Predicting recovery rates using logistic quantile regression with bounded outcomes

Logistic quantile regression (LQR) is used for studying recovery rates. It is developed using monotone transformations. Using Moody’s Ultimate Recovery Database, we show that the recovery rates in different partitions of the estimation sample have different distributions, and thus for predicting recovery rates, an error-minimizing quantile point over each of those partitions is determined for LQR. Using an expanding rolling window approach, the empirical results confirm that LQR with the error-minimizing quantile point has better and more robust out-of-sample performance than its competing alternatives, in the sense of yielding more accurate predicted recovery rates. Thus, LQR is a useful alternative for studying recovery rates.     

财险公司业务增长与承保利润的关系研究

本文针对我国财险行业整体经营效益不佳的现状,从业务增长与承保利润实现的角度进行了研究。文章通过对不同的业务增长模型进行比较分析,认为在目前的会计准则下,业务快速增长是财险公司难以实现当期承保利润的原因之一,应在充分考虑增长因素影响的前提下科学客观地评价财险公司的经营业绩。     

Housing prices and flood risk: An examination using spline regression

This article examines the impact of flood risk and mandatory flood insurance on property values. Using a large data set of almost 2,000 homes sold in the New Orleans, Louisiana, area from 1971 through 1986, the analysis confirms the finding of earlier studies that location in a floodplain does reduce property values. The present study, using spline variables to adjust for locational variation in the data and an improved measure of insurance cost, reveals that much of this reduction can be attributed to mandatory flood insurance coverage. Moreover, while unexpected flooding does increase the insurance cost capitalization, repeated flooding does not seem to reduce property values further.     

非寿险承保风险引发系统性风险的复杂网络分析

本文基于我国财险业2009～2018年数据,用复杂网络理论模型构建了财险业承保业务网络,并模拟了承保风险传染过程,分析了承保风险对财险业系统性风险的影响轨迹及程度.研究发现,我国财险业承保业务网络的联系越来越密切,承保风险的增加会引发传染风险,进而导致爆发系统性风险.但当前我国财险业整体稳定,只有发生1600亿元及以上...     

保险承保风险引致系统性风险的空间复杂网络分析

基于2008-2019年中国各省份财险和寿险月度经营数据,使用TENET风险模型构建了省份间承保风险的空间溢出网络,量化了各省份承保风险可能导致的系统性风险水平,回归分析了产生影响的各种因素.结果表明,各省份承保风险空间关联性相对较低,省份间传染极低,不太可能引发系统性风险.各省份蕴含的系统性风险水平存在显著差异,具有从东部向西部递减的特征.样本期内,财险业承保风险的空间溢出总量基本稳定,寿险业经历了先上升后下降的过程.各省份风险状况及保险资金运用是导致差异的关键因素,监管可据此施策.     

Optimal insurance in the presence of reinsurance

This paper studies an optimal insurance and reinsurance design problem among three agents: policyholder, insurer, and reinsurer. We assume that the preferences of the parties are given by distortion risk measures, which are equivalent to dual utilities. By maximizing the dual utility of the insurer and jointly solving the optimal insurance and reinsurance contracts, it is found that a layering insurance is optimal, with every layer being borne by one of the three agents. We also show that reinsurance encourages more insurance, and is welfare improving for the economy. Furthermore, it is optimal for the insurer to charge the maximum acceptable insurance premium to the policyholder. This paper also considers three other variants of the optimal insurance/reinsurance models. The first two variants impose a limit on the reinsurance premium so as to prevent insurer to reinsure all its risk. An optimal solution is still layering insurance, though the insurer will have to retain higher risk. Finally, we study the effect of competition by permitting the policyholder to insure its risk with an insurer, a reinsurer, or both. The competition from the reinsurer dampens the price at which an insurer could charge to the policyholder, although the optimal indemnities remain the same as the baseline model. The reinsurer will however not trade with the policyholder in this optimal solution.     

