the incumbent manufacturer and retailer.     

Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process

Regulatory focus theory delineates how people engage in self-regulation, the process of bringing oneself into alignment with one's standards and goals. At any given point in time, people may engage in self-regulation with a promotion focus or a prevention focus. When promotion-focused, people's growth and advancement needs motivate them to try to bring themselves into alignment with their ideal selves, thereby heightening the salience of potential gains to be attained (felt presence of positive outcomes). When prevention-focused, people's security and safety needs prompt them to attempt to bring themselves into alignment with their ought selves, thereby increasing the salience of potential losses to be avoided (felt absence of negative outcomes). For certain aspects of the entrepreneurial process (e.g., generating ideas with the potential to be successful), greater promotion focus is necessary. For other aspects of the entrepreneurial process (e.g., doing the “due diligence” when screening ideas), greater prevention focus is necessary. In addition to providing a framework for future research on entrepreneurship, regulatory focus theory offers some informed speculations about the level and nature of entrepreneurship that may be expected in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks.     

谈儒家师德观的主要特征及其对当代的启示

教师在从事教育教学活动中,必须遵守一定的行为规范和道德准则,包括教师的道德观念、道德修养、道德教育和道德评价。儒家学者在长期实践中形成了一整套严格的师德思想和独特的价值观念,倡导教师要博学多识、循循善诱、教书育人、为人师表、以德立教、率先垂范、以身作则等等。儒家师德观基于现代人的启示是:教师要具有人格魅力和榜样示范力量,要注重学生品德的培养和塑造,要重视师德建设与社会风尚的关系,要认清师德与学问的关系,要具有大众教育和英才教育的社会责任感,争做"经师",更要做好"人师"。     

Applications of evolutionary psychology in marketing

Evolutionary psychology is an emerging paradigm in psychological science. The current article introduces this framework to marketing scholars and presents evidence for its increasing acceptance within the social science community. As a result, a case is made for the application of evolutionary psychology to marketing, and especially consumer behavior. Application of the evolutionary framework in studying gender‐related consumption behavior is illustrated by comparing the evolutionary predictions with results obtained from previous studies, by supporting these predictions with market‐level consumption data, and by proposing new hypotheses based on this framework. Also discussed are the potential applications of evolutionary psychology to other consumption‐related phenomena like evaluation of endorser attractiveness in advertising, biologically driven consumption choices among women, consumer‐experienced emotions in service encounters, and consumption choices as inclusive fitness maximization rather than utility maximization. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The role of information asymmetry in the choice of entrepreneurial exit routes

Our quantitative study investigates the determinants of internal versus external exit routes in family firms. Building on information asymmetry theory, we examine how an owner's inferior knowledge about the abilities of potential external entrants (in contrast to family internal successors) renders a family internal transfer more likely. This information asymmetry, however, can be mitigated by activities such as owners' screening and transfer candidates' signaling efforts to reveal the candidates' abilities. Our data exhibits a positive effect of signaling and an inverted U-shaped effect of screening on the probability of external exit routes. Firm age, as a driver of emotional attachment, weakens these effects.     

A new innovation paradigm: European cohesion policy and the retreat of public science in countries in Europe's scientific periphery

This article seeks to undertake a critical assessment of the changing position of public science in the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the countries on the periphery of European research. These countries are driven by new innovation paradigm based on entrepreneurship, which are implemented within the European Smart specialization strategy (S3). This article argues that S3 is widely implemented in the cohesion countries and, while it provides substantial resources for science, technology, and innovation, it fails to provide sustainability in the public research sector. This has direct implications for policies concerning innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. In order to prove the thesis, the article provides theoretical argumentation for emergence of a new innovation paradigm, driven by the rise of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, its incorporation into S3, and a consequent retreat of science policy in favor of entrepreneurial policy. The empirical analysis is focused on the funding trends seen in the business and public research sectors over the last decade (2008–2017), which have clearly shown that S3 has not contributed, despite expectations, to an increase in public expenditure for science. This signifies S3's neglect of public research within entrepreneurial ecosystems and challenges the ability of S3 to reduce wide disparities in research and innovation performance across the European Union. This ultimately endangers the innovation potential of the entrepreneurial ecosystem itself.     

Small clicks,great effects: the immediate and delayed influence of websites containing serious games on behavior and attitude

The number of websites containing persuasive serious games and advergames has increased over the past several years, but their immediate and delayed effects on behavior are still not well understood. The present field experiment (n = 388, varied socio-professional groups) demonstrates that interactivity linked to this type of website provokes positive effects on immediate behavior (purchases of energy-saving light bulbs, ESLBs) in a ‘real setting.’ It further affected the behavior (installation of ESLBs at home), the memorization of the website's arguments, gains in knowledge, attitude, and other judgments regarding ESLBs, when measured two weeks later. The digital signature of a commitment to perform an expected behavior via a web page also provokes positive behavioral effects. This can accumulate through the effects of interactivity. We close with a discussion of the possible psychological processes involved, theoretical and practical implications and limitations as well as new perspectives for advertising and advergames research.     

