ERRATUM NOTIFICATION: OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS

Page 10, subsection C of K. D. Patterson's article: The stability of some Annual Consumption Functions should read T₀–t and not t–T₀.     

Galton's fallacy and economic convergence

Friedman (1992) argues that regressing cross-country incomechanges on their final levels can be informative about -convergence(the tendency for the dispersion of income levels to narrow)whereas a similar regression on initial levels of income cannotbe. In this note we show that Bliss's (1999) dismissal of thisargument is in error.     

LABOUR SKILLS AND HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE EXPLANATION OF TRADE PATTERNS

In the discussion of the qualitative inferences to be drawnfrom the signs of _s and c₃ [OEP 43.2 p. 448], possibilities(ii), (iii) and (iv) and the beginning of the immediately followingparagraph should read:

1. if both _s and c₃ are positive and ß₃₁> ß₃₂
2. if _s is positive and c₃ is negative theneither ß₃₁and ß₃₂ are both positive andß₃₁ > ß₃₂,or they are both negativeand |ß₃₂|>|ß₃₁|,or ß₃₁ ispositive and ß₃₂ is negative.
3. if _sis negative andc₃ is positive then either ß₃₁and ß₃₂ areboth positive and ß₃₂ < ß₃₁,or theyare both negative and |ß₃₁| > |ß₃₂|,or ß₃₁ is negative and ß₃₂ is positive.

Notice that without first confirming that _s = 0 when c³ 0 nothingmuch can be said about the factor content of trade by lookingat c₃ alone; for, in terms of signs of ß₃₁ and ß₃₂,c₃ < 0 precludes only the combination (ß₃₁ <0 & ß₃₂ > 0); and c₃ > 0 precludes onlythe combination (ß₃₁ > 0 & ß₃₂ <0). Similarly...     

Survey of recent developments

The composition of the incoming cabinet has been a disappointment: the president's clear election victory seemed to give him the opportunity to appoint a more strongly reformist group of ministers. The new government says it intends to involve the private sector heavily in infrastructure provision, and that it recognises the need to improve the business environment, but there has been little concrete progress so far, and it has yet to show the will and capacity to do what is required.

In late December Aceh province was devastated by an earthquake and a catastrophic tsunami. About a quarter of a million Indonesians were killed and countless others injured. Vast numbers have lost their livelihoods, and material damage is estimated at $3 billion, although the natural gas producing facilities remain intact. The international community showed itself to be favourably disposed to the incoming government, and committed generous disaster assistance.

The economy grew increasingly rapidly in 2004, and investment spending has at last begun to record sustained high rates of growth. The budget outcome for the year is expected to be reasonably close to plan, despite the previous government's failure to reduce the enormous waste resulting from electricity and fuel price subsidies. Monetary policy was tightened toward the end of the year in response to accelerating inflation. A deposit insurance agency to be established under newly enacted legislation is unlikely to be able to prevent banking collapses, or the transfer of the resulting losses to the general public; the legislation seems merely to codify most of the actions taken on an ad hoc basis in 1999–98 when the banking system collapsed. Meanwhile, yet another banking scandal has led to the closure of a private bank, after a seemingly unwarranted delay by the central bank.

The government has announced its intention gradually to adjust electricity and fuel prices upwards. The Constitutional Court has annulled a new electricity law allowing greater private sector participation and competition in this sector, however. Similar court actions now seem likely whenever the government enacts laws aiming to enhance efficiency through these means.

After less than four years of decentralisation, the underlying laws have been replaced. The new laws can be interpreted as an attempt to shift government authority back towards the centre, but there has also been an attempt to redress the regionally inequitable fiscal impact of current revenue sharing arrangements.     

SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Managing the Indonesian economy in 2015 has proved challenging for the administration of Joko Widodo (Jokowi). In a first quarter plagued by external adversity—especially a sharp drop in exports to China—coupled with internal political paralysis and the delayed disbursement of fiscal spending, the economy recorded its lowest rate of growth since 2009. Observing relatively stable inflation, Bank Indonesia (BI), the central bank, eased its policy rate in February by 25 basis points, to 7.5%. The bank also adjusted its macroprudential measures to counter declining bank lending. On the fiscal side, the expected stimulus from fuel-subsidy reallocation and aggressive public-capital spending did not arrive. Meanwhile, tax revenue made slow progress towards its ambitious target, which it seems unlikely to attain.

Increases in supply costs made it difficult for the government to align domestic fuel prices more closely to the market. Major commodity exports fell significantly, but some manufactured exports showed hints of an upturn. The depreciation of the rupiah, the global strategies of leading investors, and the introduction of taxexemption policies that have been tested in neighbouring countries may have contributed to this trend. To further broaden the base of export diversification, the priorities should be to reduce business costs and enhance competition rather than enforce mandatory regulations. Jokowi has stressed that his focus on maritime development, part of a broader development strategy, includes reducing logistics costs.

The second quarter of 2015 saw the start of several projects in Jokowi's flagship ‘sea toll’ program to improve maritime connectivity. There is a concern, however, that the predominance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in strategic port operations will continue to limit competition and reduce efficiency. Jokowi's development strategy also focuses on reducing inequality. His government has implemented several distribution and redistribution policies, including the national social-security system initiated by the previous administration. The system suffered financially in its first year from low participation among those in the informal sector.     

Publications

Fritjof Tichelman, The Social Evolution of Indonesia: The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam Studies in Social History No. 5, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1980, pp. xv + 301. Recommended price A$34.00.

Michael T. Skully (editor), A Multinational Look at the Transnational Corporation, Sydney, Dryden Press, 1978 pp. iv + 278.

Julfita Rahardjo, Pauline Hendrata, T. Omas Ihromi, Mely G. Tan, Ann Way, and Hanna Papanek, Wanita Kota Jakarta: Kehidupan Keluarga dan Keluarga Berencana, Jakarta, 1980.

ASEAN in a Changing Pacific and World Economy, Ross Garnaut (ed.), Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1980, pp. xxiii + 557.     

Addressing Indonesia’s Infrastructure Deficit

Between September 2015 and February 2016, the government of President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) unveiled 10 economic policy packages in an effort to promote deregulation and support investment in key sectors. Foreign investors, at whom many of these measures are directed, have viewed the packages with a mix of cautious optimism and healthy scepticism. Investors have often heard Jokowi announce that Indonesia welcomes foreign capital, only to see these commitments countermanded by the actions of ministers and officials wanting more restrictive regulations and practices. It therefore remains uncertain whether these announcements and policy packages will lead to actual reform.

One area in which the government is showing both intent and progress is infrastructure. Decades of under-investment and poor asset management have left Indonesia with a major infrastructure deficit, the economic and social costs of which are substantial. There are encouraging signs, however. Jokowi’s administration is continuing its agenda of fiscal reform, shifting budget allocations away from energy subsidies and towards capital spending; investment approvals in infrastructure are rising fast; and the country’s four largest construction firms have reported a large jump in the value of government-awarded contracts. Recent months have also seen the completion of the Makassar–Parepare segment of the Trans-Sulawesi railway and the first stage of the New Priok Port at Tanjung Priok, while the long-awaited Umbulan Springs project, which will supply water to Surabaya and surrounding areas, has been awarded to a preferred bidder.

Demonstrating rapid progress in delivering infrastructure is clearly important to the Jokowi administration, but longer-term challenges remain. For one, Indonesia’s inefficient planning and delivery model for national roads needs to be overhauled if the country is to safeguard its economic growth. The government has yet to fully tackle this and other long-term reforms; it has, however, recently introduced regulations that augur well for new flows of private investment, such as reinstating the role of such investment in the water sector and allowing for a more realistic risk allocation in public–private partnerships.     