基于异方差调整的粮食单产风险分布对保险费率厘定的影响研究

粮食单产风险分布是费率厘定的重要依据。本文基于单产趋势估计中异方差现象对单产风险分布及费率的影响,构建了基于异方差的调整系数估计模型和区域产量保险费率测算方法,并利用1963~2017年全国27省主要粮食作物保险进行实证检验。结果发现:放松异方差假设对我国粮食单产风险分布及费率厘定具有显著影响,13个省份的一种或多种粮食作物存在趋势异方差现象,且分布具有集聚特征。其中,小麦和水稻的单产风险随产量具有缩小趋势,费率受异方差影响较大,玉米单产风险随产量略有增大,费率受异方差影响较少。研究结果对于粮食单产风险分布、风险区划及保险费率的调整具有重要意义。     

费率市场化对车险市场影响的经济学模型分析

为了解决车险市场长期以来高回扣、高代理费的混乱局面,我国在2003年1月1日推行费率市场化,但随之而来的是,不仅各保险公司仍然采用高代理费争夺市场,而且还出现了过低费率的非理性定价以及费率的频繁调整。本文将以事实为基础,通过分析代理人的经营情况和保险公司保费收入最大化的行为模式,建立一个保险需求函数的模型,来解释费率改革如何影响车险市场,并提出了反思和建议。     

Uncertainty on survival probabilities and solvency capital requirement: application to long-term care insurance

In this paper, we focus on uncertainty issues on disabled lives survival probabilities of LTC insurance policyholders and its consequences on solvency capital requirement. Among the risks affecting long-term care portfolios, special attention is addressed to the table risk, i.e. the risk of unanticipated aggregate mortality, arising from the uncertainty in modeling LTC claimants survival law. The table risk can be thought as the risk of systematic deviations referring not only to a parameter risk but, as well, to any other sources leading to a misinterpretation of the life table resulting for example from an evolution of medical techniques or a change in rules of acceptance. In fine, the idea is to introduce the risk of systematic deviations arising from the uncertainty on the disabled lives death probabilities directly. We analyze the consequences of an error of appreciation on the disabled lives survival probabilities in terms of level of reserves and describe a framework in an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment perspective to measure the gap between the risk profile from the standard formula to the risk analysis specific to the organism.     

国内外车险道德风险文献综述

由于车险市场中的信息不对称,道德风险对车险经营构成了重大威胁。因此,车险道德风险已成为国内外学者研究的热点问题。本文在对车险道德风险的内涵、风险因素、博弈分析、风险防范等进行详细综述的基础上,探讨了研究中存在的不足及未来的研究趋势。     

The Relation Between Relative Order Imbalance and Intraday Futures Returns: An Application of the Quantile Regression Model to Taiwan

Adopting the quantile regression model, this paper describes the positive relation between relative order imbalance and intraday futures returns. The positive connection is relatively stronger for lower quantiles of intraday futures returns than for higher quantiles. However, the connection vanishes within 30 minutes. The results reflect the compensation of the uncertainty and the absence of liquidity for relatively lower returns in the Taiwan futures market. Furthermore, this paper finds evidence supporting an L-shaped pattern for intraday futures returns.     

Simultaneous borrowing of information across space and time for pricing insurance contracts: An application to rating crop insurance policies

Changing climate and technology can often lead to nonstationary losses across both time and space for a variety of insurance lines including property, catastrophe, health, and life. As a result, naive estimation of premium rates using past losses will tend to be biased. We present three successively flexible data‐driven methodologies to nonparametrically smooth across both space and time simultaneously, thereby appropriately incorporating possibly nonidentically distributed data into the rating process. We apply these methodologies in estimating U.S. crop insurance premium rates. Crop insurance, with global premiums totaling $4.1 trillion in 2018, is an interesting application as losses exhibit both temporal and spatial nonstationarity. We find significant borrowing of information across both time and space. We also find all three methodologies improve both the stability and accuracy of crop insurance premium rates. The proposed methods may be of relevance for other lines of insurance characterized by spatial and/or temporal nonstationary losses.     

A rating model for loss of profits insurance

Abstract

In this paper we present a rating model for loss of profits insurance for a production system consisting of n production units. Explicit expressions for the company's long run expected average claims expenditures are derived. A numerical example is given.     

