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It has become evident that Western concepts of business and management must be evaluated within their realms of application. The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of stakeholder attributes of power, legitimacy, and urgency on the stakeholder salience of shareholders, employees, customers, and community in state-owned and privatized firms in Tanzania. In general, the framework developed and used in Western studies proved useful in characterizing Tanzanian management perceptions toward stakeholders. That is, when using a common questionnaire, results were obtained that linked stakeholder saliency with underlying attributes. Nevertheless, the saliency profile for stakeholders was different in the Tanzanian culture from previous studies in the United States and Spain. In a Tanzanian context, employees, customers, and community attained inferior status compared to the results obtained in developed countries for which the theory had been developed. Profiles were also different in comparing state-owned and privatized firms in Tanzania. Results indicated that the effects on salience are similar for shareholders but different for the remaining stakeholder groups in the two categories of firms. Some policy recommendations are made as a consequence of observations, and the need for further work is acknowledged. 相似文献
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As concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) continue to evolve, the predicament facing CSR managers when attempting to balance the differing interests of various stakeholders remains a persistent management challenge. A review of the extensive literature in this field reveals that the conceptualisation of corporate approaches to responsible stakeholder management remains underdeveloped. In particular, CSR practices within the specific context of the pharmaceutical industry, a sector which particularly dramatically depicts the stakeholder management dilemmas faced by business managers, has been under-researched. To address this gap, this paper utilises qualitative, exploratory data, obtained via multiple research methods, to investigate the CSR practices of major pharmaceutical companies in the UK and Germany. The data are employed to critically re-examine and revise a previously published explanatory framework which identifies the management steps involved in CSR stakeholder engagement. The resulting revised explanatory framework is the main contribution of this paper. By abstracting those factors which influence CSR practice, it provides an analytical tool which is designed to be of practical use for business decision-makers when managing their stakeholder engagement activities. Given that the research addresses values and ideals and prescribes practical recommendations for practitioners, it is essentially applied and normative in nature. Ultimately, the framework proposes a set of steps for developing CSR strategies which could help CSR professionals to make a ‘mindset transition’ from a narrower ‘traditional’ approach to CSR to a more innovative way of thinking. 相似文献
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This article furthers the argument for a stakeholder theory that integrates into managerial decision-making the relationship between business organizations and the natural environment. The authors review the literature on stakeholder theory and the debate over whom or what should count as a stakeholder. The authors also critique and expand the stakeholder identification and salience model developed by Mitchell and Wood (1997) by reconceptualizing the stakeholder attributes of power, legitimacy, and urgency, as well as by developing a fourth stakeholder attribute: proximity. In this way, the authors provide a stronger basis for arguing for the salience of the natural environment as the primary and primordial stakeholder of the firm. 相似文献
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The aim of this research is to investigate the web of business-stakeholder relationships emerging from first integrated reports. Drawn from the stakeholder salience theory, the analysis focuses on some factors that may cause specific stakeholders to be crucial for some organizations and their ability to create value over time. More precisely, findings highlight the importance of industry membership, while entities’ nationality seems not to be a differentiating element. This study contributes to the corporate disclosure literature by analyzing an emerging reporting tool, the integrated report, and demonstrating that the link between some business characteristics and stakeholder salience seems fundamental for the representation of the impact of corporate social and environmental responsibilities on the economic performance. From a practical point of view, the impact of industry membership on corporate disclosures encourages the drafting of differentiated reporting standards across sectors, in order to improve comparability, materiality, and reliability of information. 相似文献
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Despite multiple decades of previous research, cross‐functional integration (CFI) remains a poorly understood concept. We argue for definitional clarity to differentiate CFI from other related concepts, such as interfirm integration or supply chain integration. We also argue for theoretical grounding to provide context for understanding the role of CFI within a firm as well as between firms. This article provides a foundation for researchers to move forward in creating a broader understanding of CFI as a focal construct of interest within the supply chain domain. 相似文献
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Yves Fassin 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,109(1):83-96
Stakeholder theory advocates that firms bear responsibility for the implications of their actions. However, while a firm affects or can affect stakeholders, stakeholders can also affect the corporation. Previous stakeholder theorising has neglected the reciprocal nature of responsibility. The question can be asked whether??in a spirit of reciprocity, loyalty and fairness??stakeholders should treat the corporation in a fair and responsible way. This study based on different definitions of stakeholders argues that various stakeholder attributes differ for different categories of stakeholders. This analysis presumes that the attribute of stakeholder reciprocity can probably be restricted to real stakeholders, labelled stakeowners: genuine stakeholders with a legitimate stake, the loyal partners who strive for mutual benefits. Stakeowners own and deserve a stake in the firm. Stakeholder reciprocity could be an innovative criterion in the corporate governance debate as to who should be accorded representation on the board. Corporate social responsibility should imply corporate stakeholder responsibility. 相似文献
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Maarten Vandewaerde Wim Voordeckers Frank Lambrechts Yannick Bammens 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,104(3):403-420
