资源中间品贸易下的经济增长与资源节约

本文在Solow模型框架下引入了资源中间品生产部门,在开放条件下分析了资源中间品贸易下贸易小国经济增长的基本路径,并考察了资源节约对资源中间品贸易和经济增长的影响。结果表明,资源中间品部门的资本存量和产量与资源中间品的国际价格呈正比,但与本国资本存量的总体规模无关。依据资源中间品的贸易模式,经济增长可以被划分为专业化分工、资源中间品出口和资源中间品进口三个阶段。通常经济增长会在第三阶段进入稳定状态,但当资源中间品国际价格足够低时,贸易小国可以突破资源禀赋存量的约束,实现可持续增长。资源节约可以提高可持续增长的资源中间品临界价格以及稳状资本存量,从而拓展经济增长空间。     

开放经济下中国通货膨胀的价格传递效应研究

本文建立了一个包含通货膨胀预期和供给冲击在内的开放经济新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线混合模型,分析了国际垂直生产结构下的价格传递效应,并运用经验数据对中国通货膨胀的动态机制进行了深入的分析。研究结果表明,扩展的混合模型能有效地避免残差序列相关性;工资水平对通胀的影响明显,国内和进口中间品价格对通胀水平都存在显著的价格传导效应,国际能源价格对通胀具有正向冲击,存在输入性通胀效应;通胀预期和通胀惯性对通胀水平的影响显著,但通胀预期的影响更强;厂商在定价过程中保持价格不变的概率高于重新定价,而重新定价策略则兼备前瞻性和后顾性。基于上述研究,我们认为,宏观经济政策宜保持相对稳定,应重视政策对经济主体通胀预期的影响。     

资源约束与经济增长:一个开放条件下的新古典模型

本文首先设立了一个反映产出与经济规模和资源投入之间关系的生产函数,该生产函数中,以资本存量代表经济规模,以资源中间品数量代表资源投入.在此基础上,在技术水平不变和储蓄率外生等具有新古典经济增长模型特色的假定条件下,建立了一个研究可再生资源约束与经济增长之间关系的理论模型.该模型首先分析了封闭条件下资源相对丰裕和存在资源约束情况下,经济增长方式的变化及合理经济增长方式的选择,进而在此基础之上,讨论了开放条件下,资源贸易小国在不同的世界资源价格下,能否以及如何通过进口来突破资源约束对经济增长的限制.     

要素市场扭曲、创新与区域经济增长——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

近些年来,提高创新强度成为促进经济增长的关键因素,要素资源的自由配置能够为创新提供良好的发展环境.然而,中国的要素市场改革滞后于产品市场改革,这不利于价格机制在要素市场中发挥资源配置的作用.据此,构建以创新强度为中介变量的中介效应模型,使用2008-2016年各省份的面板数据,考察了要素市场扭曲对区域经济增长的影响,并对创新在要素市场扭曲与经济增长之间起到的中介效应进行研究.结果表明,要素市场扭曲既会直接降低地区经济增长,也会通过抑制地区创新对经济增长起到显著的负向作用,未来应推动我国要素市场化改革进程,从而提高自主创新强度,实现经济增长从粗放走向集约.     

中间品进口与经济结构转型

经济结构转型是当今世界各国面临的重要问题之一。本文利用开放条件下两国两部门模型,研究了中间品进口对一国经济结构变化的影响。理论分析表明,中间品进口的增加能够通过技术和价格两种渠道提升高生产率部门的相对产出,进而带来经济结构的良性变化。跨国面板数据的实证结果表明,总体上说,中间品进口增加能够促进经济结构的变动,但相对于高收入国家而言,促进中间品进口对于中低收入国家经济转型的意义更为重大;同时,从生产工序角度看,来自于下游的中间品进口能够更有效的促进经济结构的优化,这也间接证明了技术渠道是中间品进口对经济结构转型发挥作用的主要渠道。文章结果表明:对中低收入国家而言,现阶段应积极有效地增加中间品进口种类,扩大进口来源国范围以促进经济结构优化;同时,为成功避免"中等收入陷阱",增强自身技术创新能力尤为关键。     

资源价格改革对未来价格水平影响几何？

我国资源（主要指与国民经济和社会发展密切相关的石油、天然气、煤炭、电力、水和土地等资源）价格水平长期偏低，导致了资源浪费严重和粗放型经济增长。对于2006年将推进资源性产品价格改革，最直接的效应是资源价格水平的上升，这必然会推动我国未来价格水平上升。这里我们来分析资源价格改革对2006年价格水平的总体影响。     

