后危机时代美国量化宽松货币政策退出机制与影响研究

2008年欧美国家为应对金融危机,采用量化宽松货币政策刺激经济。在此种政策的作用下,西方各国经济呈现复苏态势;但同时也造成全球资产泡沫和通胀压力。目前量化宽松货币政策已到了退出的时候,然而该项政策的退出是一个具有复杂性、依存性和外部性的系统工程,退出时机、退出策略和退出工具的选择三者相互依存和制约。大国货币政策在转变过程中需要充分考虑货币政策的调整对于全球经济增长的影响,即各国货币政策具有内在的相互依赖性和政策一体化效应。文章以美国为例,分析了中央银行(美联储)退出量化宽松政策对实体经济和世界经济的影响,提出了如何退出量化宽松货币政策的具体方法和步骤,并就我国应对美国退出量化货币宽松政策提出了政策建议。     

日美量化宽松货币政策的操作方式研究

在量化宽松货币政策的实施过程中,以日本银行为典型的"定量宽松"政策和以美联储为典型的"信贷宽松"政策在操作方式上存在着较大的差异。不同的量化宽松政策,其目标指向不同,应根据经济运行的具体状况选择不同的货币政策操作方式;我国实施宽松货币政策,应建立在对经济基本面的科学判断基础上,考虑金融体系和市场结构的特殊性,合理借鉴其他国家实践中创新的货币政策工具;宽松货币政策的实施,应该目标明确、操作审慎、可预期性强,并且前瞻性地考虑政策的退出方式。     

美日两国应对国际金融危机的量化宽松货币政策比较

在应对危机的政策选择上,当利率接近为零时,量化宽松的货币政策就成为部分国家的选择。本文选择了连续推出两轮量化宽松政策的美国和作为全球最早采用过量化宽松政策又在应对这轮危机时重启该政策的日本,介绍了国际金融危机对这两国经济造成的影响以及他们各自推行量化宽松货币政策的具体内容,并对两国货币政策的侧重点和执行效果进行了综合比较。     

2001～2006年日本量化宽松货币政策下汇率传递效应分析

日本经济长期陷入通货紧缩和日元升值而停滞不前,2001～2006年日本开创性地实施量化宽松货币政策以实现经济复苏。研究日本量化宽松货币政策下汇率传递效应问题,对于当前实践量化宽松货币政策的国家如何完善政策协调及提高政策效果有着重要的现实意义。本文基于日本月度数据展开实证,首先运用协整技术和VEC模型分非量化宽松货币政策和量化宽松货币政策两阶段来研究日元汇率传递效应的程度和变化趋势,再运用EG两步法和OLS来估算量化货币政策与国内物价之间的相关性。结果表明,量化宽松货币政策下日元汇率传递效应大大降低,这与货币当局致力于稳定通货膨胀水平密切相关。     

低利率承诺，意义重大的新型非常规货币政策工具

【摩根士丹利5月1日】面对金融风暴，各大央行不仅大力运用常规的货币政策工具——下调短期政策利率，而且动用了各种非常规货币政策工具。目前，最引人注目的是各类量化宽松和信贷放松举措，     

美联储量化宽松货币政策及对中国的影响

次贷危机以来，美联储在一系列传统宏观调控手段失效的情形下推行了非常规的“量化宽松”货币政策，企图向金融系统注入大量的流动性。本文分析“量化宽松”的政策本质，总结了其在政策导向、实质、实施效果、潜在风险等方面与中国“适度宽松”货币政策的不同；最后分析了该政策对中国的影响以及中国的应对之策。     