Survey of recent developments

The new government of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) has been performing well relative to the standards of recent governments. The confidence of the business community in Indonesia’s near-term future continues to improve, resulting in rapid growth of investment activity, steady gains on the stock market, and a return of private capital inflow. City skylines are again decorated with cranes for the construction of apartment buildings, shopping malls and the like, while expenditure on cars and motorcycles, cell phones and air travel is growing rapidly. The rate of economic growth is now not far below that typically achieved in the Soeharto era.

Macroeconomic management is broadly on the right track. The budget deficit is small enough not to pose a problem of fiscal sustainability and, although the monetary authority continues to make things difficult for itself by pursuing conflicting targets, prices remain reasonably stable. At the microeconomic level, how-ever, there are still plenty of causes for concern, the most serious of which, perhaps, is the dissipation of Indonesia’s current oil price windfall in wasteful and extraordinarily costly subsidies to domestic consumption, notwithstanding the recent increase in domestic fuel prices.

Little has been achieved in relation to privatisation, and the government has scant enthusiasm for it. Paradoxically, it is encouraging heavy private sector involvement in infrastructure, which would otherwise be provided by state enterprises. Such involvement will be difficult to achieve, partly for the same reasons that privatisation has been hindered, but not least because the government has yet to come to grips with the implications for pricing of infrastructure services if such activities are to be made profitable—a prerequisite for private sector involvement. Problems with infrastructure as they manifest themselves at lower levels of government are illustrated and analysed in this Survey by a short case study of West Java province and its capital city, Bandung.

There has been a great deal of anti-corruption activity, resulting in several high profile arrests. But this falls far short of what is required to achieve significant improvement in the performance of the public sector, broadly defined, on which healthy and sustained growth of the economy depends heavily. The government has been slow to appoint new people to the top levels of the bureaucracy, and reformist ministers have also been frustrated by civil service rules and regulations that make it exceedingly difficult to appoint the best available individuals to these and other important positions.     

The Structure of Indonesian Manufacturing Industry: An Input-Output Approach∗

The paper examines the structure of Indonesia's manufacturing sector, using data from the 1980 input-output tables., and supporting data from various industrial surveys and national accounts. An input-output analysis of sectoral linkages and factor demand (labour, proxies for skill and capital, imports) is used to derive implications for growth and employment of two contrasting industrial development strategies — a labour-intensive strategy and a more capital-intensive strategy fostering basic industries. It is argued that a labour-intensive, resource-based, and export-oriented strategy combined with selective import substitution is most likely to achieve the stated development goals of the Indonesian government.

     

Publications

J. T. M. van Laanen, Changing Economy in Indonesia, Vol 6: Money and Banking 1816–1940. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1980, pp. 167. Dfl 55.00.

Alfons van der Kraan: Lombok: Conquest, Colonization and Underdevelopment, 1870–1940, Singapore: Heinemann Education Books (Asia) Ltd, 1980, ASAA Southeast Asia Publication Series No. 5, pp. xii + 277. Cloth: A$22.50, paper: A$10.50.

T. Scarlett Epstein and Rosemary A. Watts, eds, The Endless Day: Some Case Material on Asian Rural Women. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1981, pp. xii + 179, £ 12.50, $32.00.

John Thoburn, Multinationals, Mining and Development. A Study of the Tin Industry, Farnborough: Gower Publishing Co 1981, pp. viii + 183.     

Publications

John Wong, ASEAN Economies in Perspective: A comparative study of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand London, Macmillan, 1979, pp. 217. Recommended price $A24.95 (bound), $A9.95 (paper)

H. Kötter, R.O.G. Roeder, K. H. Junghans (eds), Indonesien. Horst Erdmann Verlag, Tuebingen, 1979, pp. x + 592.

David S. Gibbons, Rodolphe de Koninck and Ibrahim Hasan, Agricultural Modersnization, Poverty and Inequality: The Distributional Impact of the Green Revolution in Regions of Malaysia and Indonesia, Farnborough, Saxon House, 1980. pp. IX + 225. A$29.50

K. Horstmann and W. Rutz The Population Distribution on Java 1971: A Map of Population Density by Sub-districts and its Analysis. I D E Statistical Data Series No. 29, Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo, 1980.     

