The Development of China＇s Electronics Industry： Causes and Constraints

The development of China‘s electronics industry can be attributed to supportive government policies, strong domestic market demand and the opportunities provided by the international transfer of technology in the electronic manufacturing sector. China‘s enterprises can only continue to develop through technological upgrading due to the lack of core technologies of their own. Since this process is still ongoing, China has not become a competitive country in the field of electronic technology. As a country in transition, government initiatives designed to encourage the development of the electronics industry have also undergone changes in line with economic institutional reform. Direct government intervention policies have been gradually replaced by indirect regulatory policies and the market is playing a more and more important role in the electronics industry.     

External Demand Decline-caused Industry Collapse in China

Industry collapse has become an importantphenomenon in China＇s recent economic growth fluctuation. This paper develops a simple model to analyze this phenomenon. Our analysis focuses on an external demand decline-caused industry collapse. The model reveals that the combination of large-scale decline in external demand with a horizontal domestic supply curve causes the domestic export industry to undergo a sharp decrease in output in a short period of time, which further leads to a sharp decline in employment. The conventional stabilization policy is less effective in coping with this sudden industry collapse. The Chinese Government needs to formulate an appropriate structural industry stabilization policy to cope with the sudden industry collapse, and, in particular, to implement a direct employment aid program to deal with unemployment resulting from the industry collapse.     

Geographical Distribution of Foreign Investment in China：Industrial Clusters and Their Significance

The incorporation of massive amounts of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been a major motive force behind the high-speed growth of the Chinese economy over the last decade. A high degree of geographical concentration in certain of this country is a salient feature of foreign invested enterprises (FIEs). FIEs in some industries are closely clustered in industrial zones ranging from several kilometers to more than 100 km in diameter. Such industrial clusters are a remarkable phenomenon among FDI industries. High FDI concentration is having a striking impact on the competitiveness of the enterprises involved and the regions where they are located.     

Industry-specific Real Effective Exchange Rate for China： 2000-2009

This paper measures the industry-specific real effective exchange rate （REER） for China by matching domestic and foreign industry-level price and trade data series. We find that after 2005 the REER appreciates more in the ＂chemical, plastics, rubber and fuels industry＂ and the ＂＇machinery and equipment industry,＂ but remains roughly constant or even depreciates in other industries. The nominal exchange rate generally accounts for over 50 percent of the aggregate real effective exchange rate JTuetuations, but this conclusion does not apply to three of nine industries. We apply the industry-specific REER to re-examine the relationship between the exchange rate and trade, and find that the industry-specific REER index performs better than the traditional aggregate REER index. We recommend that the Chinese Government officially adopt industry-specific exchange rates instead of using the aggregate effective exchange rates to evaluate the competitiveness of Chinese industries in the international market.     

China＇s Industrial Policy in Relation to Electronics Manufacturing

China has become the biggest exporter of electronic products in the world. Government policy intervention has contributed significantly to the rapid expansion of the electronics industry. The present paper examines the evolutionary development of industrial policies related to the electronics industry in China and the impacts of such policies on the shaping of the industry. In particular, the relationship between foreign funded enterprises and domestic firms are examined in detail. The future trend of the industry is also discussed in the paper, and the policy focus of the Chinese Government is predicted.     

Thought on the development direction of the modern service industry of Shandong Province

The modem service industry is based on technology, knowledge and public services. It is important to innovate and foster new economic growth, and the modem service industry is an inevitable requirement for the readjustment of the economic structure and the upgrading of the industrial structure. There are many categories in modem service industry. Thus, in Shandong Province, the service area that is characterized by high market demand, good fundamental condition, great growth potential and great driven effect, should be chosen to develop of the modem service industry. In this paper, the following industries should be developed first： the traveling industry, the finance industry, the modem logistics industry, the information service industry, the technology service industry and the community service industry. That how to develop and break through in these service areas is also put forward in this paper.     

Game analysis on enterprise technological innovation

In 21^st century, the world economy has developed to a brand-new stage, and enterprises competition has formed a new trend. At the same time, technological innovation has already become the most important foundation of the core enterprise competitiveness. In China, there are more than 22 million enterprises with different scales. Although they contribute a lot to the economic development of China, their survival and development meet gigantic challenges in the intense international competition. Therefore, it is vitally significant seeks the impulse of technological innovation and enhances the international competitiveness in order that the enterprise can make the new contribution to Chinese economic development. Through describing the present enterprises＇ scale, quantity and contribution, this paper puts forward the game question of studying technological innovation motives and costs in enterprises with different scales. Based on examples, it analyzes advantages and disadvantages of large, medium and small-sized enterprises to take technological innovation, finds out i.he Nash equilibrium between static games and infinitely repeated games, and draws the conclusion that technological innovation is necessary for medium and small-sized enterprises keeping their existence in drastic competitive market, and the large innovation is the great impulse pushing economic development. In the drastic international competition, it is very urgent for enterprises with different scales to establish and implement effective development strategy of technological innovation. The paper not only brings forward that large, medium and small-sized enterprises should adopt co-petition strategies in technological area, associating complementary and benefit from each other in order that they can achieve innovative corporation, specialization, formalization and standardization, but considers the associated innovation with win-win target. The inevitable best choice keeping different scale enterprises continually develop in the future.     

