我国稳健货币政策下货币中介目标的效力探讨

本文重点探讨了我国货币政策现行中介目标货币供给量存在的问题,指出货币供给量内生性的存在和金融市场迅速发展,正在对我国货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的地位提出严酷挑战。最后给出本文的政策建议。考虑到目前没有适合的经济变量可以完全取代货币供应量的中介目标地位,本文认为不能简单地否定货币供应量,应通过调节货币供应量层次、改善制度环境等手段,提高货币政策的效力。     

我国货币政策中介目标的两难选择

目前,我国单一的以货币供应量或利率作为中介目标并不适宜,构建以广义货币供应量为主、利率为辅和适当监控信贷总量的复合中介目标体系将是我国目前的现实选择。     

我国货币政策中介目标的两难选择

目前,我国单一的以货币供应量或利率作为中介目标并不适宜,构建以广义货币供应量为主、利率为辅和适当监控信贷总量的复合中介目标体系将是我国目前的现实选择。     

论当前我国货币政策中介目标转型的策略

我国货币供应量中介目标在当前基本上还是有效的，但其有效性在逐步下降，对于这一点学界基本上已达成共识。而利率和汇率又不具备充当主要中介目标的条件，在这种情况下，当前还应该以货币供应量作为主要的中介目标，但也要做好放弃传统的货币供应量中介目标和中介目标转型的准备。在目前继续实施以货币供应量为主要中介目标的货币政策框架中，怎样提高它的有效性呢？在货币政策中介目标转型的过程中应该采取什么措施？     

货币供应量是现阶段我国货币政策中介目标的现实选择

近年来,由于我国货币政策效果不佳,引发了货币供应量是否适合继续充当中介目标的争论.本文通过分析货币量目标低效率的原因认为,导致我国货币政策效果不佳的原因是多方面的,不能简单地否定.当前宜不断完善货币供应量中介目标.     

我国货币政策中介目标选择研究

货币政策中介目标是中央银行货币政策对宏观经济运行产生预期影响的连接点和传送点，其选择和调整是制定货币政策的关键性步骤之一。本文对我国货币政策中介目标选择的发展过程进行了回顾，指出我国目前采用的货币政策中介目标所存在的不足，并提出了将利率作为我国货币政策的中介目标的建议。     

货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的有效性分析

1996年,货币供应量被正式确定为我国货币政策中介目标;但是,作为中介目标的货币供应量在可测性、可控性方面存在严重缺陷,而从实践情况来看,货币供应量的实际值与目标值之间存在很大的离差,在稳定价格并以此促进经济增长方面也不能令人满意;因此,随着经济金融的发展,货币供应量作为中介目标的有效性正在逐步降低。从历史角度观察,货币政策中介目标的演进趋势实际上是在不断寻找“规则”与“相机抉择”的替代和综合;而与传统政策相比,通货膨胀目标制最大的特点恰恰是实现了规则性与灵活性的高度统一,也正是由于此,受到了理论界越来越多的关注并成为我国货币政策的现实抉择。     

利率市场化改革背景下我国货币政策中介目标的选择——基于SVAR模型的实证分析

本文从利率作用机制的效率这一角度出发,利用1996Q1—2013Q3的数据,以2003Q1为节点,运用四变量SVAR模型、脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法分别考察全样本和两个子样本期间利率和货币供应量对我国货币政策最终目标的贡献率和具体效应。结果表明,货币供应量作为我国货币政策的中介目标在现阶段虽然有一定优势,但是随着利率市场化改革的推进、金融工具的发展和金融市场的完善,以及广义货币供应量可控性的逐渐降低和国内信贷调节有效性的降低,利率作为我国货币政策中介目标的条件在不断成熟。建议加快推进利率市场化改革进程,我国未来的货币政策中介目标应该向利率转移。     

我国货币政策中介目标研究——一个文献综述

近年来,一些西方发达国家相继放弃了货币供应量目标,转向了利率、通货膨胀等目标,进而在我国也引发了货币供应量能否继续充当货币政策中介目标的争论.本文认为,尽管大多数实证研究均已表明货币供应量作为中介目标的有效性正不断降低,然而从我国当前的经济金融发展情况来看,选择利率或通货膨胀目标还缺乏可行性.因此,我国面临的现实选择只能是继续以货币供应量为目标,同时稳步推进金融体系、金融制度的改革,为中介目标的转变奠定基础.     