Book Reviews

Leon A. Mears, The New Rice Economy of Indonesia, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1981, pp. xxiii + 605. Price US$15.

Alfian, Mely G. Tan, Selo Soemardjan (eds). Kemirkinan Struktural: Suatu Bunga Rampai (Structural Poverty: A Collection). Jakarta: Yayasan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial (YIIS), 1980. pp. 189. Rp 2000.

Thee Kian Wie, Pemerataan- Kemiskinan- Ketimpangan (Equalization-Poverty-Uneven Distribution), Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. 1981, pp. 152. Rp 1750.

Bulletin Leknns, Year 1 No. 2, Feb. 1982, Special Edition on Employment Opportunity, Poverty and Population Mobility in Rural Areas, pp. 146.

Mubyarto (ed.), Growth and Equity in Indonesian Agricultural Development, Jakarta: Yayasan Agro Ekonomika, 1982. pp. xv + 258.

Muriel Charras, De la forêt malefique à I'herbe divine [From Malign Jungle to Divine Grain]: La transmigration en Indonesie: Les Balinais a Sulawesi, Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de I'homme 1982, pp, viii + 341. Price Fr. 90.00.

Yujiro Hayami and Masao Kikuchi. Asian Village Economy at the Crossroads: An Economic Approach to Institutional Change, Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1981, pp. xvi + 275. Yen 4000. Geoffrey B. Hainsworth (ed.), Village-level Modernization in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Rice and Water. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 1982. pp. ix + 411. Can$34.00.

Colin MacAndrews and Chia Lin-Sien (eds.). Too Rapid Rural Development: Perceptions and Perspectives from Southeast Asia, Athens: University of Ohio Press, pp. xiv + 369. Cloth $19.95, paper $10.95.

Gary E. Hansen (ed.), Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981, pp. xiv + 312.

William L. Collier, Declining Labour Absorption (1878 to 1980) in Javanese Rice Production, Bogor: Agro-economic Survey, Rural Dynamics Study, Publication No. 2, 1980, pp. 120.     

Fiscal Stabilization Policy and Fiscal Institutions

In this paper we analyse counter-cyclical fiscal policy withinthe context of a microfounded analysis of business-cycle stabilization.We show that tax and spending instruments can have a usefulcounter-cyclical role, even after allowing for the distortionarynature of the instruments and the need for debt sustainability.A critical barrier to the use of fiscal instruments may be politicaleconomy concerns, and we survey recent suggestions involvingalternative fiscal policy institutions. Footnotes ¹ E-mail addresses: c.b.leith{at}socsci.gla.ac.uk; s.wren-lewis{at}exeter.ac.uk     

Book briefs

Agricultural mechanization and the evolution of farming systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa, World Bank publication, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and Lon‐don, 1987

Livestock development in Latin America, World Bank publication. 1986

Liberty, Market and State: Political economy in the 1980s, Wheatsheaf Books, Brighton, 1986

Law, custom and social order: The colonial experience in Malawi and Zambia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1985     

SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Summary Political and economic stability prevailed in Indonesia to early June 2007. President Yudhoyono made some badly needed changes to his cabinet, but left the core economic team unchanged. This inspired further confidence in the government's economic policies, yet it still fails to satisfy public expectations. The Lapindo mudflow disaster continues to weigh on the government, with no clear strategy apparent.

The economy shows stable macroeconomic fundamentals. Growth remained at around 6% p.a., driven mainly by investment and exports. The exchange rate strengthened and the stock market continued its rise. The central bank lowered the policy interest rate further, but this is likely to have little effect on growth, and brings some macroeconomic risks. Increasing or even maintaining current growth rates could be a challenge, given that export growth depends strongly on the global commodity boom, and improvements in the investment climate remain uncertain.

