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1.
The “discovery” of social capital in the early 1990s led to an upsurge of research into the economic impact of social cohesion and governmental effectiveness. This paper outlines key developments in the social capital literature over the past 13 years. It then examines theory and evidence of the links between social cohesion, quality of governance, economic performance and human welfare. The literature indicates that social capital makes a measurable contribution to economic development and overall wellbeing, particularly in developing countries. Partly in response to this emerging body of evidence, there has been increased interest in the application of community development principles to economic development initiatives. This paper argues that the advent of social capital theory represents a partial convergence between social economics and mainstream economics, and signifies an increased acceptance that economic activity cannot be meaningfully “disembedded” from social and political context. 相似文献
2.
John Marangos 《Forum for Social Economics》2011,40(1):119-137
The “transition” process in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EEFSU) was one of the most dramatic non-marginal adjustments
in economic systems ever experienced. During the transition process, elements of centrally administered socialism and embryonic
market relations co-existed. This made traditional economic theory irrelevant. The purpose of this paper is to discover policy
concerns and outcomes that orthodox “transition” literature ignores. Stanfield’s contribution to the economic literature,
a cultural-holistic approach of radical institutionalism, makes it possible to understand the “transition” process from a
new and more enlightened perspective. Stanfield provides a better understanding of the complexities involved, since the nature
of change in the EEFSU is social and ever-lasting, not an end-state in the form of “transition”. Students of transition and
of international development would benefit from this novel approach, which dismisses “transition” and substitutes “social
change”, as the proper designation and manifestation of what actually took place in EEFSU. 相似文献
3.
Maria-Soledad Castaño 《International Advances in Economic Research》2007,13(2):139-145
The main goal of this paper is to analyse the relationship between social capital and economic growth taking into account
the role of fiscal policy from theoretical and empirical points of view. To achieve this goal, “Human Capital and Public Capital
Effects on Economic Growth” is focused on the effects of two traditional factors: human capital and public capital effects
on economic growth. “Social Capital Effects on Economic Growth” considers qualitative variables introducing some socioeconomic
effects on economic growth process analysis. In this case, social capital the main variable will be considered. “Empirical
Analysis,” an empirical analysis is developed considering the case of European countries prior to the EU enlargement. Finally,
in Conclusions,” the main conclusions will be resumed.
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4.
Joseph T. Salerno 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(1):1-16
Carl Menger pioneered a unique theoretical research method which served as the foundation of the early Austrian school of
economics. Menger’s causal-realist analysis was revived and formalized just before and after World War 2 by Ludwig von Mises
as the “praxeological method.” Murray Rothbard, a student of von Mises’, utilized the method in formulating a comprehensive
system of economic theory in his treatise, Man Economy, and State published in the early 1960s. Rothbard’s treatise became the foundational work for the “Austrian revival” in the 1970s. In
this paper, we address several issues related to the role of Menger’s method in modern economics. First, ample evidence is
adduced that von Mises and Rothbard each expressed a surprising ambivalence with respect to his own work in relation to the
early Austrian school. Second, von Mises viewed Rothbard’s treatise as beginning a new epoch in economic theory. Third, contrary
to the conventional view, a careful analysis of his treatise shows that Rothbard drew heavily on the contemporary neoclassical
literature in developing his theoretical system and that his intent was never to set up a heterodox movement to challenge
mainstream economics. Rather, his main aim was to consistently apply the praxeological method to rescue economics from what
he considered the alien methodology of positivism, which was imported into economics after World War 2. Lastly, I will tentatively
suggest that the term “Austrian economics” as the designation for the intellectual movement that coalesced in the early 1970s
may now have outlived its usefulness. This term, which initially served an important strategic purpose in promoting the revival
of the broad Mengerian tradition, may have come to obscure the meaning and importance of the praxeological research paradigm
that Menger originated. 相似文献
5.
Jason Potts 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2007,20(2-3):123-135
This paper offers an extension of the distinction of [Kohn, Cato Journal, 24:303–339 (2004)] between the two paradigms of modern economic theory—value and exchange—as derived from the generic–operant framework
of [Dopfer and Potts, The general theory of economic evolution, Routledge, London, (2007)]. I argue that Austrian and evolutionary economics can be analytically unified about a general framework of rule coordination
and change that I shall call the generic value paradigm. This is an analytic generalization of Kohn’s “exchange paradigm” that will allow us to redefine his conception of the “value
paradigm” as the operational value paradigm in terms of the economics of known and fully exploited opportunities. The generic value paradigm, in turn, underpins the
economics of the growth of knowledge and the evolution of the economic order as an open-system process due to the origination,
adoption, and retention of novel generic rules. Austrian economics is then circumscribed as a special case of the more general
“generic” analysis of the coordination and evolution of economic rules.
