企业警惕跌入“数字鸿沟”

“数字鸿沟”（ Digi ta lDivide）问题是在全球由工业社会向信息社会转变过程中，不同国家、地区、行业、企业、人群之间由于对信息、网络技术应用程度的不同以及创新能力的差别造成的“信息落差”、“知识分隔”和“贫富分化”问题。“数字鸿沟”不仅是 IT技术问题，更是带有全球性的社会问题。 　　●今天的“网盲”就是未来的“文盲” 　　●今天的数字鸿沟就是明天的财富差距 　　●今天的投入就是为明天的市场提前投资 　　2000年 8月份，记者到沈阳石蜡化工有限公司采访，总经理黄光璞给人的感觉是“ E网情深”。他说平时上班收集…     

“数字鸿沟”对RTA数字贸易规则网络发展的影响：从“信息鸿沟”到治理壁垒

RTA框架下的数字贸易规则正在快速发展，且呈现非均衡性特征。一方面，“数字鸿沟”的内涵不断扩展和延伸，逐渐由有形的“信息鸿沟”向无形的治理壁垒扩展，并深刻影响数字贸易规则的制定；另一方面，区域一体化框架下各经济体间的依赖度和相互影响力不断增强，使得数字贸易规则中的结构性力量不容忽视。为此，本文采用指数随机图模型，对RTA数字贸易规则网络形成的影响因素展开实证研究。结果表明：RTA数字贸易规则网络在数字贸易规模和数字技术水平方面呈现“马太效应”，在数字治理方面具有同配性。网络内生结构方面，网络的偏好依附和连通性均会影响RTA数字贸易规则网络中的关系形成。异质性分析结果表明：由于数字治理存在壁垒，发展中经济体仅发展数字贸易和数字技术是无法促进其参与RTA数字贸易规则网络的；经济体双方在数字服务贸易限制上的差异越小，达成RTA数字贸易规则的可能性就越高。进一步的机制研究验证了网络内生结构在RTA数字贸易规则网络关系构建中所产生的重要作用，网络内生结构在一定程度上解释了网络形成中的“马太效应”和“同配效应”。多层ERGM分析显示，各因素对不同规则条款网络影响呈现差异化特征，同时各规则条款网络间...     

《橡塑技术与装备》征订启事

“中国‘西气东输’工程的主力气田克拉2气田将在年内建成中国首座应用现代信息技术开发和管理的大型天然气田。”这个令人振奋的消息不仅意味着中国将实现天然气田的“数字化”，更是顺应了中国“数字油田”发展总体规划的步伐，向“数字油田”的发展方向又迈出了强有力的一步。     

全球"数字印刷"方兴未艾

进入数字化时代的人们不仅观念将得到全面更新，同时，工作方式和生活方式也将发生深刻变化。“数字印刷”势不可挡，我们必须迎接它的到来，通过学习和实践，成为数字化的主人，千万不要被“数字鸿沟”所羁绊，成为时代的落伍者。[编者按]     

论缩小数字鸿沟的数字化战略

数字化给人类社会带来了巨大的经济和社会效益，我国是处于数字鸿沟另一端的数字穷国，实施数字化战略，缩小与发达国家和世界平均水平的数字鸿沟，成为拉动内需的新的经济驱动力。     

中国需要的电信管制

2002年5月29日,第五次亚太经合组织(APEC)电信部长会议在上海召开,会议的主题是“缩小数字鸿沟”。中国是继韩国、澳大利亚、新加坡、墨西哥之后,第五个承办APEC电信部长会议的国家。     

中国数字经济发展水平测度、时空格局与区域差异研究

本文从数字基础设施、数字产业发展和数字经济环境3个维度构建了数字经济发展水平评价指标体系，基于2013～2020年我国31个省域相关数据，运用熵权Topsis评价法、莫兰指数、Dagum基尼系数及其分解、空间收敛模型对我国数字经济发展水平、时空格局以及区域差异进行探析。研究发现：我国数字经济发展水平持续增长，但区域“数字鸿沟”现象严重，呈现出东、中、西区域梯度式递减特征；省域数字经济发展存在“演化不变”和“演化退步”两种类型，空间正相关性的省域数量大于空间负相关性的省域数量；数字经济发展不平衡的主导因素来自于区域间差异，全国与东、中部地区数字经济发展存在绝对β收敛与条件β收敛，而西部地区在不考虑空间因素下存在绝对β收敛，不存在条件β收敛。     

