职业角色转换中多维度任职经历对技术创业企业绩效的影响

技术创业对社会高质量发展、初创企业知识和人才获取具有重要意义。多数创业者会经历技术员工到技术创业者的职业转换，完成任职组织到创业组织的流动过程。技术创业者相关研究主要关注流动后的情形，但根据高阶理论，流动前任职经历作为技术创业者的独特背景特征，势必通过个人特质影响创业企业重大战略决策和组织活动，并表现为绩效差异。鉴于此，以2009—2020年创业板上市的253家由技术员工创立的企业为样本，运用多元线性回归模型实证检验技术创业者流动前多维度任职经历对创业企业绩效的影响。结果表明：伴随流动，原结构资本消失且影响个人思维模式的国企工作经历显著负向作用于创业企业绩效；原结构资本依然有效且分别影响技术能力和眼光视野的非职务发明与海外工作研究经历显著正向作用于创业企业绩效；公司年龄负向调节非职务发明经历与绩效间关系；技术创业者创业前研发合作网络的中介中心度正向影响创业绩效。     

心理资本对创业坚持的影响——内在动机与创业榜样的调节作用

创业坚持是创业成功的重要前提。作为复杂的决策行为,创业坚持受到多方面因素的共同作用。基于社会认知理论,探讨乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望等心理资本对创业坚持的影响,以及内在动机和创业榜样发挥的情境效应。通过对我国202名创业者进行问卷调查发现：创业者的乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望均能够显著促进其坚持创业;内在动机正向调节乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系;创业榜样对乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系发挥正向调节作用。将个体因素(心理资本和内在动机)与环境因素(创业榜样)纳入同一理论框架,讨论其对创业坚持的影响,以期为创业坚持研究提供新颖和全面的视角。     

智力资本视角下创业企业创新竞争力关键影响要素研究

在双创背景下，我国创业企业数量与日俱增的同时也伴随着极高的创业失败率。创业企业通过创新获得竞争力，既是自身生存的前提，也是关系到整个国民经济活力的重要课题。基于智力资本视角，归纳了创业企业创新竞争力影响要素。通过对260位创业者及创业团队成员的问卷调查，发现人力资本是创业企业创新竞争力的最关键要素，其中创业者战略领导力、创新精神以及团队凝聚力的作用尤为突出。数据显示，不同行业、不同年龄、不同规模的创业企业，其创新竞争力的关键影响要素存在差异。相较于服务业，制造业创业企业与投资者的关系更加关键。成立时间较长、规模较大的创业企业，其关键要素除人力资本外，结构资本中的激励制度、研发产出以及社会资本中的竞争环境因素也不容忽视。     

Redistribution as a selection device

This paper studies the role of the wealth distribution for the market selection of entrepreneurs when agents differ in talent. It argues that the redistribution of initial endowments can increase an economy's surplus because more talented individuals get credit for their risky investment projects. Moreover, the redistribution of initial endowments may lead to a Pareto-improvement although all agents are non-satiable. An agent's entrepreneurial ability is his private information and there is moral hazard in production. I find conditions such that unproductive rich entrepreneurs crowd out productive poor ones on the capital market. Then redistribution of initial endowments may lead to a new equilibrium where market participants are better informed about the entrepreneurs’ ability. The new equilibrium is characterized by (i) the selection of better entrepreneurs, (ii) a higher riskless rate of return on capital, (iii) lower repayments of successful entrepreneurs to their creditors and (iv) the fact that all agents are better off.     

双重委托—代理视角下的金融中介、金融加速器与经济波动的研究

本文在BGG模型基础上,建立了包含企业、金融中介、投资者的双重委托—代理模型,将金融中介纳入信贷市场摩擦的分析框架内。分析了金融中介自身受信贷约束时,其资产净值变化对经济产生的金融加速器效应。得出在双重委托代理的信用契约下,企业外部融资溢价不但受自身资产净值的影响,还受金融中介资产净值的影响。各种外部冲击通过信贷市场中金融中介的传导对经济波动造成进一步放大的效应,经济波动的金融加速器效应在考虑金融中介资产净值的影响后得到了增强。     

Sectoral differentiation, allocation of talent, and financial development

I present a theory of development in which heterogeneously talented entrepreneurs require credit to start new projects and open new sectors. During development the variety of sectors expands, which allows better sorting of entrepreneurial talent. The paper shows that, in addition to increasing the average productivity of matches between agents and sectors, this process also mitigates informational frictions in the financial markets. Furthermore, the impact of sectoral variety on the operation of financial markets gives rise to an interesting feedback between financial development and R&D effort, which may lead to different types of dynamics. A successful economy exhibits a progressive increase in the variety of sectors, which in turn enhances the operation of financial markets. However, a poverty trap may also arise. This situation is characterised by a rudimentary productive structure with poor matching of skills to activities and severely inefficient credit to talented entrepreneurs.     

