循环经济理论在城市生活垃圾管理系统中的应用

随着城市化进程的加速，城市生活垃圾的数量日益增多，垃圾的处理处置受到人们的广泛关注。叙述了城市生活垃圾的分类、特点；分析了目前我国城市生活垃圾管理现状及存在的主要问题；并从循环经济角度出发，提出了目前城市生活垃圾主要管理子系统的调控途径。在此基础上，指出了实现城市生活垃圾的“减量化、再循环、再利用、无害化”所需要采取的政策和措施。     

北京生活垃圾分类任重道远

北京是一座1600多万人口的特大型城市，2007年，北京市生活垃圾日产量已接近18000吨，年产量600多万吨，而且呈不断增长的态势。生活垃圾分类已经被证明是一种科学而有效的生活垃圾源头减量和资源化的手段，近年来，北京市在生活垃圾分类收集上也做了许多工作，相继发布了《北京市城市生活垃圾分类指导手册》、《物业服务企业开展垃圾分类工作方案》等相关措施和政策。     

城市生活垃圾源头分类研究——基于贵阳市南明区实证调研

近年来，许多政府部门、行业企业、社会组织积极加入生活垃圾源头分类队伍。为加强贵阳市生活垃圾源头分类管理，提升垃圾分类管理水平，本文采用文献法、问卷收集法、访谈法及实地调查法对南明区各个公共领域垃圾源头分类现状展开实证调研，对问卷进行二元Logistic回归分析，明确南明区居民生活垃圾源头分类行为的影响因素，并提出改进建议。研究发现，居民的年龄、收入、群体效应及公众宣传影响城市生活垃圾源头分类行为。未来，要加强青少年生活垃圾源头分类宣传教育，强化各群体生活垃圾源头分类行为从众效应，落实垃圾分类政策。     

高校生活垃圾处理高效化

２００２年１１月１日，西北大学投资１３０万元在校园内建成的西安首座现代化垃圾收集站投入使用。这个容量为８t的垃圾收集站，能每天收集全院教学区与生活区的生活垃圾。垃圾经过现代化压缩箱压缩、装满８t全封闭垃圾箱后，垃圾箱自动升高装上垃圾专用汽车运往垃圾填埋场，从根本上改变了各垃圾收集点脏乱差现象。（柯平）高校生活垃圾处理高效化@柯平     

融安力争三年内城镇全部实现生活垃圾无害化处理

融安讯目前，由于垃圾处理管理体制、收运方式和处理技术落后，生活垃圾的大量排放成了维持城镇可持续性发展的瓶颈。为有效解决这一问题，融安县采取了积极对应措施：一是重视抓好生活垃圾无害化处理工作．计划明年5月前完成生活垃圾无害化处理场项目筹资、招标等前期工作．6月动工建设。此工程建成，每日可无害化处理生活垃圾85吨。二是实行垃圾收集有偿服务．     

城市生活垃圾的能源化处理

据调查，城市居民每人每天产垃圾约1公斤。城市生活垃圾中含有重金属：汞、锅、铅。砷、铬等元素的多种化合物，苯、酚等有害有机物，以及医院丢弃的有毒药用品和细菌、传染病菌、病人污染物，这些垃圾会污染环境。随着世界城市化进程的加快，城市生活垃圾处理成了世界各国的难题。其实，城市生活垃圾也是一种资源。以百万人口的徐州的城市生活垃圾为例，垃圾中含有可燃物22．97％、灰份53．85％、水份23．2％，堆比重717公斤／立方米，含低热值1432．7千卡／公斤。相比于其它城市生活垃圾，徐州的城市垃圾热值属中下水平，城市规模越大，垃…     

贵州村镇生活垃圾收运模式选择——以青岩古镇为例

本文介绍了贵州省村镇生活收运及处理现状，分析目前村镇垃圾收运及处理存在的问题，以青岩古镇为例，结合生活垃圾来源、成分及产量情况，针对古镇的实际情况，提出古镇生活垃圾收运模式。     