公共基础设施投资对区域经济影响的一般均衡分析

在中国连续五年实行积极财政政策的过程中 ,大量投资投向基础设施建设。本文将公共基础设施水平引入一个区域经济的中间品生产过程 ,建立了一个多部门一般均衡模型 ,详细分析了政府基础设施投资变动对于相关产品价格、产量、专业化分工程度及国际贸易模式的影响。本文研究表明 ,在一定条件下 ,公共基础设施投入增多 ,会提高工资率 ,降低中间品的价格。同时 ,公共基础设施规模的大小会影响专业化分工程度和产品的生产规模以及国际贸易格局     

熟练劳动力跨国移民、知识结构与经济增长

熟练劳动力跨国移民对于发展中国家人力资本投资的激励效应近年来被许多文献所强调,不过这些文献都忽略了这种激励效应对于人力资本结构的影响。本文通过区分人力资本的类型,构建了一个基于技术进步、知识结构和经济增长关系的模型,分析了熟练劳动力跨国移民对于移出国人力资本积累及经济增长的影响。分析显示,不同发展阶段的国家需要不同知识结构的人力资本,跨国移民的经济影响取决于移出国所处的阶段。在技术模仿阶段,跨国移民的激励效应会扭曲移出国人力资本积累的结构,从而延缓经济增长。只有到了技术创新阶段,这种激励效应对人力资本积累的扭曲才会消失。另外,目标国对熟练劳动力的移民"门槛"政策,会加重移出国人力资本积累的扭曲,进一步延缓其经济增长。     

垂直专业化、技术变动与经济波动

本文在新开放经济宏观经济学框架下,研究垂直专业化的决定因素及经济波动效应。结论表明,垂直专业化的均衡程度与一国制成品部门的相对技术效率以及汇率管制程度正相关,而与该国中间品部门的相对技术效率负相关。当技术冲击来自制成品时,贸易成本和汇率管制会抑制本国经济的波动幅度;当技术冲击来自中间品部门时,二者不再单一地压制本国经济波动幅度。协动分析表明,汇率管制压低了比较优势冲击下垂直专业化与GDP等变量的协动程度,贸易成本则影响垂直专业化与GDP等变量的协动方向。在较高的贸易开放度和浮动汇率制度下,技术变动可能导致GDP和福利的反向变动。     

产业集聚与经济增长:一个含有移民和中间产品革新的模型

本文建立模型用以论证产业集聚与经济增长的正向关系以及产业集聚的福利效应。模型含有Krugman（1991）型劳动流动性、Venables（1996）式垂直联系以及Romer（1990）型内生增长。经济增长与产业集聚相互加强的机制在于：熟练工人的集聚会提高集聚地R＆D部门的生产率（因熟练工人之间存在知识外部效应）因而提高增长率、提高该地熟练工人的工资以及该地的总支出。于是制成品的生产移往该地（靠近大市场可以节约较多运输成本）。同样的原因,中间产品的生产也移过来。这就导致了生产活动的集中;反过来,生产活动集聚会降低集聚地制成品的价格（因节省了较多的运输成本）从而导致向前看的熟练工人移过来,于是导致R＆D活动的集中从而提高增长率。福利分析表明：集聚加剧了周边与中心的差距;集聚改善了中心的福利．但未必以牺牲周边为代价。     

Agenda for the Housing Market

The housing market is the theme of the Reports to the 2008 Annual Meeting of the Royal Netherlands Economic Association. Current housing market policies in the Netherlands generate substantial welfare losses. The direct and indirect subsidies on housing distort the housing market, house moving behaviour, the labour market and the asset portfolio of households. The welfare loss is estimated at more than 6 billion euro per year. In addition, physical planning restrictions cost at least 3 billion euro per year, a price which is paid for the conservation of open space and nature, especially in the Green Heart of the Randstad. Developments on the housing market over the last fifteen years and the sizeable welfare losses from current policies are sufficient reason to develop an agenda for reform. The Reports suggest several elements for such an agenda, including a gradual reduction of housing subsidies in the owner–occupier sector as well as in the rental sector, an easier land policy to better meet the qualitative housing needs of the population, and an extension of the social tasks for the housing societies.      

Labor Supply,Migration, and Long-Term Development

This article analyzes the impact of the supply of skilled and unskilled labor on the growth rate of open economies. Using an expansion-in-varieties framework, the model distinguishes between a long-term equilibrium and a medium-term adjustment path. It is demonstrated that the dynamic effects of labor supply are different in a model with expanding varieties in the consumption sector from those in a model with expanding varieties in the production sector. In addition, the outcome depends on the elasticities of substitution in production as well as the countries' production shares in world goods markets. It is shown that, in general, the supply of unskilled labor is likely to have an unfavorable effect on long-term development.     

