A social cognition model of consumer problem recognition

A social cognition model describing the cognitive determinants of problem recognition is introduced and tested. Problem recognition is hypothesized to be a function of the directional discrepancy between the valence level of the perceived performance of one’s current product and the valence level of a referent (standard of comparison). More specifically, problem recognition is hypothesized to be greatest under negative incongruity, followed by negative congruity, positive congruity, and positive incongruity, respectively. The model was tested in two studies, and the results were consistent with the hypothesis. Advertising implications of the model are discussed in terms of primary demand advertising.     

Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-image congruence

The predictive validity of two measurement methods of self-image congruence—traditional versus new—were compared in six studies involving different consumer populations, products, consumption settings, and dependent variables (brand preference, preference for product form, consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction, brand attitude, and program choice). The traditional method is based on tapping the subject’s perception of product-user image and the subject’s perception of his/her self-image along a predetermined set of image attributes and adding the self-congruity scores across all image dimensions. Three problems were identified and discussed in relation to the traditional method: (1) the use of discrepancy scores, (2) the possible use of irrelevant images, and (3) the use of the compensatory decision rule. The new method is based on tapping the psychological experience of self-congruity directly and globally. The findings demonstrated the predictive validity of the new method over and beyond the traditional method. His research interests are mostly in self-concept, quality of life, and systems theory. His research interests are mostly in pricing and product quality. Her research interests are primarily in family decision making. Her research interests focus on the social psychology of clothing and patronage of clothing retailers. His research interests are mainly in the social psychology of travel and leisure behavior. His research interests are mainly focused on self-concept, quality of life, environmental marketing, and sports marketing. His research interests are mainly in self-concept and value-expressive advertising. He is the Academy of Marketing Science Distinguished Professor of Business and is the founder of the Academy of Marketing Science. He currently serves as the organization’s executive director. His research interests are mostly in consumer behavior and advertising.     

品牌个性一致性与体验对品牌忠诚的影响——基于娱乐性网站的研究

基于品牌个性、品牌体验的相关文献,以娱乐性网站为主要研究对象,构建了网站品牌个性一致性、品牌体验对品牌忠诚影响的结构方程模型,以此来研究品牌个性一致性、品牌体验如何影响品牌忠诚。研究对初始构建的结构方程模型进行了修正,并探讨了口碑和品牌认同的中介效应。研究表明：网站品牌个性一致性显著地影响网站品牌忠诚;品牌体验对认同和口碑行为有正向影响作用;网站品牌体验对品牌忠诚的直接影响并不显著,而是通过口碑行为的中介作用影响品牌忠诚。     

Drawing inferences about others on the basis of corporate associations

This research examined how observers use corporate associations (e.g., environmental responsibility) in drawing inferences about a target consumers’ dispositions (e.g., whether the target person really cares about the environment). Respondents read a scenario describing a target consumer purchasing a certain brand of pens, whose maker had recently teamed up with an environmental organization. It was found that target-related factors (e.g., impression motivation, the consistency of behavior) and company-related factors (e.g., the congruity of the supported cause with the companys’ reputation) systematically influenced the dispositional inferences made by the observers.     

A path analytic model of store loyalty involving self-concept,store image,geographic loyalty,and socioeconomic status

A model is introduced which posits that store loyalty is primarily determined by store-image evaluation and shopping-complex loyalty. Store image-evaluation, in turn, is hypothesized to be determined, to a major extent, by self-image/store-image congruity, and shopping-complex loyalty by area loyalty and socioeconomic status. The model was tested using a path analytic procedure and the results were consistent with the model. A replication study was attempted and the results reinforced the validity of the proposed model.     

Achieving brand loyalty through sponsorship: the role of fit and self-congruity

Managers increasingly seek to develop brand loyalty through sponsorship activities, though this relationship has not been solidly established. This article models and demonstrates the impact of sponsorship on brand loyalty. The studied concepts and relationships emerge from both the sponsorship and consumer-brand relationship literature. The experimental design relies on before and after measurements and multiple exposures to the sponsorship. Thus this study demonstrates that sponsorship exposure has a positive impact on brand affect, brand trust, and brand loyalty. The change in brand loyalty from before to after sponsorship exposure reflects two persuasion processes. First, self-congruity with an event enhances brand loyalty through event and brand affect. Second, perceived fit between the event and the brand has a positive effect on brand affect, through attitude toward the sponsorship, and on brand trust, such that it ultimately influences brand loyalty. Brand affect is identified as an important mediator of sponsorship effects.     