中国的信息化战略：缩小信息差距

知识与信息是21世纪发展的关键因素，本文对中国信息化过程中出现的三大信息差距作了定量的计算与分析，并提出相关的政策建议。其核心观点是，信息化是21世纪发展的重大举措和机遇，缩小信息差距是中国信息化战略的重要内容、有利于促进信息产业和信息化的跨越式发展。     

声音

▲▲“财富”之声我担心的最重要的一个问题是怎么样来缩短中国和其他国家在知识上的鸿沟。——中国人大常委会副委员长成思危在论坛上举例说,“我上个星期六才从美国回来,记得一个参议院的官员说,所有从中国来的船都是满的,所有去中国的船都是空的。”这是正常的,我们出口的商     

“财富”之声

我担心的最重要的一个问题是怎么样来缩短中国和其他国家在知识上的鸿沟。——中国人大常委会副委员长成思危在论坛上举例说，“我上个星期六才从美国回来，记得一个参议院的官员说，所有从中国来的船都是满的，所有去中国的船都是空的。”这是正常的，我们出口的商品是必须用船来运输的，但是他们卖给我们的是金融、法律服务、软件等等，他们不用船运，而由飞机运，或者由他们的专业人士带到中国来。     

Digital divide and financial development in Africa

This paper analyses the influence of the digital divide on the new IMF financial development index on a panel of 34 African countries over the period 2005–2017. Using the instrumental variables technique, we arrive at the main result that ICT divide is a severe handicap for the financial systems development in Africa. The use of financial development sub-indices relating to financial institutions and financial markets, as well as their dimensions confirms the negative effect of the digital divide. Our result remains stable when we use alternative measures of financial development and ICT indicators. Furthermore, we found that the digital divide between countries is also a severe handicap for the financial development of countries lagging behind. On the other hand, countries with a technological lead or a digital dividend have relatively developed financial systems. Some recommendations have been suggested to promote digital penetration in Africa, as well as to improve the receptivity and flexibility of African financial systems.     

Who is left behind? Exploring the characteristics of China's broadband non-adopting families

China has made significant progress in broadband development. As of September 2018, 95% of China's population was covered by 4G networks. However, our estimates show that nearly 30% of China's families did not use broadband that year. This study attempts to investigate the characteristics of China's broadband left-behind families. Overall, consistent with the findings for other countries, families with a lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be broadband non-adopters. In the information society, older, poorer, rural and less educated families are left behind. It is recommended that the Chinese government shift from a top-down investment-driven policy to a user-centered demand-driven policy to address the digital divide.     

Digital divide in a developing country

Enthusiasm for the benefits of the information revolution is boundless; it promises to provide economic opportunity, growth and democratic communication. Yet, these promises are fulfilled only to those with access and competence to use these new technologies. Stark international and national contrasts exist between those who have access to the information technologies and those who have not. Despite the increasing attention digital divide issues have received in the public arena, in the academic literature, there is no consensus regarding the appropriate policy to implement. This paper draws on the different policy trajectories recommended by the literature of telecommunications development and uses them as an analytical lens to examine the case of a developing country like Mexico. It explores the underpinnings of the digital divide in Mexico and provides the data that substantiates the concept. The argument in this paper is that the Social Capital concept is useful in the design and implementation of a universal access policy. From this standpoint, the focus of the debate moves beyond short-term supply considerations to dynamic issues such as technological adoption in an asset-based community development.     

