小额信贷机构资金来源及融资杠杆率探析

小额信贷机构在促进经济增长、增加就业、推动科技创新等方面具有不可替代的作用。但较之于国外发展较为成熟的经济体,我国的小额信贷机构尚处于探索阶段,信贷资金来源受限难以满足现金需求,融资杠杆率低制约着其资本收益率,这些都限制着我国小额信贷机构的可持续发展。对比国外成功经验,我国应给予小额信贷机构更多政策扶持,提高其融资杠杆率,拓宽其资金来源。     

The Foreign Exchange Constraints to Economic Adjustment: The case of Iran

While a great deal of work has been devoted to the assessment of the effects of structural adjustment programmes, little is known about the relative importance of external financing and its contribution to the success of these adjustment programmes. This paper examines this question, using Iran's recent experience with an orthodox structural adjustment with its limited access to medium- and long-term external financing. Using the annual data for 1963-94, a three-gap model of growth is formulated and estimated in which economic growth is constrained by domestic saving, foreign exchange and public sector resource availability. The resulting foreign exchange-gap equation demonstrates a sharp trade-off between investment (capacity generation) and the capacity utilization rate. The model is simulated over the period 1995-99 under three growth path scenarios. The size of the foreign exchange gap under these growth path scenarios illustrates quite vividly the centrality of the foreign exchange constraint to the achievement of a modest growth rate in the medium-term.     

Getting help from abroad: The macroeconomics of foreign direct investment in infrastructure in low‐income countries

Infrastructure financing needs in most low‐income countries are substantial, but funding for such needs is only partly covered by national governments and aid donors. This paper introduces foreign direct investment (FDI) through public–private partnerships as a source of infrastructure financing in low‐income countries. A two‐sector open economy model is developed to assess the macroeconomic performance of FDI in infrastructure. With efficient foreign investment, an increase in revenue‐generating infrastructure investment boosts productivity and spurs private investment while stabilizing domestic prices. A direct comparison between infrastructure financed by domestic versus foreign investment shows that foreign investment creates higher output growth and welfare gains and is preferable to domestically sourced investment, irrespective of the underlying financing instrument the domestic economy is employing. FDI in non‐revenue‐generating infrastructure is also analyzed and discussed.     

The cost of capital for a multinational corporation

Evaluating foreign investments requires as inputs the costs of various sources of financing. A multinational firm could raise both debt and equity in capital markets located in different countries. This paper derives the required rates of return for a foreign investment from: domestic bonds, domestic equity, foreign bonds and foreign equity from both the domestic and foreign investors' perspectives. These required returns serve as the basic components in the calculation of the weighted cost of capital for a foreign project.     

Growth in Africa: does the source of investment financing matter?

This paper examines empirical evidence for 11 sub-Saharan African countries on the relationship between economic growth and three principal sources of investment funds: foreign aid, foreign direct investment, and domestic saving. In light of the shortcomings of traditional cross-section analyses, the time series approach is used instead. Modern time series methods are rigorously applied, beginning with unit root tests and followed by model specifications that reflect the revealed temporal behaviours of the variables in each of the 11 countries. Domestic saving seems to play a somewhat more important role in generating economic growth than foreign direct investment or foreign aid. However, the mixture of results across the 11 countries implies that, in general, it is not possible to rank one source of investment financing ahead of any other.     

上市房地产企业各生命周期阶段资本结构研究

依据国内上市房地产企业的数据资料,采用实证分析与比较分析等研究方法,以连续5年销售增长率为标准,将房地产上市公司按照企业生命周期发展规律划分为成长期(或复兴期)、成熟期和衰退期,研究各个发展阶段的资本结构特点。认为资本结构是由不同融资渠道的长时间融资活动积累而成。并以2010年数据为例,分阶段研究了不同融资方式对资本结构的影响,得出在不同发展阶段企业对资金的需求量以及盈利能力影响到融资方式的选择,在股权融资和债权融资比例不断变化的作用下,资产负债率在成长期达到最高,衰退期达到最低。     

Foreign aid,leisure–effort choice,and economic growth

Using an endogenous growth model, this paper examines the growth and welfare effects of foreign aid in the recipient economy. The emphasis is on the incentive factor of the effort–leisure choice. Besides financing public services, part of the aid is transferred to the public. This increases individual wealth, thereby providing less incentives to individuals for human capital acquisition, but with more leisure. Thus, foreign aid may not always help the growth and welfare of the economy. Taking this incentive factor into account, we further study the issue on aid allocation in achieving the highest levels of growth and welfare. Along the balanced growth path, aid allocation for welfare maximization is different from that under growth maximization.     