双重委托-代理视角下的金融中介、金融加速器与经济波动的研究

本文在BGG模型基础上,建立了包含企业、金融中介、投资者的双重委托一代理模型,将金融中介纳入信贷市场摩擦的分析框架内。分析了金融中介自身受信贷约束时,其资产净值变化对经济产生的金融加速器效应。得出在双重委托代理的信用契约下,企业外部融资溢价不但受自身资产净值的影响,还受金融中介资产净值的影响。各种外部冲击通过信贷市场中金融中介的传导对经济波动造成进一步放大的效应,经济波动的金融加速器效应在考虑金融中介资产净值的影响后得到了增强。     

Occupational choice and entrepreneurship: effects of R&D subsidies on economic growth

Most R&D-based growth models fail to explicitly account for the role of entrepreneurs in economic growth. By contrast, this study accounts for this factor and constructs an overlapping-generations model that includes entrepreneurial innovation and the occupational choice of becoming an entrepreneur or a worker. For the role of entrepreneurs, even a policy intended to encourage innovation can negatively affect economic growth. For the effect of such policies, I focus on the role of R&D subsidies. I show that while R&D subsidies promote entrepreneurs’ R&D activities, they increase workers’ wages by boosting labor demand. Thus, it is more attractive to be a worker, which reduces the number of entrepreneurs. Subsidies can have both a negative and positive effect on growth, which results in an inverted U-shaped relationship between R&D subsidies and growth. In addition, a growth-maximizing R&D subsidy rate exists, although this rate is too high to maximize the welfare level of any one generation. When individuals are heterogeneous in their abilities, R&D subsidies reduce intra-generational inequalities.     

Financial Intermediation and Occupational Choice in Development

This paper presents evidence that the spread between the marginal product of capital and the return on financial assets is much higher in poor than in rich countries. A model with costly intermediation is developed. In this economy, individuals choose at each instant whether to work or to operate a technology. Entrepreneurs finance their business with their own savings and, if necessary, by borrowing from banks. I find that in this framework intermediation costs are not equivalent to a tax on the return of capital. The equivalence fails because costly intermediation affects not only the capital accumulation decision but also the occupational choice decision. I show that intermediation costs have important effects on per capita output and average business size in the economy. I conclude that taxing financial intermediaries can be a very bad policy for development. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E20, E60, O11, O16.     

Social capital, capabilities, and entrepreneurial strategies: a study of Taiwanese high-tech new ventures

This paper examines the effects of social capital, entrepreneurs' capabilities and entrepreneurial strategies on the performance of technology-based new ventures. Using concepts derived from the entrepreneurship and strategy management literatures, we identify three categories of factors and develop corresponding hypotheses. Using a sample of 125 Taiwanese high-tech new ventures to test these hypotheses, we find that entrepreneurs' management experience may not be an advantage for high-tech new ventures. The six Stevenson entrepreneurial strategies can have different effects on the performance of new ventures, whereas social capital actually moderates the effects of entrepreneurial strategies and resources on the performance. High-tech entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon with a wide range of factors, including societal contexts, entrepreneurial strategies and entrepreneurs' capabilities; and these factors interact with each other. There is no single route to entrepreneurial success or failure: successful entrepreneurs are those who can adjust their entrepreneurial strategies according to their social capital and capabilities.     

创业者异质性胜任特征与创业政策供给

以供需匹配为指导思想，基于胜任力理论，解析创业者类型及其异质性胜任特征，挖掘创业者异质性创业政策需求；借鉴创业MOS模型，构建异质性创业政策供给框架。结果表明：①创业者可分为生存推动型、机会拉动型和创新驱动型3种类型。其中，生存推动型创业者创业行为呈现创业被动性、风险规避性等特征，其认知胜任力和职能胜任力较强，机会拉动型创业者创业行为呈现机会警觉性、资本积累性等特征，其认知胜任力和社会胜任力较强，创新驱动型创业者创业行为呈现创新变革性、资源撬动性等特征，其认知胜任力和心理胜任力较强；②创业政策供给通过动机激发、机会增加和技能培育提升创业者创业胜任力，有助于创业者创业机会识别和创业资源整合以及创业者创业绩效提升；③鉴于创业者创业胜任特征和创业政策需求差异，政府应实施异质性创业政策供给，侧重生存推动型创业者动机激发和机会增加，关注机会拉动型创业者动机强化和技能培育，注重创新驱动型创业者技能提升和机会增加。     

Financial intermediation with credit constrained agents

This paper studies the effects of financial intermediation on aggregate levels and the distribution of resources in an economy with credit-constrained heterogeneous agents and occupational choice. Whether an agent becomes an entrepreneur depends on a realized entrepreneurial ability and accumulated assets needed to finance a business project with uncertain returns. I compare a steady state of an economy with financial intermediation to an economy in which entrepreneurs must finance their projects only from their savings. The simulated economy with financial intermediation matches well the US data on the distribution of occupations and resources. The steady state welfare and efficiency gains from financial intermediation are large.     