The loyalty based on Nash equilibrium theory between knowledge workers and enterprises

The competitiveness of the enterprises is the talent competition. ＂Talent＂ more often refers to ＂knowledge workers＂, the pillars of the enterprises is composed of knowledge workers. Loyal knowledge employees can enhance the core competitiveness and cohesion of the enterprise. From the Nash equilibrium theory perspective, this paper constructs the mutual loyalty model of knowledge workers and enterprises, analyzes the strategy of choice of knowledge workers and enterprises, gets a balanced strategy of pure and mixed strategy of the Nash equilibrium, and gives some proposals in increasing the mutual loyalty between knowledge workers and enterprises.     

Uncovering the Relationship between FDI, Human Capital and Technological Progress in Chinese High-technology Industries

Using a panel dataset for 28 sub-industries from 5 Chinese industries from 1995 to 2006, this paper examines the impact of human capital, R＆D expenditure and FD1 spillover on the productivity improvement of Chinese high-technology industries. The whole industry sample results suggest that human capital promotes total factor productivity, technical change and technical efficiency change, but that FDI lowers all of these factors in Chinese high-technology industry. When we distinguish between types of ownership structure in the industries, we find that human capital improves technical change but lowers technical efficiency change, whereas FDI only improves technical efficiency change in state-owned and state-controlled enterprises but reduces technical change in state-owned and state-controlled enterprises and joint ventures.     

Vehicle Industry Competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe

By writing of this study we had an objective to set up a model which is able to explain the location decisions in the Central and Eastern European region. As an initial presumption we have connected the local capital flow to the regional competitiveness and have analysed the location factors behind the decision-makings. After uncovering the theoretical background we set up a six factors model which consists of the industrial traditions, business environment, labour market, taxation, infrastructure, and local supplier network. As a final conclusion we have tried to set up ranking with the 10 analysed countries. As a research question we wanted to prove that the competitiveness gaps are existing and are even wider in the last 10 years in the Central and Eastern Europe （CEE） region. The research based on a global vehicle industry research implemented by the Szechenyi Istvan University Hungary and participated by economists and engineers as well between 2011 and 2013. The research group with economist has been dealing with different competitiveness, location and innovation issues which are occurring in the automotive industry. Besides, the engineering group tried to solve different logistics and supply chain management problems. This article shares the results about competitiveness and location factor questions.     

纺织服装业的产业关联及产业波及效果分析

纺织服装业是我国国民经济的重要部门,准确分析纺织服装业的发展现状有助于其产业调整。以2002年及2007年投入产出表为依据,利用投入产出法分析我国纺织服装业的产业关联和产业波及效果。计算结果表明纺织服装业对于国民经济的带动作用较强,但所带动的产业范围较窄,并且对出口的最终依赖度最高而对国内消费需求最终依赖度较低。基于结论,建议加强纺织服装业与纺织材料产业的有机融合以及与第三产业的关联发展,并大力开发国内需求。     

基于熵值法的浙江省海洋产业竞争力评价研究

文章以“钻石模型”为理论依据,结合海洋产业的自身特征,从生产要素、科技、环境保护、区域经济实力、国内需求、相关和支持产业等6个方面,构建区域海洋产业竞争力评价指标体系,运用熵值法进行测算,刻画浙江省海洋产业竞争力趋势及其来源。结果表明,浙江海洋产业总体竞争力呈上升态势,科技、生产要素为主要来源;区域经济实力、国内需求、相关和支持产业的影响呈递增趋势,环境保护的影响则呈下降态势。最后有针对性地提出相关建议;     

日本纺织服装产业升级及中日比较

日本纺织服装产业在面临本币升值、劳动力成本上升和贸易摩擦的内外升级压力下,通过产业转移、产品创新、淘汰落后产能,发展技术纺织品和时尚产业,提高了产品的附加值,完成了对纺织服装产业的改造。中国纺织服装产业虽然面临着与日本当年相似的升级压力,但也存在着相异特征如大国、区域发展不平衡、经济实力、制造业的核心竞争力、创新和产业政策的有效性等不如当年的日本。通过分析日本的纺织服装产业的调整过程和经验教训,并对中日纺织服装产业升级进行比较,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

全球化背景下的美国纺织服装产业与进口产品:竞争还是合作?