The effect of information disclosure on demand for high‐load insurance

Economists, regulators, and consumer protection agencies have highlighted the welfare losses for consumers who purchase high‐load insurance against modest stakes risks. Mandatory information disclosure is a potentially attractive public policy tool that might improve consumers' choices, but has not been widely tested in insurance settings. We conduct an incentive‐compatible insurance demand experiment, in which we manipulate the information disclosed to subjects. We test whether any of the three most commonly suggested disclosures affect insurance demand, disclosing either (1) the true probability of loss, (2) the contract's expected loss, or (3) the insurer's profit on the transaction. Similar to consumers in naturally occurring insurance markets, subjects in the laboratory demonstrate significant demand for high‐load insurance against modest stakes. However, we find no effect of any of the three disclosure treatments on subjects' insurance choices. We discuss the implications of our results for possible public policy initiatives in insurance markets.     

政策性农业保险参与主体博弈分析及风险防范策略

本文在对政策性农业保险参与主体进行角色定位分析的基础上,剖析了政策性农业保险中政府、保险公司和农户等主体之间以及各级政府之间在不同风险状态下的利益博弈关系,探讨了政府介入政策性农业保险条件下风险补偿的博弈行为,分别从政府、商业保险公司和农户三个主体的角度提出了政策性农业保险风险的具体防范策略。     

保险监管国际比较及发展趋势研究

本文对IAIS核心监管原则、欧盟偿付能力Ⅱ监管模式、美国RBC监管模式和北美动态偿付能力监管模式等四个当前最新的保险监管模式及其发展趋势进行了归纳论述,并阐述通过国际保险监管比较研究对我国保险监管的几点启示。     

欧美网络保险的最新发展及对我国的启示

随着互联网的兴起和快速发展,保险业正经历着一次重大变革。欧美国家的保险公司利用互联网等信息技术解决实际业务问题,为代理人、客户、潜在客户、合作伙伴提供各种服务,大幅降低了成本,并提高了业务效益、内部运营效率和合作有效性。本文主要分析了欧美网络保险的发展状况,并找出我国发展网络保险的差距。我国应该借鉴国外经验,结合国内有利环境,重点解决网络安全、风险控制和网上支付等技术瓶颈,全方位发展网络保险,以促进我国民族保险业的高效、快速发展,使之以全新的姿态积极参与国际保险市场的竞争。     

陕西农户奶牛保险支付意愿的实证分析

陕西省于2007年7月在泾阳县实施了奶牛政策性农业保险的试点。本文按照条件价值评估方法,于2007年11月在泾阳县以支付卡式问卷调查对127户奶牛养殖户进行了实地调查,以调查数据为依据,测算了当地养殖户奶牛保险费用支付意愿,并运用Logistic回归模型分析了影响农户奶牛保险支付意愿的主要因素。结论认为,泾阳县奶牛保险试点中对畜龄2～8周岁奶牛实际征收保费标准低于养殖户平均支付意愿,是否接受保费、是否了解补贴、养殖户个体特征即受教育年限、养殖经验、年龄等是影响其保险支付意愿的主要因素。     

坚持科学监管防范化解风险促进保险业稳健发展

本文首先回顾了2010年保险监管工作的主要情况,对当前保险监管面临的复杂形势进行了准确、细致分析,然后对2011年的保险监管工作作出了部署,提出要把防范化解风险作为保险监管的首要任务,继续规范保险市场秩序,严肃查处保险领域重点案件,加强保险公司内控监管,切实保护被保险人利益,不断加强监管自身建设,认真做好"十二五"发展...     

Spatial modelling of claim frequency and claim size in non-life insurance

In this paper, models for claim frequency and average claim size in non-life insurance are considered. Both covariates and spatial random effects are included allowing the modelling of a spatial dependency pattern. We assume a Poisson model for the number of claims, while claim size is modelled using a Gamma distribution. However, in contrast to the usual compound Poisson model, we allow for dependencies between claim size and claim frequency. A fully Bayesian approach is followed, parameters are estimated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The issue of model comparison is thoroughly addressed. Besides the deviance information criterion and the predictive model choice criterion, we suggest the use of proper scoring rules based on the posterior predictive distribution for comparing models. We give an application to a comprehensive data set from a German car insurance company. The inclusion of spatial effects significantly improves the models for both claim frequency and claim size, and also leads to more accurate predictions of the total claim sizes. Further, we detect significant dependencies between the number of claims and claim size. Both spatial and number of claims effects are interpreted and quantified from an actuarial point of view.