Monetary–fiscal interactions with endogenous liquidity frictions

I develop a tractable macro model with endogenous asset liquidity to understand monetary–fiscal interactions with liquidity frictions. Agents face idiosyncratic investment risks and meet financial intermediaries in competitive search markets. Asset liquidity is determined by the search friction and the cost of operating the financial intermediaries, and it drives the financing constraints of entrepreneurs (those who have investment projects) and their ability to invest. In contrast to private assets, government bonds are fully liquid and can be accumulated in anticipation of future opportunities to invest. A higher level of real government debt enhances the liquidity of entrepreneurs׳ portfolios and raises investment. However, the issuance of debt also raises the cost of financing government expenditures: a higher level of distortionary taxation and/or a higher real interest rate. A long-run optimal supply of government debt emerges. I also show that a proper mix of monetary and fiscal policies can avoid a deep financial recession.     

财政支出差异性对创业活动的激励效应分析

经济新常态下，创业是推动中国经济发展、改善民生的重要途径。创业过程的风险性、不确定性及正外部性需要政府给予积极支持。基于2007-2015年中国内地30个省市（除西藏外）数据，运用动态面板模型，考察地区财政支出和创业活动的关系。研究结果表明：财政支出规模对创业活动数量及创业活动质量具有滞后的积极作用；财政支出规模的滞后效应源于财政支出结构的滞后效应，不同财政支出结构对创业活动质量影响的差异较大；同时，创新是提升创业活动质量的重要手段。因此，政府应积极支持“大众创业、万众创新”，各地区财政创业扶持资金应该从规模和结构上进行调整，重点优化有利于创新的支出结构，为创业提供良好的公共环境。     

转型经济下企业家制度能力对民营企业成长的作用机理

以吉利集团和横店集团为案例,分析企业家制度能力对民营企业成长的作用机理。案例研究发现,企业家制度能力是民营企业家实施制度创新并作用于企业成长的能力依托。企业家外部制度能力通过突破规制性制度壁垒为民营企业获取规制合法性,企业家内部制度能力通过改革企业产权制度和职能管理制度为民营企业提高内部管理效率,两者共同促进民营企业成长。     

Entrepreneurial Migration in an Integrated World

A growing number of developed countries offer entrepreneurial visas as a means of attracting entrepreneurial talent and capital. In this paper, we use a simple two‐sector model of international trade with heterogeneous agents and financial frictions to show that entrepreneurial migration can contribute to the international efficiency of production, even when capital also flows internationally through borrowing and lending and foreign direct investment. In our model, all cross‐border transactions are motivated by cross‐country variations in the quality of financial institutions.     

Entrepreneurship,Financiership, and Selection*

We develop an equilibrium model of the market for entrepreneurial finance, in which all agents have some personal wealth and a project whose quality is their private information. All agents choose whether to invest either as entrepreneurs or financiers, or to invest in storage technology. We find that a binding economy‐level wealth constraint, which renders credit scarce, can create advantageous selection, where productive agents become entrepreneurs and unproductive agents become their financiers. If funding is easier to obtain, entrepreneurship also attracts unproductive agents. In our model, individual wealth and entrepreneurship are positively (negatively) correlated if financial market participation is complete (incomplete).     

创业压力与退出意愿——创业激情的中介作用与社会支持的调节效应

本文以资源保存理论为基础,将中国科技创业园区中的创业者作为研究对象,探讨遭遇挫折的创业者所面临的创业压力对创业退出意愿的影响机制,重点分析创业激情的中介作用与社会支持的调节效应,形成有调节的中介作用模型。研究发现:创业压力是促使创业者产生创业退出意愿的重要前因变量;创业激情负向中介创业压力对创业退出意愿的正向作用,即创业压力抑制了创业激情,而受到抑制的创业激情则强化了创业退出意愿;社会支持弱化了创业压力对创业退出意愿的正向影响,同时也缓解了创业压力对创业激情的负向影响,进而对创业激情的中介效应产生调节作用,并且在不同强度的社会支持下,创业激情的条件中介效应之间存在显著差异。研究结论弥补了创业退出研究的理论文献,对促进创业者在“双创”环境下的成功创业具有重要启示意义。     

创业机会—资源动态匹配机制分析：基于连续创业者经历的质性研究

连续创业者是创业大军的主力，研究其创业活动有利于揭示创业行为的本质特征，分析创业能力形成过程。资源匮乏是初创企业的新生劣势，研究资源获取行为有助于创业者提升资源获取能力，从而促进创业企业发展。以连续创业者的创业经历为研究对象，采用扎根理论研究方法，并利用Nvivo11对访谈资料进行编码，构建连续创业者再创业过程中资源获取模型。结果发现，资源获取贯穿于连续创业者再创业机会识别、项目启动、项目实施全过程，获取途径主要有创业网络（人脉）、创业者行为技能、创业学习行为、创业资源沉淀以及市场机制和政府政策性机制等。