The influence of redemption time frame on responses to incentives

In the present research, Construal Level Theory is used to predict that consumers will mentally characterize incentive offers differently as a function of their redemption time frames. Data from two experiments indicate that concrete features, such as the face value of an offer or its mode of presentation (as a dollar figure or as a percentage discount), are prominent for incentives with short time frames but not for incentives with long ones. In the latter case, abstract features, such as the incentive’s goal congruity or fit with personal values, are more likely to influence responses.     

Economics,psychology, and the literature of the subdiscipline of consumer behavior

This paper traces the development of the subdiscipline of marketing known as “consumer behavior” and its literature which grew during the 1950s and 1960s and at an increasing rate during the 1970s. In spite of marketing's roots in economics, it cam to rely more heavily on psychology as a source for conceptual borrowing. It is suggested that this may have resulted from greater congruity between marketing scholars and psychologists with respect to research purposes and philosophies of science.     

The physician and the marketing concept

Most physicians use some marketing techniques (albeit, unintentional or unplanned) in the operation of their private medical practices. They use marketing to attract patients, but seem unaware of the necessity and potential value of satisfying customer needs beyond the provision of adequate medical care. Medical service is often characterized by impersonality, with patients treated as machines rather than humans. This situation is partially a reflection of a seller's market, with a shortage or absence of private medical services in many areas of the country. In addition, the apparent lack of consumer orientation is reinforced by policies of the American Medical Association that forbid most forms of self-promotion and by the minimum fee schedules suggested by local medical associations that effectively preclude price competition. Physicians do not seem to recognize the congruity between their own interests or objectives and the total satisfaction of consumers in the marketplace for medical care.     

Exploring the dynamics of antecedents to consumer–brand identification with a new brand

This study examines the dynamics of consumer–brand identification (CBI) and its antecedents in the context of the launch of a new brand. Three focal drivers of CBI with a new brand are examined, namely: perceived quality (the instrumental driver), self–brand congruity (the symbolic driver), and consumer innate innovativeness (a trait-based driver). Using longitudinal survey data, the authors find that on average, CBI growth trajectories initially rise after the introduction but eventually decline, following an inverted-U shape. More importantly, the longitudinal effects of the antecedents suggest that CBI can take different paths. Consumer innovativeness creates a fleeting identification with the brand that dissipates over time. On the other hand, company-controlled drivers of CBI—such as brand positioning—can contribute to the build-up of deep-structure CBI that grows stronger over time. Based on these findings, the authors offer normative guidelines to managers on consumer–brand relationship investment.     

审计委员会、注册会计师审计与内部审计

由于审计委员会程序性工作的特点,以及注册会计师审计的事后核查的缺陷,这些制度设置难以从根本上解决公司信息的虚假问题。因此需要通过内部审计作用的发挥来加强审计委员会与注册会计师审计在改善公司治理方面应起的作用,从而提高信息披露质量。     

词汇衔接与功能语旨

功能语旨在语篇的词汇衔接模式的选择上起着重要的作用。词汇衔接手段的选择受语篇的功能语旨所支配。语篇中词汇衔接手段出现的频率随着语篇的功能语旨不同而产生变化,同时又对语旨的实现起促进作用。     

词汇衔接与功能语旨

功能语旨在语篇的词汇衔接模式的选择上起着重要的作用。词汇衔接手段的选择受语篇的功能语旨所支配。语篇中词汇衔接手段出现的频率随着语篇的功能语旨不同而产生变化,同时又对语旨的实现起促进作用。     

浅析经济适用房的选址

分析恩格尔系数、政府令、土地级差与经济适用房用地选址的关系,建立经济适用房用地选址模型,并通过层次分析法确定影响经济适用房选址的因素权重,采用定性和定量相结合的方法分析选址方案,为经济适用房的选址提供依据.     