浅述城市生活垃圾"零排放"与可持续发展

简述了我国城市生活垃圾“零排放”的必要性；通过与美国城市生活垃圾组成成分的比较。说明我国城市生活垃圾组成成分的特点和目前国内采用的垃圾处理政策：提出要实现城市生活垃圾“零排放”，达到垃圾处理的“减量化，无害化，资源化”目的，就要从政府、个人、企业三管齐下，从而实现可持续发展战略目标。     

广东建成能量自给型城市垃圾堆肥系统

目前我国垃圾的历年堆存量已达６０亿吨，随着我国人民生活水平的提高，城市生活垃圾也越来越多，我国２００多座城市已陷入垃圾包围之中。２０００年全国城市生活垃圾产量已达１．９亿吨，其中仅广东省每年生活垃圾就达９００万吨，每年还以８％的速度递增。而这些城市生活垃圾大多以露天堆放、填埋为主，不仅侵占了大量宝贵的土地资源，而且对环境造成严重的二次污染。而开发适合我国国情的新型城市垃圾综合处理与资源化利用技术，是关系到国计民生的一件大事。为此，中国科学院广州能源所就垃圾问题开展了一系列的科研工作，并针对我国城…     

构建双线并行的服务体系——浅析供销合作社参与农村生活垃圾治理工作的有效途径

<正>湖南省娄底市供销合作社统筹整合系统行业资源，创新垃圾分类模式，构建了“农村生活垃圾分类回收监督指导”和“再生资源回收利用网络”为主的“双线运行”服务体系，扎实推进农村生活垃圾低值可回收物和有害垃圾回收处理工作。近年来，湖南省娄底市供销合作社着力构建“农村生活垃圾分类回收监督指导”和“再生资源回收利用网络”为主的“双线运行”服务体系，扎实推进农村生活垃圾低值可回收物和有害垃圾回收处理工作。自2019年启动以来，累计回收处理低值可回收物6.38万吨、有害垃圾195.15吨。全市每年约减少8万吨农村生活垃圾进入终端处理，     

Memory of famine: The persistent impact of famine experience on food waste behavior

The 1959–1961 Great Famine in China was one of the most devastating events in history and had long-term effects on economic behavior. This paper seeks to provide a novel explanation for heterogeneous food waste behaviors across age cohorts from the perspective of differing famine experiences. Based on 2004–2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data, this paper constructs a difference-in-difference estimator to explore the long-term effects of the early-life famine experience of the household head on household food waste behavior in later life. The results indicate that the more serious famine that the household head experienced in early life was, the less wasted food and lost calories per capita there were, especially for adolescence during the famine. The mechanism analysis shows that households whose heads experienced the 1959–1961 Great Famine in early life tend to save more than those whose head did not. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the formation of preference and the variation in household food waste behaviors across age cohorts.     

我国城市餐厨废弃物现状调查与分析

餐厨废弃物作为城市生活垃圾管理的内容之一,对城市经济、社会、生态环境及居民的正常生活的影响越来越大。城市饮食服务、单位食堂以及家庭等每天都会产生大量的餐厨废弃物,包括餐饮业垃圾、食品行业尾料等。以调查问卷的方式,选择北京市、深圳市和银川市作为样本,对其餐厨废弃物收集、转运、处置现状及饲料化利用情况进行摸底调查,并提出我国餐厨废弃物饲料化利用的对策建议。     

城市居民垃圾分类认知、态度及影响因素——基于福州市的调查

垃圾无害化、减量化和资源化处理受居民对垃圾分类的认知和态度的显著影响.基于福州市524位居民的问卷调查,分析了居民对垃圾分类的认知和态度,并采用Logistic模型甄别其影响因素.结果表明:居民对垃圾分类方法的认知水平较低,但大多认为有必要推行垃圾分类;年龄、户籍和宣传教育显著影响居民垃圾分类认知;社会压力、个人准则、公共意识和户籍显著影响居民垃圾分类态度.基于此,提出了多渠道增加垃圾分类意义和方法宣传、推动垃圾分类文化建设、完善社区垃圾分类设施等建议.     

上海城市生活垃圾处置及污染防治对策研究

在对上海城市生活垃圾产量及组成特性分析的基础上,从技术可靠性、环境协调性和经济适用性对填埋、焚烧、生化处理三个垃圾处置方式进行了评价,并提出适合上海实际情况的生活垃圾处置技术路线.此外,对三种垃圾处置方式造成的环境污染和防治对策进行了探讨.     