A reealuation of the attentional inertia concept

Anderson's theory about children's attention behavior during television viewing hypothesizes that attention behavior is affected by (a) positive feedback (the inertia hypothesis), and (b) the degree to which a child understands the television program. During an experiment neither component of Anderson's theory was upheld. It was found that children's attention behavior is patterned and stable over time; children either have short or long attention spans. The implications for advertisers are examined.     

I Know,but I Would Rather Be Beautiful: The Impact of Self‐Esteem,Narcissism, and Knowledge on Addictive Tanning Behavior in Millennials

This research examines consumers' current level of sun protection knowledge and prevention, tanning motivation, and behavior. This baseline information provides a clearer understanding of actual consumer behavior and can be used to determine what knowledge deficits exist so that future research, educational materials, and communication efforts can be tailored to address those more directly. Additionally, the relationships between knowledge, self‐esteem, and narcissism are explored. Results show that knowledge has no impact on addictive tanning behavior, self‐esteem is negatively correlated, and narcissism is fully mediated by appearance motivation. Implications, potential regulatory, and communication efforts are discussed.     

面向全球人工智能高影响力科研人员的综合学术影响力评价模型研究

科技人才对于一国的科技创新发展至关重要,科学合理地评价科研人员的学术影响力,对于科技人才遴选、引进、管理具有重要意义,同时,也可以营造公平、公正的学术氛围,推动科技发展。本研究针对新兴科技领域知识迭代更新快的特点,提出了新兴科技领域科研人员学术影响力综合评价体系和模型,并以人工智能高影响力科研人员为例进行了分析。结果发现,成果引用情况对学术影响力影响最大,其次是学术研究能力和学术活跃程度。本研究提供了一种指标客观赋值的方法,对于科研人员学术影响力的客观评价提供支撑。     

The effects of absorptive capacity,knowledge sourcing strategy,and alliance forms on firm performance

This paper explores the relationship between absorptive capacity, knowledge sourcing strategy, alliance forms, and firm performance. Based on the literature, the concept of a knowledge sourcing strategy in alliance contexts is proposed, which can be categorised into two types: a knowledge internalisation strategy and a knowledge access strategy. From an organisational learning perspective, it is argued that a firm's absorptive capacity has a positive influence on a knowledge internalisation strategy, and accordingly a firm's choices of alliance forms are also influenced. R&D performance is also included in the theoretical model in order to generate further managerial implications. Instead of using conventional regression methods, structural equation modelling (SEM) is adopted to conduct path analysis, as SEM is well suited in verifying multiple-dependent models. The arguments advanced are supported by empirical analysis of a sample of 148 alliances.     

Modeling Organ Donation Behavior:

The present article examines organ donation behavior from the consumer behavior perspective to understand the behavior for its own sake. The theory of planned behavior was used as the framework for modeling the prospects' intention to donate organs and its antecedents. The original model and its variants were empirically tested and a more parsimonious model was proposed. Findings show that a person's attitude toward organ donation is the major determinant of his/her intention to donate organ(s). Attitude, in turn, is influenced by both positive (''good deed'') and negative (''superstition'') perceived consequences of donating organs.     

Theory building in the entrepreneurship paradigm

Ever since Newton's Principia set mathematical models at the pinnacle of a scientific paradigm, scientists in all disciplines—not just the physical sciences—have striven to express their theories mathematically. In the social sciences, mathematical models are more often than not a little more than a Laplacian fantasy. Nevertheless, mathematics is being used more and more extensively by social scientists—none more so than economists and business researchers. This paper focuses on one area of social science, entrepreneurship, and examines the difficulties of trying to use mathematics to model entrepreneurship processes.The entrepreneurial process is a dynamic, discontinuous change of state. It involves numerous antecedent variables. It is extremely sensitive to initial conditions. To build an algorithm for a physical system with those characteristics would be daunting to the most gifted applied mathematician. But when you add the requirement that the entrepreneurial process is initiated by the volition of a unique human being, mathematical modeling may be impossible, because there is “an essential non-algorithmic aspect to conscious human action.” This article argues that today's most prominent mathematical representation of entrepreneurship, population ecology, falls far short of Penrose's specification for a “useful theory.”Some observers believe that the answer to entrepreneurship theory may be found in the chaos theory—a relatively new science that was popularized by Gleick in his book Chaos: Making a New Science. This article explores the chaotic zones of several algorithms that provide alluringly simple representations for the entrepreneurial process. One of them is the fundamental equation for population ecology theory. It shows how under some conditions that equation exhibits some wild, chaotic behavior that gives an observer the feel of entrepreneurship. But it is no more than a mathematical metaphor because the accuracy of the measurements that are needed to observe true scientific chaos in the entrepreneurial process are unattainable in practice.     