The parliament passed the long-awaited new investment law, which promises a more open and friendly investment regime. Doubts surround the implementation of the law, however. There are concerns that the new negative list could be overly protective and that the continued role of the Investment Coordinating Board may cause coordination problems among agencies and with sub-national governments. Boosting growth in manufacturing could be the key to higher overall growth. Structural change in the manufacturing sector over recent years has seen labour-intensive industry decline in terms of both output and exports, mainly because of rigid labour policies.

Efforts to boost private sector investment in infrastructure still show limited success. Implementation of regulatory and bureaucratic reforms is ineffective, and domestic financing remains in short supply. Public provision of infrastructure needs to increase, but suffers from shortcomings in fiscal management and a mismatch between the often cross-district nature of infrastructure projects and the now strongly district-based budgetary authority. Electricity supply exemplifies how the lack of well-designed investment strategies limits Indonesia's growth potential. Power sector investment has stagnated despite strong growth in electricity demand, and current plans for coal-based capacity expansion lack thorough planning.

An emerging long-term challenge for policy makers is climate change. Ahead of the December UN climate change conference in Bali, recent reports have highlighted Indonesia's vulnerability to climate change and its contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly from deforestation. Slowing or halting of deforestation is unlikely to occur without large-scale international financial flows.     

Book briefs

World food marketing systems, Butterworth & Co, London, 1986.

Faces of hunger. An essay on poverty, justice and development, Studies in applied philosophy, Allen & Unwin, London, 1986. xiii + 178, distributed in South Africa by MacMillan South Africa, Braamfontein.

Decentralization and development — Policy implementation in developing countries, Sage Publications, London, 1983, 319 pp

Soviet interests in the Third World, Sage Publications, London, 1985, xi + 329 pp

No shortcuts to progress — African development management in perspective, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, London, 1983, xv + 223 pp.

Strategies for African Development, University of California Press, London, 1986, xii + 603 pp.

Labour and poverty In Kenya 1900‐1980, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, xii + 296, £20,00     

Publications

Mubyarto & Boediono, (Editors), Ekonomi Pancasila, Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press, 1981, pp. 263, Rp 3500.

Michael Beenstock, Health, Migration and Development, Farnborough, Gower Publishing Company, pp. vi + 183. A$23.00.

Zuidberg, Lida C. L. (ed), Family Planning in Rural West Java: The Serpong Project, Leiden, Rijksuniversiteit/Universitas Indonesia, 1978, pp. 325.

Charles Himawan, The Foreign Investment Process in Indonesia: The Role of Law in the Economic Development of a Third World Country, Singapore, Gunung Agung, 1980. Pp. xvi + 332.

Lepi Tanadjaja Tarmidi, Die Rolle der Textilindustrie im Entwicklungsprozess Indonesiens I966–1975, Hamburg University Dissertation, Hamburg, 1979. Pp. x + 240.

University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Centre, Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform in East and Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography, Boston: G. K. Hall, 557 pp + xxviii, US$51.50.     

Book Reviews

Louis T. Wells Jr., Third World Multinationals, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1983, pp. viii + 206. $17.50.

O van den Muizenberg, P. Streefland, and W. Wolters (eds), Focus on the Region in Asia, Rotterdam: Erasmus University Comparative Asian Studies Program, 1982, pp. 349.

Brian Wawn, The Economics of the ASEAN Countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, London: Macmillan, 1982, pp. ix + 180. A$48.00.

Anthony H. Chisolm and Rodney Tyers (eds), Food Security: Theory, Policy, and Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific Rim, Toronto: Lexington Books, D. C. Heath and Co., pp. xx + 359. $39.50.