我国实施通货膨胀目标制的可行性研究

货币政策中介目标的选择是货币政策能否发挥作用的关键.货币供应量、利率及汇率等指标都不再适合做我国货币政策的中介目标,通货膨胀率必然成为可行的选择.通货膨胀目标制的货币政策框架短期内在我国不可行,而在长期内具有可行性.     

货币中介目标的国际比较*——基于DAG SVAR模型

学术界围绕最优货币中介目标的选择,在利率、简单加总货币量、迪维西亚货币量之间争论不休。本文基于DAG SVAR模型,分别对美国、欧元区、英国的银行间隔夜拆借利率R、简单加总货币量M2、迪维西亚货币量D2对物价P、产出Y影响的相对重要性进行实证比较。结果发现,在美国,M2对Y的影响最大,R对P的影响最大;在欧元区,D2对Y的影响最大,M2对P的影响最大;在英国,M2对Y和P的影响都最大。总的来说,若货币最终目标是经济增长,则美国、英国的最优中介目标是简单加总货币量,欧元区的最优中介目标是迪维西亚货币量;若货币最终目标是物价稳定,则美国的最优中介目标是利率,欧元区、英国的最优中介目标是简单加总货币量。由此可见,对于不同的经济体或者不同的货币最终目标,最优中介目标的选择可能有所不同。本文的研究结论在一定程度上是对“利率普遍优于货币量,迪维西亚货币量普遍优于简单加总货币量”学术共识的反向补充。     

货币政策工具与中介目标选择:基于法定准备金操作的研究

利率和货币量哪个更适合作为货币政策中介目标是一个很有争议的问题,目前许多文献对这个问题的研究并不涉及货币政策工具与利率以及货币量之间的关系。这样的研究实际上隐含了一个前提,即货币政策工具和利率以及货币量之间存在明确的、稳定的关系,从而保证利率目标或者货币量是可控的。基于法定准备金操作的研究表明,法定准备金操作和货币量之间存在确定的关系,而和利率之间的关系是不确定的。导致利率和法定准备金操作关系不确定的主要原因,则是IS曲线斜率正负性的不确定性;同时,对现阶段中国IS曲线斜率稳定性的实证研究表明,其斜率正负性是不稳定的。因此,利率不适合作为货币政策中介目标。     

中国货币政策的二元传导机制——"两中介目标、两调控对象"模式研究

The research, using VAR model and economic and financial data starting from January 1998 and expiring by June 2006, by econometric methods and theoretical analysis, examines the intermediate target and transmission channel of China’s monetary policy. The results are as followings: (1) Monetary supply M2 is a good indicator for China’s monetary policy, its prediction ability to economic variables is far above other monetary variables; (2) M2 is China’s monetary intermediate target because M2 reacts systematically to the industrial added value and CPI, and M2 innovation is made by the People’s Bank of China (PBC); (3) Monetary transmission channel does not exist in China basically, the main transmission channel is bank loans, credit quota is a de facto intermediate target, which regulates macroeconomy directly and induces the changes in M2, so there are two intermediate targets—credit quota and M2, which is fundamentally the same as the situation before 1998; (4) The two intermediate targets function in different fields—credit quota for real economy and M2 for the financial market, which is a realistic choice and PBC has successfully coordinated them. These conclusions are meaningful for the practices of China’s monetary policy, which indicates that we should pay more attention to the credit quota and take it as the core variable to regulate macroeconomy. Of course, this monetary transmission mode is only effective temporarily because there are many limitations in it. In the future, it is necessary to adopt the interest rate, which is more informative, as the intermediate target, which takes the marketization of the interest rate and exchange rate as the preconditions. __________ Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2008, (10): 37–51     

中国货币政策中介目标与经济增长

货币政策中介目标是货币政策体系中的重要组成部分,合适的货币中介目标对保持国民经济持续稳定增长具有重要意义。采用基于ARDL模型的协整分析方法,对货币中介目标与中国国民经济增长的关系进行了深入研究,发现通货膨胀率对国民收入的影响幅度最大、货币供应量对国民收入的影响次之,而利率对国民收入的影响相对较小。认为在目前条件下,我国应从过于强调货币供应量指标,转向综合利用多种金融变量来指导货币政策的操作,但在将来市场体系完善后,可考虑采用通货膨胀作为货币政策中介目标。     