Explaining Nigeria’s Economic Growth: Balance of Payments Constrained Growth Approach With External and Internal Imbalances

This study employs a system estimator to examine the validity of balance of payment constrained growth model in the case of Nigeria. We modified a version of Thirlwall’s model developed by Soukiazis et al. (2014) to incorporate the role of foreign contents in growth process. The new version of the model improves significantly explaining the growth in Nigeria. The outcome of this study shows that imported intermediate and capital goods significantly contribute to manufacturing export and domestic investment growth. However, high reliance on the imports of intermediate goods constrains economic growth. World real income exerts significant effect on aggregate exports, similar arguments could not be established when the manufacturing export sector is considered in isolation. Our results reveal that economic growth in Nigeria is constrained by internal and external imbalances. The study recommends among others increasing the manufactured export share, efficient use of oil rents as well as containing budget deficit within acceptable threshold to position the economy on a viable growth path.     

On the trade,growth, and welfare effects of intellectual property rights protection

To examine how intellectual property rights protection affects trade, growth, and welfare, I develop a two-country R&D-based growth model in which final goods firms in both countries determine the range of imported varieties in the overall use of intermediate inputs. I show that strengthening patent protection in either country increases the range of imported varieties of intermediate goods and stimulates economic growth in the country that strengthened patent protection. Moreover, I also show that the Nash equilibrium level of patent protection is stronger than the globally optimal level of patent protection.     

The problem of reducing the dependence of the Russian economy on primary product exports and economic policy alternatives

This paper discusses the causes and consequences of the high dependence of Russia’s socioeconomic development on the world market prices of hydrocarbon resources and their production volumes. The author analyzed the mechanisms underlying this dependency using a model of centrally planned economy without technical progress. The author shows that growth in raw materials production and prices leads to the “Dutch disease,” which is, hence, an economic growth paradox typical of open economies and having a resource-technological and structural character. The author’s conclusion is that welfare growth opportunities are underutilized under Dutch disease conditions in case of government restrictions on primary product exports aimed at conserving the trading sector. The case is made for increasing labor productivity in the Russian economy in order to overcome its dependence on the oil and gas exports.     

Impacts of the Doha Round on Brazilian,Chinese and Indian agribusiness

The central themes to be addressed during the Doha Round of the world trade negotiations are the reduction of the agricultural production and export subsidies and improved market access for agricultural and non-agricultural goods. The G-20 group wields enough power to press negotiations at the Doha Round toward lower agricultural trade barriers and production and export subsidies. The objective of this study is to determine the impacts of the Doha Round on the economies of Brazil, China, and India. The Global Trade Analysis Project's (GTAP) general equilibrium model and database (version 7) are used. The Doha Round scenarios simulated in this paper consider the WTO agricultural production and export subsidy reduction requirement, and the application of the Harbinson approach, and Swiss formula to reduce import tariffs. Brazil and China present the highest GDP growth rate varying from 0.4 % to 1.4%. India shows a negative GDP growth rate in all scenarios, except in that which replicates the Uruguay Round. The welfare gains are positive, but small, for Brazil, China and India. The GDP loss observed in the economies of the EU25 and the US may make it difficult to reach a trade agreement at the Doha Round.     

Commodity prices and the macroeconomy: An extended dependent economy approach

This paper proposes a straightforward model for analysing the impact of export commodity price fluctuations on open macroeconomies with particular reference to Australia and New Zealand, major commodity exporters in the Asian region. It extends the dependent economy approach, first by re-specifying goods and services production as either exportable, importable or non-tradable, and second by adding a monetary sector to highlight key linkages between commodity prices, the exchange rate, price level, national output and trade account. The framework sheds new light on the phenomenon of ‘commodity currencies’, how exchange rate movements shield national output from terms of trade shocks, the importance of economic openness in this process, and the significance for monetary and exchange rate policy of short term, versus sustained, commodity price movements.     

新冠疫情全球扩散对中国开放经济和世界经济的影响

在巩固新冠肺炎疫情防控成效的同时,中国经济在努力复工复产复市。因疫情防控导致境内外交通运输联系不同程度被阻断,商品运输成本提高、交货日期延长,中间品与劳动力供应不足,中国进出口贸易和国际直接投资增长面临很大压力。中国企业复工复产受到全球价值链运行态势影响,疫情全球扩散正在引发全球范围内经济结构、财政政策、货币政策、贸易政策调整。疫情在全球范围扩散,使企业经营压力上升,造成金融恐慌并引起全球经济深度衰退的可能性增加;为抗击疫情增加财政补贴和实施宽松货币政策,增加了各国财政负担,带来全球范围内的通货膨胀压力加大;部分国家试图借口疫情防控,发动新的贸易摩擦的可能性增加。     

Analysis of main subjects of the goods price formation in the market economy

The theoretical researchers, in the socialist market economy, are obliged to study the new features, the new rules, and the new important subjects of the product and service price formation in the contemporary economic development. Based on the theoretical analysis of the main subjects of the goods price formation, this paper reveals that the governmental policy is the main information resource of the main subjects of the goods price formation, the cost of goods is the main index of the main subjects of goods price formation and the consumer demand is the initial motivation of the main subjects of goods price formation.