Marcel Bonneff. Françoise Cayrac-Blanchard, Pierre Labrousse, Jacques Leclere. Denys Lombard, Monique Zaini-Lajoubert, Pantjasila: Trente Années de Débats Politiques en Indonésie. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de I' Homme, Etudes insulin-diennes/Archipe1 2, 1980, pp. viii + 427, illustrations, index.

Hans P. Binswanger, Robert E. Evenson, Cecilia A. Florencio & Benjamin N. F. White (eds). Rural Houshold Studies in Asia, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1980, pp. 369. US$28.00.

Ida Bagus Mantra, Population Movement in Wet Rice Communities, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1981.

A. Fujimoto (ed.), Socioeconomic Study of Rice Farming and Marketing in Indonesia: A Case Study of Gadingsari, Central Java, Tokyo: Nodai Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1982, pp. 139.

Wilbert Gooneratne (ed.), Labour Absorption in Rice-based Agriculture: Case Studies from South-east Asia, Bangkok: International Labour Office, Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion, 1982. US$5.00.

Zainab Bakir and Chris Manning (eds), Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja, Kesempatan Kerja dan Pengangguran di Indonesia (Labour Force Participation. Work Opportunities and Unemployment in Indonesia), Yogyakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Studi Kependudukan, Universitas Gadjah Mada. 1983.

Soeharsono Soemantri, Study of Indonesia's Economically Active Population, 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1982.

Priyono Tjiptoherijanto, M. Yasin, Bakir Hasan, Djunaedi Hadisumarto (eds). Sumber Daya Manusia, Kesempatan Kerja dan Pembangunan Ekonomi (Human Resources, Job Opportunities and Economic Development), Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, 1982.     

Publications

F. van Anrooy et al (eds), Between People and Statistics: Essays on Modern Indonesian History, The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1979, 316 pp. tables, diagrams. Paper: DF 139.50.

Sayogyo (ed), Ekologi Pedesaan, Sebuah Bunga Rampai (Rural Ecology, A Collection) Bogor, Yayasaan Obor and Institut Pertanian Bogor, 1982, pp 342 + xix.

Anthony Reid, The Blood of the People—Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. xx + 288. $M48.00.

Colin MacAndrews and Chia Lin Sien (eds), Southeast Asian Seas: Frontiers for Development, McGraw-Hill International Book Company, issued under the auspices of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1981, 375 pp. (no price stated).

James J. Fox (ed.), The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia, Harvard Studies in Cultural Anthropology, No.2, 1980 US$30.

Hazel Moir, ‘Occupational Mobility and the Informal Sector in Jakarta’ in S. V. Sethuraman (ed.) The Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries, ILO, Geneva, 1981, pp. 109–120.

Joel S. Kahn, Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants and the World-Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, pp. xvi + 228.

Tsuyoshi Kato, Matriliny and Migration: Evolving Minangkabau Traditions in Indonesia, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1982, pp. 267. $22.50.

M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia, Macmillan, London, 1981, pp. xv + 335. Paper, $16.95.

J. Spryt, Indonesia, An Alternative History of the Timeless Isles, Macmillan, Melbourne, 1979, pp. 214. Paper, $10.95.

G. W. Jones and H. V. Richter (eds), Population Mobility and Development: Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Development Studies Centre Monograph No. 27, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1981, pp. xi + 474. $A9.00.

W. A. Stoever, Renegotiations in International Business Transactions: The Process of Dispute-Resolution between Multinational Investors and Host Societies, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts. 1981, pp. xiii + 381.

H. Eichberg, Sozialverhalten und Regionalentwicklungsplanung: Modernisierung in der indonesischen Relationsgesellschaft (West Sumatra); Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1981, pp. 283. D. M. 66.     

Publications

Hamish McDonald, Suharto's Indonesia, Fontana Books, Melbourne, 1980. Pp. 277. Recommended price $A5.95.

William L. Collier, Social and Economic Aspects of Tidal Swamp Land Development in Indonesia, Development Studies Centre, The Australian National University, Occasional Paper No. 151, pp. 71.