OPTIMAL FOREIGN BORROWING REVISITED

Foreign capital has become increasingly important in financing investment and growth in developing countries. Foreign capital flows, however, can be volatile as is evident from the recent financial crises. It has also recently been noted by researchers that there is little systematic empirical evidence that foreign capital contributes to the economic growth of developing countries. In this context, this paper attempts to theoretically reevaluate the borrowing behaviour of a developing economy that relies on foreign borrowing for its capital formation. In particular, this paper investigates the implications of different lending policies of international financial institutions. It is found that no matter whether the borrowing interest rate increases with the level of foreign debt per capita or with the foreign‐capital/total‐capital ratio, the economy always moves toward the stationary state. The result holds even when the representative agent regards the interest rate given as constant. This implies that foreign borrowing does help economic growth, irrespective of lending policies of international financial institutions.     

出口企业发展国际保理业务探析

国际保理作为一项能够提供风险担保与资金融通的综合性国际结算业务，近年来在全球范围内发展很快。联合国为应收账款立法，以便推动保理业务的正规发展。随着对外贸易总量的迅猛增长，我国的国际保理业务发展前景广阔。从市场发展趋势、中小企业融资困难等角度分析我国广泛运用国际保理的业务现状，并就如何发展这一业务进行研究，具有重要现实意义。     

发展国际贸易融资的问题和对策

中国入世后,国际贸易环境因此得以改善,中国的优势产品出口空间得以扩展,与此相俘相生的是进出口企业对中长期贸易融资的需求更加强烈,然而,现实的贸易融资无论从形式上、业务量上还是法律的健全上都无法和市场的要求相匹配,中资银行留下的市场空白外资银行来补,中资银行已有的市场份额外资银行来抢,现实迫使我们集中人才优势,培育黄金客户,完善法律法规,在控制好国际贸易融资风险的前提下．使之向多样化的方向发展．最终和外资银行分庭抗礼。     

INNOVATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT–THE CANADIAN CASE

This paper assesses the role of inventive and innovational activity in the growth process of Canada, a country which relies overwhelmingly, some 90 per cent, on the importation of technological advances and operational know-how from abroad. Canada has prospered under this arrangement but at a price. With technology came foreign capital, foreign management and substantial foreign control. To lessen Canada's dependence on foreign know-how, this country has embarked on an expanded R & D programme. But the pay-off from these efforts has been less than expected. To throw a light on the subject, the results of two new surveys are presented: one a sample survey of patents granted, the other an interview survey of large corporations. Questions examined include sources of know-how and technological advances, utilization of inventions and abandonment of innovations, R & D and innovations, domestic and foreign innovations, and the profitability of innovations. Aggregative assessment is supplemented by disaggregative analysis using cross-section and industry data.     

知识产权融资服务体系构建研究

知识产权融资存在法律制度不完善、资产评估水平低、质物处置难、银行无形资产运作能力弱等问题,在借鉴国外中小企业融资服务体系成功经验的基础上,提出了构建知识产权融资服务体系,包括融资供给系统、融资保证系统、融资辅导系统,然后从完善知识产权融资法律法规、提高商业银行知识产权融资服务水平、发展政策性金融、建立健全企业信用担保机制、建设知识产权融资辅导平台等方面,提出了融资服务体系的建设策略。     

Start-up Capital, Microenterprises and Technical Efficiency in Mexico

Access to adequate start‐up capital has been identified as an important deterrent to microenteprise development and growth. Using firm level data from Mexico's National Survey of Microenterprises, we estimate a stochastic frontier production function with inefficiency effects related to the main sources of start‐up capital. Microenterprises utilizing bank loans, carryover business capital, moneylenders and credit from clients and suppliers are more technically efficient than those relying on family, friends and on own financial sources. Bank loans led to the highest degree of technical efficiency, indicating a well‐functioning screening process despite information asymmetries. Banks tend to offer the largest average loan size with the longest terms which are significant factors in allowing microentrepreneurs to overcome financing constraints.     