美国量化宽松货币政策的退出对我国宏观经济与货币政策的影响

美国退出量化宽松在全球范围内对新兴经济体造成了普遍性的打击,尤其是众多发展中国家。考虑到中国经济多年来高速增长,且中国经济体制及货币政策制度较为特殊,美国退出量化宽松货币政策对于中国的影响将和对其他新兴经济体的影响不能一概而论。本文具体阐述了美国退出量化宽松货币政策的背景、政策变动对中国宏观经济可能带来的有利及不利影响,分析了退出量化宽松对货币政策造成的冲击,认为美国退出量化宽松对中国总体影响并不会太大,且长远来看有利于中国实体经济长远发展,并就如何调整货币政策、平稳经济、减小美国货币政策变动给我国带来的负面效应提出相关对策建议。     

浅析美国量化宽松货币政策对我国外贸的影响

金融危机爆发后,美联储先后实施多轮量化宽松的货币政策,这种“以邻为壑”的货币政策对世界经济产生深刻影响。文章从量化宽松货币政策产生的背景出发,分析美国采取该项政策的原因及其对我国外贸的正面效应和负面效应,并提出了应对策略。     

美国量化宽松货币政策与我国金融体系安全问题

近期,美国新一轮量化宽松货币政策正式推出。为此,本文考察了美国量化宽松货币政策的历史,分析了量化宽松货币政策与全球性流动性泛滥的内在联系,指出了量化宽松货币政策对我国金融体系的不利影响,并有针对性的提出了保障我国金融体系安全的若干措施和建议。     

日本大地震的全球经济影响

对于中国而言，应当警惕量化宽松政策演变成常态货币政策选择的风险     

发达国家刺激经济中的定量宽松货币政策

国际金融危机中,传统货币政策在主要发达国家已失去了操作空间,为了维持虚拟经济的稳定,定量宽松货币政策被大规模使用。定量宽松货币政策是在经济陷入流动性陷阱时的一种非传统货币政策,也是虚拟经济高度发展背景下的一种必然选择。美国等发达国家的定量宽松货币政策虽然取得了一定的效果,但其对未来经济却存在着诸如通货膨胀风险等负面作用,同时这一政策的平稳退出也将是两难选择。     

美国量化宽松政策的溢出效应及对中国的影响

次贷危机爆发后,美联储为促进经济复苏,采取了扩张性财政政策和货币政策及非常规的量化宽松政策,向经济注入大量的流动性。现行的国际货币体系是以美元为主导的国际货币体系,美元作为国家货币充当国际货币使得位于中心的美国获得了铸币税,而其它国家则更多地承担了通货膨胀和金融危机的成本。当前美国量化宽松货币政策的溢出效应对中国的影响包括通货膨胀、人民币升值压力和外汇储备的损失。     

日本应对新冠疫情的经济刺激政策及其制度性扭曲

面对新冠疫情的严重冲击,日本政府通过空前财政支持,日本银行辅以超额基础货币支持等公开市场操作,一定程度上抑制了企业大规模破产、大量工人失业和严重经济衰退,同时也直接带来了日本股市的空前繁荣。但过度财政刺激极大加重了日本政府的国债负担,长期"超量化宽松"的金融政策严重扭曲了市场的资源配置功能,极大削弱了日本市场经济体制的政策应对弹性和抗打压能力,事实上形成了一种变相向国民征税的市场外循环体系和制度性扭曲。     

Japan’s quantitative monetary easing policy: Effect on the level and volatility of yield spreads

We examine the effects on the level and volatility of yield spreads of the Quantitative Monetary Easing Policy (QMEP) of the Bank of Japan (BoJ) implemented from March 19, 2001 to March 9, 2006. We adopt an Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model to analyze daily data for the five year duration of QMEP. The purpose of QMEP was to reduce short-term interest rate expectations with the goal of bringing down long term interest rates to stimulate the economy. Under QMEP, the operational target of monetary policy was taken as the current account balances (CABs) of financial institutions held at the BoJ. In support of QMEP effectiveness, we find that the policy to raise CABs was indeed associated with a decrease in yield spreads across all maturities. At the same time, the policy may have increased the volatility of yield spreads at short and medium time horizons, perhaps due to unevern demand for government security issues that nevertheless left confidence in the future of low interest rates intact. Preserving liquidity at or above the CABs target range was found to decrease yield spreads.     