Examining asymmetries in the transmission of monetary policy in the euro area: Evidence from a mixed cross-section global VAR model

I estimate the transmission of a common euro area monetary policy shock across individual euro area economies. To do so, I develop a global VAR model in which all euro area economies are included individually while, at the same time, their common monetary policy is modelled as a function of euro area aggregate output growth and inflation. The results suggest that the transmission of monetary policy across euro area economies displays asymmetries, and that, in line with economic theory, these are driven by differences in economies׳ structural characteristics. In particular, euro area economies in which a higher share of aggregate output is accounted for by sectors servicing interest rate sensitive demand exhibit a stronger transmission of monetary policy to real activity. Similarly, even though the evidence is less conclusive, euro area economies which feature more real wage and/or fewer unemployment rigidities also appear to display a stronger transmission of monetary policy to real activity.     

Nonlinear monetary policy reaction functions in large emerging economies: the case of Brazil and China

This article estimates monetary policy rules for two key emerging market economies: Brazil and China. It analyses whether the monetary authority reacts to changes in economic activity, financial markets, monetary conditions, the foreign exchange market and the commodity price. We assess the importance of nonlinearity using a smooth transition regression (STR) model. Using quarterly data over the time period 1990:1 to 2008:4, we find that considerations about the output gap and the real effective exchange rate (in the case of Brazil), and the inflation rate (for China) explain the nonlinear adjustment of the central bank rate. Moreover, the results suggest that central banks pursue a target range for the threshold variable rather than a specific point target. In the case of China, the McCallum rule shows that the GDP growth, the interest rate and the commodity price drive the response of the growth rate of the relevant monetary aggregate.     

货币政策中介目标选择的理论研究与实践

货币政策中介目标在货币政策传导机制中处于非常关键的位置,货币政策中介目标的选择在理论和实践中都是一个十分重要的问题。本文讨论了货币政策中介目标的选择标准,货币政策中介目标选择的理论,然后通过对国外中介目标选择实践的考察,分析了中国中介目标选择的理论争论和实践,最后讨论了一国货币政策中介目标的选择主要应考虑的几个因素。     

Monetary policy through the ‘credit-cost channel’: Italy and Germany pre- and post-EMU

We present an empirical analysis of the ‘Credit-Cost Channel’ (CCC) of monetary policy transmission. This channel combines bank credit supply and interest rates on loans as a cost to firms. The thrust of the CCC is that it makes both aggregate demand and aggregate supply dependent on monetary policy. As a consequence (1) credit market conditions (e.g. risk spreads) are important sources and indicators of macroeconomic shocks, (2) the real effects of monetary policy are larger and persistent. We have applied the Cointegrated Vector Autoregression (CVAR) econometric methodology to Italy and Germany in the ‘hard’ EMS period and in the European Monetary Union (EMU) period. The short-run and long-run effects of the CCC are detectable for both countries in both periods. Simulation of the estimated model also confirms that inflation-targeting by way of inter-bank rate control stabilizes inflation through structural shifts of the stochastic equilibrium paths of both inflation and the output.     

On the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy and of Fiscal Policy

There has been a major shift within macroeconomic policy over the past two decades or so in terms of the relative importance given to monetary policy and to fiscal policy in both policy and theoretical terms. The former has gained considerably in importance, with the latter being rarely mentioned. Furthermore, the nature of monetary policy has shifted away from any attempt to control some monetary aggregate (prevalent in the first half of the 1980s), and instead monetary policy has focused on the setting of interest rates as the key policy instrument. There has also been a general shift towards the adoption of inflation targets and the use of monetary policy to target inflation. This paper considers the significance of this shift in the nature of monetary policy. This enables us to question the effectiveness of monetary policy, and to explore the role of fiscal policy. We examine these questions from the point of view of the "new consensus" in monetary economics and suggest that it is rather limited in its analysis. When the analysis is broadened out to embrace empirical issues and evidence the clear conclusion emerges that monetary policy is relatively impotent. The role of fiscal policy is also considered, and we argue that fiscal policy (under specified conditions) remains a powerful tool for macroeconomic policy. This is particularly an apt conclusion under current economic conditions.