传统观点将进口产品的涌入单纯视为美国纺织服装产业生存和发展的负面冲击因素。然而,全球化背景下,美国纺织服装产业事实上实施了多项产业转型策略,产业运行与进口产品之间的关系也随之发生了较大变化。本文首先从理论角度对转型后的美国纺织服装产业与进口产品之间的关系进行了系统分析。研究发现,由于产业自身特点和美国特定的生产要素禀赋,美国纺织产业和服装产业选择了截然不同的转型路径,转型后的美国纺织产业与进口产品依然偏向竞争性关系,美国服装产业与进口产品则形成了合作性关系。     

An Empirical Study of OEM in Taiwan's Apparel Industry

Abstract

This paper has examined the effectiveness of the original equipment manufacturing (OEM) system in Taiwan's apparel industry from the perspective of international competitiveness. For that purpose, this study uses the following three definitions as the dependent variables in the empirical analyzes: namely, the ratio of apparel's export value to real gross domestic product (GDP); apparel's export value per unit of labor cost; and trade specialization index of Taiwan's apparel industry. The indices constructed for statistical analysis in this study illustrate clearly that international competitiveness of Taiwan's apparel industry has deteriorated from 1989 to 2005. In addition, in order to clarify those factors that have influenced the fall of international competitiveness, this study identifies three important factors—namely, wage, labor productivity, and the real effective exchange rate (REER)—and four structural and policy dummies, and then conducted multiple regressions to clarify their statistical relations with each of the dependent variable. The analytical findings show that the Taiwanese apparel industry has lost its attractiveness as an OEM production base because of the rise of wages and the fall of labor productivity. In addition, our findings show that the appreciation of the New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) in terms of REER does not influence the movement of international competitiveness in Taiwan's apparel industry.     

美国纺织服装区域性生产网络与中美纺织品协议的效应评估

为了应对全球化的挑战,美国与周边的墨西哥和加勒比海地区(CBI)国家合作,形成了一条以纵向一体化为核心的区域性纺织服装生产网络(regional production network,RPN)。由于RPN合作国家是美国纺织产业重要的出口市场,因此后者在该网络中具有既得利益。美国政府进而签订的《中芙纺织品协议》(以下简称"协议")旨在抑制后配额时代中国输美服装类产品对该RPN的冲击。本文就"协议"的实施对相关贸易流量的影响进行了评估。结果显示,"协议"已经对中国输美服装类产品产生贸易破坏效应,而墨西哥和CBI国家对美国的服装出口则从中受益。然而,研究并未显示"协议"的实施有助于美国增加纱线、面料等纺织类产品向RPN合作国家的出口,因而"协议"对美国纺织产业的实际保护效应有必要予以反思。本文的研究结论对于2008年"协议"到期后相关政策的制定和调整具有重要的借鉴意义。     

基于AHP的石狮服装行业国际竞争力评价

服装行业是石狮市经济的核心,国际化是其发展的必然趋势。本文描述了石狮服装行业现状,利用AHP分析了石狮服装行业国际竞争力,为应对低碳经济发展的呼声,提出了提高石狮服装行业国际竞争力的若干对策。     

“Flying geese” in China: The textile and apparel industry's pattern of migration

China has large regional variations in both factor endowments and levels of economic development. In principle, some industrial enterprises will relocate to the inland regions from the coastal regions to take advantage of lower wage rates and land prices, provided that the regions are different enough. However, few studies have empirically tested whether this kind of “flying geese” pattern of domestic industrial relocation has occurred on the ground or not. Using data from the textile and apparel industry from 1998 to 2011, this paper shows the existence of the “flying geese” pattern of industrial relocation. Data show that before around 2005, the textile and apparel industry was clustered in the eastern region of China, but it has since shifted toward the central and western regions.     

Adjusting to Trade Liberalisation: The Case of Firms in the South African Textile Sector

This paper examines the responses of firms in the textile industryof South Africa to that country's rapid liberalisation of tradesince the early 1990s. The data reveal that there have beenincreased exports accompanied by reductions in employment andcontraction of production of yarns and fabrics. Drawing on asurvey of companies, followed by interviews, it documents howcompetitive pressures from imports have led firms to increasetheir exports. Exporting is not, however, directly associatedwith better performance. This is due to its being a responseby many firms to weak domestic demand and the need to maintainproduction capacity. But, liberalisation has also been accompaniedby much upgrading of equipment and by increased specialisationand vertical disintegration in order to develop competitiveniches despite South Africa's manufacturing wage levels beinghigher than those of many of its international competitors.Firms focusing on non-price factors of export competitivenesshave been better performing. Firms have also been most successfulwhere technological capabilities based on the domestic marketprovided a foundation for export competitiveness. There areindications that with the restructuring induced by liberalisationthe sector is in a position more effectively to exploit itscompetitive strengths in international markets. In addition,the United States' African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)offers some stimulus for the textile industry to supply fabricsto firms in the export garment sector which previously importedthem.     

中国纺织工业结构分析及其发展路径选择

文章论述了我国的纺织工业存在的诸多问题,并认为,为了实现我国纺织产业的可持续发展,必须促进产业升级,加快行业集聚以及实施相关的宏观经济政策,从而使得我国纺织产业在全球价值链中能够获得更为有利的位置。