Evolution and determinants of digital divide in Brazil (2005–2013)

During the last decades, the widespread growth of information and communication technologies (ICT) has posed incentives to broaden the participation of individuals in social, political and economic dimensions of life. However, utilization of ICT also involves access to technology and infrastructure, and acquisition of skills to deal with innovations and, thus, digital literacy is, primarily, a complementary good. The digital divide expresses inequalities in access and utilization of ICT among individuals and populations in different countries. The study adopts inequalities indexes of Internet access and mobile phone ownership to measure use of ICT goods, accounting for the digital divide in Brazil. The inequality indexes are also split according to main determinants using four nationally representative survey data from 2005 to 2013. Results indicate that the digital divide among individuals is decreasing quite fast among Brazilians over time. However, there is room for policies of mass access to ICT goods based on mobile Internet broadband access. In addition, digital illiteracy, evaluated by lack of education, is one of the main determinants of the digital divide in the country, especially among elderly individuals.     

The end justifies the definition: The manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making

Based on the theory of the diffusion of innovations through social networks, the article discusses the main approaches researchers have taken to conceptualize the digital divide. The result is a common framework that addresses the questions of who (e.g. divide between individuals, countries, etc.), with which kinds of characteristics (e.g. income, geography, age, etc.), connects how (mere access or effective adoption), to what (e.g. phones, Internet, digital TV, etc.). Different constellations in these four variables lead to a combinatorial array of choices to define the digital divide. This vast collection of theoretically justifiable definitions is contrasted with the question of how the digital divide is defined in practice by policy makers. The cases of the United States, South Korea, and Chile are used to show that many diverse actors with dissimilar goals are involved in confronting the digital divide. Each of them takes a different outlook on the challenge. This leads to the question if this heterogeneity is harmful and if countries that count with a coherent national strategy and common outlook on digital development do better than others. It is shown that the effect of a coherent vision is secondary to tailor-made sector-specific efforts. On the contrary, a one-size-fits-all outlook on a multifaceted challenge might rather be harmful. This leads to the conclusion that it is neither theoretically feasible, nor empirically justifiable to aim for one single definition of the digital divide. The digital divide is best defined in terms of a desired impact. Since those are diverse, so are the definitions of the challenge. The best that can be done is to come up with a comprehensive theoretical framework that allows for the systematic classification of different definitions, such as the one presented in this article.     

中国数字经济规模测算研究——基于国际比较的视角

伴随着信息技术的快速发展及其与经济运行方式的不断融合,数字经济已被视为经济增长的“新引擎”,在世界上多数国家的发展战略中占据重要位置,数字经济规模测算研究是当前国内外统计机构与研究学者面临的亟待解决的问题。本文在系统梳理信息经济、互联网经济、数字经济演变历程的基础上,提炼数字经济的内涵与形成要素,构建数字经济规模核算框架,界定数字经济核算范围,确定数字经济产品,筛选数字经济产业,对2007—2017年中国数字经济增加值与总产出等指标进行测算,并将测算结果与美国和澳大利亚进行比较。测算结果表明:2017年,中国数字经济增加值53028.85亿元,占国内生产总值的6.46%;数字经济总产出147574.05亿元,占国内总产出的6.53%。基于国际比较的视角,2017年,中国数字经济增加值约为美国的58.12%;数字经济增加值占GDP比重低于美国0.44个百分点;2016年,中国数字经济增加值约为美国的52.77%,占GDP比重低于美国0.77个百分点,略高于澳大利亚0.03个百分点。近年来,中国数字经济增加值年均实际增长率明显高于美国和澳大利亚。2008—2017年,中国数字经济增加值年均实际增长率达14.43%,明显高于国内生产总值年均实际增长率8.27%,数字经济推动经济增长的作用明显。本文深化了数字经济规模核算框架研究,系统监测了中国数字经济的发展规模与结构,为进一步完善中国数字经济统计核算体系和提出促进数字经济高质量发展的战略措施提供参考依据。     

Does computer penetration increase farmers’ income? An empirical study from China