废弃家用电器与电子产品的处理和利用

概述了我国废弃家用电器与电子产品产生现状及趋势，分析了其环境危害性，指出了目前无序回收处理存在污染环境、浪费资源等问题，提出了政策法规引导、规范化管理、生产者责任延伸、电子电器产品绿色采购及工艺技术研发等措施，并结合国内实际，设计了具有可行性的电子废物资源化处理工艺技术路线。     

The Diffusion of Local Differentiated Waste Disposal Taxes in the Netherlands

The diffusion of a novel taxing scheme (among Dutch municipalities over the period 1998–2005) is studied in which the waste disposal tax is increasing in the amount of waste a household produces. Inspection of the rise and spread of this tax shows that it is contagious: the probability of introduction is increasing in the number of neighboring municipalities that have already introduced this taxing scheme. A possible rationale is that the tax encourages the dumping of waste in neighboring municipalities. These municipalities may then introduce a similar tax to prevent dumping (spillover effect). Using panel data and a recently developed spatial probit approach (Elhorst et al. in J Appl Econom 32:422–439, 2017), it is possible to distinguish this spillover effect from time-specific effects. The results indicate the presence of strong spillovers.     

日本实施《家电再生利用法》解析

在战后日本经济高速增长时期,电视、冰箱和洗衣机被称为"三大件",并开始向普通日本家庭普及。此后,随着日本经济的发展及国民生活水平的提高,更多种类的家电产品被生产和销售。时至今日,包括"三大件"及空调等在内的家电产品已经成为普通家庭的生活必需品。与此同时,废旧家电数量也逐年上升,为了促进废旧家电中有用资源的再利用,减少废弃物的排放,构建循环型经济社会,1998年6月日本制定了《家电再生利用法》,自2001年4月开始实施。对日本实施《家电再生利用法》的成效进行分析,可以对中国发展循环经济、构建环境友好型社会提供有益借鉴。     

Determinants of Household Income Mobility in Rural China

This article uses multivariate regression and decomposition analyses to assess household income mobility determinants and their contributions to income mobility in rural China from 1989 to 2006. The findings indicate that households with lower initial income level, higher share of wage income, higher educational level of household members, larger number of non-agricultural employed household members and younger heads are more mobile. Moreover, besides initial income, change in the share of wage income, change in the share of non-agricultural employed household members, and change in average year of education of household members are the most important factors that account for income mobility. These findings necessitate more emphasis on policies that promote non-agricultural employment and education to enhance household income mobility in rural China.     

Socio-economic dimensions of small-scale agriculture: A principal component analysis

In order to study the different dimensions of small-scale farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, a principal component analysis was conducted on data obtained from a sample survey of 160 households. The following socio-economic components were extracted: Component 1 is an emerging commercial and mechanised household (i.e. it uses machinery), while Component 2 is a landless farm household that is more educated and earns more non-farm income, largely from contractor services. Component 3 is a non-farm female-headed household that depends on income from land renting and a non-farm job. This is a resource-poor household. Component 4 is a small intensive garden farmer household headed by a more educated female with better access to institutional services. Component 5 is a less educated, female-headed and land-poor household that rents in more land and is an intensive producer. Component 6 is a land-less household that rents in land and is also involved in contractor services. The implication is that policies aimed at assisting small-scale farmers should take into account the different dimensions of farmers, as economic policies may influence different households differently.     

Is Decoupling Possible? Association between Affluence and Household Carbon Emissions in the Philippines

This paper investigates whether or not affluence is associated with carbon emissions at the household level in the Philippines. While there is abundant literature on this issue, limited studies are available for developing countries. We estimate household carbon emissions by combining input–output analysis with household expenditure. The results suggest that household carbon emissions are increasing non‐monotonically with a non‐existent turning point as households accumulate more assets. This is further supported by quintile estimates showing huge disparity in emissions between poor and rich households. Although household carbon emissions in the Philippines are not alarming, evidence suggests that it is likely households will lead a carbon‐intensive lifestyle as they become more affluent.