In the slipstream of several large-scale corporate scandals, the board of directors has gained a pivotal position in the corporate
governance debate. However, due to an overreliance on particular methodological (i.e. input–output studies) and theoretical
(i.e. agency theory) research fortresses in past board research, academic knowledge concerning how this important governance
mechanism actually operates and functions remains relatively limited. This theoretical paper aims to contribute to the promising
stream of research which focuses on behavioural perspectives and processes within the corporate board, by delving into one
of the research areas perhaps plagued most by these predominant approaches: board leadership. In adopting a team perspective
on the board of directors our study goes beyond traditional board leadership research, which has turned a blind eye on actual
leadership dynamics, by examining leadership processes and behaviours inside the board team. Specifically, we develop a conceptual
framework addressing a novel and ethical approach to team leadership within the board, i.e. shared leadership, which has previously
been demonstrated to result in performance benefits in various other team settings. 相似文献
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Four recent FTC cases on deceptive advertising were used to examine Fishbein's concepts of attribute salience and inferential belief formation. The findings suggest that (1) attributes considered salient by the FTC may not be considered by consumers when making brand choices, (2) a truthful ad may lead subjects to form incorrect inferential beliefs about product attributes (therefore, such an ad may ultimately be deceptive), and (3) information contained in advertising is processed by subjects to discount exaggerated statements, thus reducing the credibility of the ad. 相似文献
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This article deals with the concepts of values, motivations, and personal goals. These concepts are first analyzed from a conceptual standpoint. In spite of numerous attempts to define them, clear-cut definitions have yet to be found. An empirical survey confirms this theoretical analysis. It shows that individuals structure these three concepts into four meaningful dimensions oriented toward success in one's private life, professional success, success in one's social life, and humanitarianism. These results are at variance with recent published research. It is suggested that using values in marketing studies may lead to ambiguous results and that a combination of values, motivations, and personal goals may prove to be superior. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Stakeholder Theory and Managerial Decision-Making: Constraints and Implications of Balancing Stakeholder Interests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stakeholder theory is widely recognized as a management theory, yet very little research has considered its implications for
individual managerial decision-making. In the two studies reported here, we used stakeholder theory to examine managerial
decisions about balancing stakeholder interests. Results of Study 1 suggest that indivisible resources and unequal levels
of stakeholder saliency constrain managers’ efforts to balance stakeholder interests. Resource divisibility also influenced
whether managers used a within-decision or an across-decision approach to balance stakeholder interests. In Study 2 we examined
instrumental and normative implications of these two approaches. We conclude by considering the contributions of this research. 相似文献
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This paper presents new empirical evidence on the determinants of corruption, focussing on the role of globalisation and inequality. The estimates for a panel of 102 countries over the period 1995–2005 point to three main results: (i) Detection technologies, reflected in a high level of development, human capital and political rights reduce corruption, whereas natural resource rents increase corruption; (ii) Globalisation (in terms of both trade and financial openness) has a negative effect on corruption, which is more pronounced in developing countries; (iii) Inequality increases corruption, and once the role of inequality is accounted for, the impact of globalisation on corruption is halved. In line with recent theory, this suggests that globalisation – besides reducing corruption through enhanced competition – affects corruption also by reducing inequality. 相似文献
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Irene M. Herremans Jamal A. Nazari Fereshteh Mahmoudian 《Journal of Business Ethics》2016,138(3):417-435
The concept of sustainability was developed in response to stakeholder demands. One of the key mechanisms for engaging stakeholders is sustainability disclosure, often in the form of a report. Yet, how reporting is used to engage stakeholders is understudied. Using resource dependence and stakeholder theories, we investigate how companies within the same industry address different dependencies on stakeholders for economic, natural environment, and social resources and thus engage stakeholders accordingly. To achieve this objective, we conducted our research using qualitative research methods. Our findings suggest that the resource dependencies on different stakeholders lead to development of different stakeholder relationships and thus appropriate resources within the company to execute engagement strategies that are informing, responding, or involving. Our research explains why diversity exists in sustainability disclosure by studying how it is used to engage stakeholders. We find that five sustainability reporting characteristics are associated with the company’s stakeholder engagement strategy: directness of communication, clarity of stakeholder identity, deliberateness of collecting feedback, broadness of stakeholder inclusiveness, and utilization of stakeholder engagement for learning. Our study develops the literature by providing insight into companies’ choices of stakeholder engagement strategy thus explaining diversity in sustainability reporting based on the characteristics and relationships with specific stakeholders. 相似文献
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Stakeholder Multiplicity: Toward an Understanding of the Interactions between Stakeholders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
While stakeholder theory has traditionally considered organization’s interactions with stakeholders in terms of independent,
dyadic relationships, recent scholarship has pointed to the fact that organizations exist within a complex network of intertwining
relationships [e.g., Rowley, T. J.: 1997, The Academy of Management Review
22(4), 887–910]. However, further theoretical and empirical development of the interactions between stakeholders has been lacking. In this paper, we develop a framework for understanding and measuring the effects upon the
organization of competing, complementary and cooperative stakeholder interactions, which we refer to as stakeholder multiplicity.