诡辞为用:牟宗三对向秀、郭象《庄子》注的诠释路径

牟宗三先生将道家思想中言说道体或境界的独特方式"正言若反"称为"诡辞为用",即辩证的诡辞,其作用在于不将所说内容予以实体化和对象化加以固定,而是从作用上活泼泼地展现出来。这一方法首先见于牟先生所揭示的《庄子》对于《老子》之道的发展中,其次则体现在向秀、郭象对《庄子》的注解中,同时也是牟先生用以诠释向秀、郭象注庄的方法论。     

返乡农民创业者先前经验对新创企业制度拼凑的驱动机制

破解乡村地区新创企业成长难题是促进乡村振兴的重要举措。本文对返乡农民创业者先前经验与新创企业制度拼凑之间的作用关系进行了研究,并通过264份问卷调查进行了实证分析。研究显示:返乡农民创业者的行业经验和职能经验均对制度拼凑产生正向影响,且行业经验的影响高于职能经验;规范和认知环境负向调节行业经验和职能经验对制度拼凑的影响;行业经验和职能经验的交互作用对制度拼凑有负向影响。为此,本文提出有利于提升乡村地区新创企业制度拼凑效果的如下建议:返乡农民创业者应优先注重行业经验的累积,并通过职能经验将其优化;制度建设者应优先注重对乡村非正式制度环境的优化,使之与正式制度环境保持动态平衡的作用机制。     

论新金融中介理论若干重要命题的演化

伴随金融实践日新月异的变化,新金融中介理论在提高其解释力的过程中不断拓展其分析视野,内容得到了极大的丰富,理论的发展不断走向完善和深入。追寻新金融中介理论的发展轨迹,我们看到:一是金融中介的研究边界逐步发生着变化,由传统的存款类机构转向更广义的中介机构(包括共同基金和养老基金等);二是在寻求金融中介的存在根由上,从外生性因素分析转向内生性因素分析;三是金融中介与市场的关系开始从静态对立的竞争关系转向动态互补的共生关系;四是对金融中介的总体研究范式一改以往狭隘的机构观,而代之以更具有说服力的功能观。     

The impact of the centralized structuring of logistics activities on span of control,formalization and performance

The centralized structuring (or consolidation) of logistics activities within the firm is shown to have a major impact on (1) the total number of activities that are the direct responsibility of logistics, (2) formalization, and (3) the capability of the logistics system to accommodate certain channel activities. In particular, centralized structuring enhances the accommodation of product introduction, phaseout and recall in functional firms, and the customization of service levels to specific segments or customers in divisional firms.     

OEM implementation of supplier-developed component innovations: the role of supplier actions

For suppliers to secure a positive return on their investment in the creation of component innovations, they must ensure that original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) implement these component innovations. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the activities that suppliers undertake to foster innovation implementation, (2) articulate the theoretical mechanisms that mediate the impact of these activities on innovation implementation, and (3) establish the inter-related effects of these mediating theoretical mechanisms on innovation implementation. The results from a survey of 173 supplier–OEM dyads reveal that functional advantage is the theoretical mechanism that mediates the impact of two supplier actions—knowledge acquisition and installation support—on innovation implementation. The results also show that reputational advantage mediates the effect of innovative OEM endorsement and that relational advantage mediates the effects of supplier asset specificity and supplier innovativeness on innovation implementation. In terms of the inter-related effects of the mediating mechanisms on innovation implementation, the results indicate that relational advantage complements the positive impact of functional advantage on innovation implementation. In addition, the results reveal that innovation implementation has a positive impact on the financial performance of component innovations.     

室内自然置换通风受热墙体特性研究与实验模拟探讨

分析了含有热源的室内自然置换通风过程中热力分层的流动机理,探索了自然置换通风室内气流分层的理论模型。实验研究含有单面受热垂直墙体(如太阳照射受热墙体)的室内无因次有效通风面积与热力分层界面无因次高度的函数关系,并确定出自然置换通风的室内环境空气层的厚度仅为无因次有效通风面积的函数,实验发现无因次稳定分层分布大约成线性分布。