International Success of Business Groups as an Indicator of National Competitiveness

Abstract

Business groups are the dominant form of large private enterprise throughout Latin America. However, relatively little academic research has attempted to identify the dominant characteristics of these groups and even fewer formal studies have examined how these groups are fairing in today's age of increased competition and globalization. While there are numerous characteristics of business groups that are worthy of examination, in this paper we focus on their foreign direct investment (FDI) activities. In order to better understand the potential strengths and weaknesses of Mexican multinationals, we draw upon Dunning's eclectic paradigm of international production and the literature examining developing country multinationals. While this body of knowledge provides a useful theoretical lens, the current FDI activity of Mexican business groups is somewhat at odds with the existing literature.     

Entrepreneurship's requisite areas of development: A survey of top executives in successful entrepreneurial firms

Precisely what does one “need to know” in order to become a successful entrepreneur? When should we first begin teaching this knowledge? How should this knowledge be conveyed? These questions and others were answered by 100 leading entrepreneurs and chief executive officers in America's fastest-growing entrepreneurial firms. Questions such as those listed above are rapidly taking on increased importance not only for enhancing U.S. national competitiveness, but also around the world. For instance, eastern block countries wish to understand these questions as they attempt to establish free market economies and foster the entrepreneurial spirit, while developing countries need answers as they turn more toward entrepreneurship as a viable vehicle for promoting economic development and improved living standards for their citizens.This research develops a theoretical framework suggesting four primary areas in which successful entrepreneurs must be developed. Specifically, these areas are content, skills and behavior, mentality, and personality. The first three areas, content, skills and behavior, and mentality are referred to as areas of creative knowledge. This is because new knowledge is brought into existence during the creation and subsequent management of growing business entities.The study analyzes the responses of 100 chief executives from Inc. magazine's list of the nation's most successful publicly held entrepreneurial firms for the years 1979–1989. A list of requisite areas of knowledge in terms of content, skills, and mentality is developed. Personality characteristics necessary for entrepreneurial achievement are also delineated. Examples of essential domains of knowledge include finance/cash management, engineering, accounting, etc. in the area of content. Leadership, communication, and human relations are some of the skills and behaviors deemed essential. Creativity, opportunistic thinking, vision, and positive thinking are examples of required mentality attributes. Self-motivation, propensity for risk-taking, and deep-seated ethical values are required in terms of personality characteristics.After determining the areas of knowledge required for successful entrepreneurship, the study goes further to determine (1) if the executives believe the knowledge can in fact be taught, (2) the priority level of importance of the knowledge, and (3) suggested methods for conveying or teaching such knowledge.The results of the study represent a first attempt in the U.S. for systematically determining, from successful entrepreneurs, the knowledge believed important for engendering successful entrepreneurship. The results will help the designers of entrepreneurship education curricula in deciding which areas might be included in such curricula and which should receive greater emphasis. Finally, while the results could very well be different in other cultures and countries, they could represent a starting point for further analysis in other parts of the world as governments, academicians, and business communities attempt to foster the entrepreneurial spirit as a means of economic development and improvement of local standards of living.     

Humanizing voice assistant: The impact of voice assistant personality on consumers’ attitudes and behaviors

A voice assistant (VA), a type of voice-enabled artificial intelligence, is no longer just a character in science fiction movies. Currently, voice is embedded in a variety of products such as smartphones (mobile applications) and smart speakers in consumers' homes. Furthermore, voice assistants are becoming integral to our daily lives. While human personalities shape the way we interact with the world, voice assistant personalities can also impact everyday interactions with our environment. This study identifies seven voice assistant personality traits (VAP) of three commonly used mobile applications: Microsoft's Cortana, Google's Assistant, and Amazon's Alexa. To examine the effect of VAP on consumer experience, this study applies and extends flow theory to uncover why VAP has the effects it has and what facets of VAP drive the voice interaction flow experience that can influence consumers' attitudes and behavioral intentions. Our study shows that voice interaction with a VA that incorporates functional intelligence, sincerity, and creativity empowers consumers to take control of their voice interactions with the VA, focus on their voice interaction, and engage in exploratory behavior. Consumers' exploratory behavior leads to consumer satisfaction and consumers' willingness to continue using voice assistant.