Monetary policy shocks and interest rates: Further evidence on the liquidity effect

Monetary Policy Shocks and Interest Rates: Further Evidence on the Liquidity Effect. — This essay tests whether innovations in monetary policy are inversely linked with changes in interest rates. Using Mishkin’s efficient markets framework and the measures of policy innovations constructed by Boschen and Mills and Bemanke and Mihov, we find strong evidence that expansionary monetary policy shocks lower interest rates. We argue that the failure of most studies to find a significant liquidity effect is due to the endogeneity of the monetary aggregates which are used to measure policy shocks.     

Inflation Targeting in Practice: Models,Forecasts, and Hunches

This paper reviews the role that model-based forecasts play in the monetary policy process in the United Kingdom, with particular reference to the Bank of England’s new quarterly model and continuing research into other statistical approaches. The Bank’s models provide a consistent framework for considering alternative scenarios and risks but judgement always plays a large role in constructing forecasts. It is hard to say precisely how important forecasts are in driving policy decisions, but there is some evidence that the rethink of key issues during the forecast round has been a source of policy surprises. Forecasts also play a central part in communicating the Monetary Policy Committee’s thinking to the outside world. But forecasts are highly fallible. So the MPC’s forecast centered approach to inflation targeting has gone hand in hand with a determined effort to illustrate the wide range of uncertainties around its central projections.Distinguished address presented at the Fifty-Ninth International Atlantic Economic Conference, March 9–13, 2005, London, England. I am most grateful to Jens Larsen, James Bell, Fabrizio Zampolli, and Robin Windle for research support; and to Charlie Bean, Peter Andrews, Spencer Dale, Phil Evans, Laura Piscitelli, and other colleagues at the Bank of England for helpful comments.     

论中美货币政策差异及其分配效应

本文通过对货币政策的分析,认为货币政策的增长效应是有限的,分配效应是具有破坏性的,其造成的社会财富的剥夺和转移恶化了收入分配。因此,货币主义的单一规则对总量管理仍然具有很强的指导意义。本文认为,货币供给的总量管理应该永远是稳健的,结构调整应更多地依靠利率和财政政策。美元的弱势和中国的强劲增长为人民币国际化打开了空间。中国应该抓住历史机遇,积极推进人民币自由化、国际化进程。     

LOUD AND CLEAR? CAN WE HEAR WHEN THE SARB SPEAKS?

Inflation targeting is a forward‐looking framework for monetary policy that has brought unprecedented transparency to the process of monetary policy. This paper aims to assess the degree to which the South African Reserve Bank's (SARB) Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has, since the introduction of inflation targeting, successfully communicated to the public its policy analysis, and, in particular, the expected future policy changes. It follows international literature in constructing a numerical index that is used to reflect the information content of the SARB's communications, specifically the monetary policy statements that accompanied each of the MPC meetings since 2000. This method allows us to judge, systematically, the degree to which the MPC has communicated successfully, and the evolution of that success over the past nine years. We find evidence that the MPC has succeeded in signalling their likely future policy decision with consistency over this period.     

Fiscal and monetary policy in a monetary union: Credible inflation targets or monetized debt?

Fiscal and Monetary Policy in a Monetary Union: Credible Inflation Targets or Monetized Debt? —The paper examines the interrelationship between fiscal and monetary policy in a two-country monetary union. The worst scenario occurs when an independent central bank sets the nominal interest rate and responds to rising government debt/GDP ratios by monetization. The result is high inflation, high debt/GDP ratios and a large public sector. Government debt and inflation are contained if the governments bear sole responsibility for solvency, but the public sector remains excessively large. The best scenario occurs if the central bank removes the incentive for the governments to engineer surprise inflation by credible inflation targeting.