The diffusion and adoption of modern information technology provide new chance for China to close urban-rural income gap. This paper uses China's provincial panel data from 2002 to 2013 to investigate the effect of computer penetration on rural residents' income. A public program aiming to connect every village with broadband Internet and other rural facilities provides plausibly exogenous variation in rural residents' availability and adoption of the broadband Internet, which is used to explore the instrument variable for rural computer penetration. The results show that rural computer penetration tends to increase rural residents' income over time, but the average effect remains limited. The dynamic panel threshold effects model, which allows for both the threshold variable and other covariates to be endogenous, is further used to explore the constraints of the income-increase effect of rural computer penetration. It shows that the effect is at least doubled over the average effect estimated from instrument variables method, once the digital divide causes are removed. Our findings have important implications for the government to increase rural residents' income and reduce urban-rural income gap by encouraging rural computer usage and removing the digital divide.     

Does the digital economy generate a gender dividend for female employment? Evidence from China

Using data from the China General Social Survey, the China Family Panel Studies, and a unique dataset of enterprises' online recruitment, this research examines the effect of the digital economy on female employment. The empirical results suggest that the digital economy significantly promotes female employment. Consistent with our theoretical analysis, the estimates indicate that this relationship holds because the digital economy promotes the formation of egalitarian gender perspectives, promotes the use of digital technology, and increases labor demand emphasizing the necessity for female-preference occupations. The dividend of the digital economy is tilted toward vulnerable groups in the labor market, including the low-skilled, older, and rural workforce, and only exerts an employment promotion effect on women without parenting burden. Further examination reveals evidence that digitalization has not led to a holistic improvement in the quality of female employment. Digitalization lengthens the working hours of severely underemployed female workers, and improves women's occupational status and job satisfaction; however, it has a minimal impact on protecting employees' rights and interests or reducing overtime workers' work intensity. Nonself-employed, full-time, and part-time workers all benefit from the development of the digital economy, while self-employed workers do not. In addition, a weakening effect of digitalization on the gender employment gap is not evident, which relates to the digital economy generating a female dividend in terms of promoting gender equality and increasing labor demand but resulting in a digital gender divide in the use of digital technology.     

The role of digital technologies in open innovation processes: an exploratory multiple case study analysis

Digital transformation has undoubtedly become a key enabler of innovation as evidenced by the numerous firms that use digital technologies to manage their innovation processes. This issue is even more relevant today when innovation processes have become more open and require greater resources in the different implementation phases to capture and transfer knowledge within and outside the firm's boundaries. This implies additional challenges in managing the increasing amount of knowledge and information flows. Accordingly, digital technologies can be used and implemented to manage open innovation processes through easier access and sharing the knowledge created and transferred. Nevertheless, literature in these fields does not provide a structured view of how and why digital technologies are used to manage innovation processes in an open perspective. This paper aims to bridge this gap by adopting the theoretical lenses of change management to identify the managerial actions at organizational and process level that companies perform to implement digital technologies in their open innovation processes. Accordingly, the paper investigates how and why these managerial actions required for and enabled by digital technologies help firms to develop and nurture open innovation. From an empirical point of view, the exploratory multiple case study analyzes nine firms operating in different industries and varying in size, market share, and organizational structure.     

Club convergence and drivers of digitalization across Indian states

Disparity in the level of digitalization is a crucial driver of economic inequality in an economy. Although a pocket of its population is still bereft of the benefits of digitalization, India currently has the second highest number of internet subscribers in the world despite the nation's late adoption of digital technology. An accurate assessment of the current state of digitalization in the country is required for devising effective initiatives towards building a Digital India and bridging the nation's internal digital divide. Considering 17 major Indian states and 21 variables for 10 years, we constructed a composite index of digitalization with the help of Principal Component Method (PCM). This paper identifies factors responsible for the digitalization divide across states. In the second part of the analysis, the study confirms, with the help of club convergence test, the absence of overall convergence towards digitalization and the existence of the non-convergent group. This paper also shows that the non-convergent group of states are at the bottom of the ranking table which indicates the need for greater attention to initiatives to bridge the digital divide.