We draw upon three forms of fit (i.e. fit as matching, fit as moderation, and fit as gestalts; Venkatraman, N.: 1989) to develop
a framework for understanding stakeholder multiplicity based upon the direction, strength, and synergies of the interacting
claims. Additionally, we draw upon the theory of stakeholder identification and salience of Mitchell et al. (1997), which
we argue provides a more relevant and significantly more illustrative explanation of the nature and effects of stakeholder
interactions upon the organization than the network approach of Rowley (1997). Furthermore, we ground our framework through
reference to three stakeholder groups (i.e. governments, customers, and employees) and the stakeholder issue of concern for
the natural environment. We propose a hierarchy of the multiplicity strength of influence of these three stakeholder groups.
Potential measurement and implications are discussed. 相似文献
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José A. Plaza-Úbeda Jerónimo de Burgos-Jiménez Eva Carmona-Moreno 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,93(3):419-442
Stakeholder Theory combines the pursuance of business goals and responsibility toward a firm’s stakeholders. Despite the wealth
of research on Stakeholder Orientation, we still have much to learn about specific measurements for several related constructs.
In this study, we draw on two samples of 129 and 151 Spanish firms, respectively, to investigate CEOs’ perceptions on Stakeholder
Integration (SI), leading to the identification of three dimensions of the construct. In this respect, our study suggests
that Knowledge of Stakeholders, Interactions between a firm and its stakeholders, and the adaptation of a firm’s behavior
to stakeholders’ demands constitute the main dimensions of SI. This construct has the potential to connect the stakeholder
and strategy literatures. 相似文献
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Mario Minoja 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,109(1):67-82
Stakeholder theory scholars have recently addressed two crucial calls: the first is for the integration of strategy and ethics, of stakeholder theory and strategic management, and the second call is for the development of a dynamic approach to stakeholder management. I have attempted to answer these calls by developing a theoretical framework that links together stakeholder management, stakeholder commitment to cooperate with the firm, key decision makers?? ethical commitment, and firm strategy. Starting from the basic assumption that managers cannot meet all stakeholders?? demands immediately and in a tailored manner, I contend, first, that an ambidextrous approach to stakeholder management is conducive to stakeholders?? commitment to cooperate for the sustainable well-being of the firm and, second, that firm strategy and key decision makers?? ethical commitment moderate the relationship between an ambidextrous stakeholder management and stakeholder commitment to cooperate. Furthermore, drawing on this theoretical framework, I attempt to address the call for the integration of strategy and ethics by proposing a three-level conceptual model that distinguishes the objectives, the field, and the levers of integration. Finally, I outline a set of propositions that, taken together, represent a first attempt to develop a dynamic approach to stakeholder management. 相似文献
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Noninvasive brain imaging was used to observe 18 subjects, each making 90 choices of three brands on a virtual (video) supermarket visit. Package height provided a control for the main experiment. Brain activations in brand choice differed from those for height discrimination, and choice times were faster when one brand was more familiar. Brand choice appeared to involve silent vocalization. Decision processes took approximately 1 s and can be seen as two halves. The first period seems to involve problem recognition and here male brain patterns differed from female. The second half concerned the choice itself. No male/female differences were observed but a different pattern was evoked where one brand was familiar and the other two were not. The right parietal cortex was strongly activated in this case. This research pioneers new techniques using relatively few subjects and against a limited theoretical background. As such it must be classified as exploratory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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《Journal of Marketing Channels》2013,20(1):55-75
Abstract This study provided an assessment of the value of American measures of trust, as used for selecting wholesalers for the channel of distribution, in measuring trust in a foreign (Thai-Chinese) setting. The study provided evidence that American measures of trust may not have merit in other cultures, particularly those which exhibit important differences from that in the United States. Various moderating variables were analyzed in the study, as to their relationship to trust, in an international setting. 相似文献
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Denise Kleinrichert 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,78(3):475-485
Ally-building can be an ethical pursuit in developing sources of power for the business manager. The commitment to social
responsibility is a source of power, as well as an ethical practice for corporate endeavors. Pfeffer promotes a business manager’s
ability to develop effectiveness with ties to powerful others in an intra-organizational environment. This paper advances an analysis about how individuals in corporations may use an inter-organizational approach to developing sources of power through a notion of corporate social responsibility. As such, a more
meaningful qualitative reciprocity between corporations and the communities in which they operate can be developed. And, this
relationship develops a source of power for the individual involved in this effort. In other words, relationships with powerful
others in the community could develop by revisiting CSR based on reciprocity and exchange of sustainability in a community,
rather than on a notion of paternal responsibility to some particular construct in society.
Denise Kleinrichert has published papers on the areas of business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and applied ethics,
as well as a book and a forthcoming chapter in socio-economic history. She has a Master in Liberal Arts degree in Humanities
with an emphasis in Social and Political Thought from the University of South Florida, as well as her Bachelors degree in
Economics with minors in Political Science and Sociology from Indiana University. She also has extensive corporate experience
in human resources and risk management. Currently, she teaches Ethics and Business and Honors Applied Ethics at University
of South Florida and is finishing her Ph.D. in Philosophy at this University. 相似文献