非国有经济发展对中国经济增长质量影响机理研究——来自VEC模型的新证据

转轨以来,中国非国有经济的发展促进了经济增长的数量扩张.这是因为,经济非国有化改革作为一种制度创新,是一种增量式改革.这种改革使得体制内利益在未受影响的条件下,实现了帕雷托式的增长.然而,非国有经济的发展并没有带来中国经济增长质量的同比改善.这是因为,中国民营企业发展一般都过分强调以利润为中心,忽略环境成本,并且由于融资困难等因素导致了其技术创新能力的弱化;其次,中国引进的外资不仅在技术和管理创新的扩散效应上没能达到预期效果,而且日益增加的加工贸易通过转移定价方式使中国经济不能充分享有出口增长带来的利润贡献.     

The ghost of financing gap: testing the growth model used in the international financial institutions

The Harrod–Domar growth model supposedly died long ago. Still today, economists in the international financial institutions (IFIs) apply the Harrod–Domar model to calculate short-run investment requirements for a target growth rate. They then calculate a “financing gap” between the required investment and available resources and often fill the “financing gap” with foreign aid. The financing gap model has two simple predictions: (1) aid will go into investment one for one, and (2) there will be a fixed linear relationship between growth and investment in the short run. The data soundly reject these two predictions of the financing gap model.     

基于新会计准则的高校财务管理工作探讨

随着中国经济高速发展和高职院校办学规模的扩大,教育经费来源由过去单一的国家财政拨款转变为以财政拨款为主,多渠道筹措的新格局,高校财务管理处在复杂多变的环境中。基于新会计准则分析了新的会计环境下高校财务管理所面临的问题,探讨了如何加强高校财务管理,为高职教育事业的发展提供强有力的保障。     

The nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth in Bahrain

This paper explores the relationship between electricity consumption, foreign direct investment, capital and economic growth in the case of the Kingdom of Bahrain. The Cobb–Douglas production is used over the period of 1980Q1–2010Q4. We have applied the ARDL bounds testing approach and found that cointegration exists among the series. Electricity consumption, foreign direct investment and capital add in economic growth. The VECM Granger causality analysis has exposed the feedback effect between electricity consumption and economic growth and the same is true for foreign direct investment and electricity consumption. This study suggests government authorities to explore new sources of energy to achieve sustainable economic development for the long run.     

西方企业成长研究发展述评

企业成长是一种复杂的社会经济现象,一直是经济学和管理学关注和研究的课题之一。长期以来西方学者从不同角度研究了企业成长问题．并形成了许多不同的理论学派;20世纪80年代以后,实证研究方法被大量引入企业成长研究,从而推动了企业成长研究的发展。本文从经济学和管理学两个视角对西方企业成长研究成果进行重点回顾和评论,据此认为企业成长研究尚需进一步深化与完善,并指出今后研究的发展趋势。     

Productivity Growth and Organizational Learning

A new specification of the sources of productivity growth is offered. Motivated by the lack of innovation and technology adoption in backward economies, a third channel of growth related to organizational structure, work ethics, and discipline in the production process (for simplicity called organizational learning) is suggested. The suggested specification generates new insights about the dominating source of growth during the development process: organizational learning in backward economies, technology adoption in middle‐income economies, and innovation in developed economies. This adds to the current understanding of development as a transition from technology adoption to innovation. Numerical simulations of the Thai catch‐up process since 1965 illustrate the importance of organizational learning. A counterfactual experiment shows how investments in secondary education contribute to the move from organizational learning to adoption of more advanced foreign technology.     

高职院校扩建筹资渠道探析

我国的高职院校以公办为主,面对学校扩建,高校应在可承受和可控的条件下开展扩建筹资工作。扩建筹资困难是每所高校面临的主要问题,从自有资金筹措和负债资金筹措两个方面进行筹资渠道探析,以求扩宽高校的有效筹资渠道,促进高校科学合理实施扩建和学校健康发展。