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6.
Tiago Neves Sequeira 《Empirical Economics》2007,32(1):41-65
The effect of human capital composition on growth and development has been somewhat neglected in economic literature. However,
evidence has suggested the importance of engineering and technical (high-tech) skills to economic growth, and international
organizations have suggested their shortage in developed countries. Using a standard increasing variety growth model, we propose
various measures of human capital composition that are related with economic growth and development. When compared to data,
the model does well in explaining the rate of growth and the level of development as a function of these measures.
“the British colonies had a better educated population (...). Education was secular with emphasis on pragmatic skills and
yankee ingenuity (...). The 13 British colonies had nine universities in 1776 for 2.5 million people. New Spain, with 5 million,
had only two universities (...) which concentrated on theology and law.” –(Maddison, 2001) 相似文献
7.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
8.
Kazuya Ishii 《Forum for Social Economics》2003,32(2):41-55
Ernst F. Schumacher'sSmall is Beautiful seems thoroughly persuasive even at the turn of the century, as reckless material development is increasingly recognized
as a threat to peace. This article describes how his thought was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi's and Schumacher's ways
of thinking are considered as alternative development theorees, different from any of those stemming from laissez-faire economics
or Marxism. The formulation and proliferation of Schumacher's ideas about intermediate technologies are traced in both Indian
and global contexts, to evaluate their sufficiency as bases for development. Moreover, their implications for contemporary
economics are discussed, with the assistance of Amartya K. Sen's concepts of “capability,” “sympathy” and “commitment,” which
are in clear contrast to the conventional concept of “economic man.” Finally, it is concluded that Schumacher's alternative
development theories and practices, as well as Sen's economics, may play important roles in development and peace studies
in the 21st century.
I am grateful to William Volgor, Michael McPherson, David Schrom and Mark Kurowski for their helpful suggestions on drafts
of this article. 相似文献
9.
Transforming a traditional agricultural economy into a modern economy is one of the main themes in economic development. Through
theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper finds out that the key to transformation is to raise the economic value of
people, to improve human capital investment and to match the stocks of physical and human capital. China’s rural economy is
on the edge of economic take-off, and different zones may pursue different paths for transformation. The source of rural poverty
is not the scarcity of income or consumption, but the deficiency of education, social security, medical care and economic
opportunity, which we define as “capability poverty”.
__________
Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经济), 2005,(2) (in Chinese) 相似文献
10.
Julie A. Nelson 《International Review of Economics》2010,57(2):233-253
Orthodox neoclassical economics portrays reason as far more important than emotion, autonomy as more characteristic of economic
life than social connection, and, more generally, things culturally and cognitively associated with masculinity as more central
than things associated with femininity. Research from contemporary neuroscience suggests that such biases are related to certain
automatic processes in the brain, and feminist scholarship suggests ways of getting beyond them. The “happiness” and “interpersonal
relations” economics research programs have made substantial progress in overcoming a number of these biases, bringing into
consideration by economists a wide range of phenomena which were previously neglected. Analysis from a feminist economics
perspective suggests several fronts on which research could most profitably continue. 相似文献
11.
There exists a large literature which shows that public education is favorable for growth because it increases the level of
human capital and at the same time it tends to produce a more even income distribution. More egalitarian societies are also
associated with less social conflicts, and individuals have a lower tendency to report themselves happy when inequality is
high. Therefore, it is important to study the reasons why the elite opposes the development of a strong public education system.
It might be that education is related to social status and a strong public education system might threaten the elite’s political
power. We show that one aspect of social status is the specialization of skilled workers in high-paid jobs and the abundance
of unskilled workers in the production of cheap “home goods” in the market, such as painting and cleaning a house, babysitting,
and/or cooking. We emphasize the role of general equilibrium price adjustments to show that depending on the level of inequality,
the elite might prefer an economy with a positive and “high” cost of education than an economy where skills are freely provided.
We show that this result goes through even if the skilled wage is not directly affected by the ratio of skilled to unskilled
workers. We also provide empirical evidence consistent with our theory. 相似文献
12.
Robert Ashford 《Forum for Social Economics》2011,40(3):361-370
This article holds that widespread, practical access to capital acquisition is essential for sustainable widespread economic
prosperity and democracy. The founders of the U.S.A. agreed that sustainable democracy required widespread ownership of land
to provide a viable earning capacity sufficient to support robust participation in democratic government. The importance of
widespread land ownership to individual prosperity and sustainable democracy was supported not only by the prevailing philosophical
views of property, it was also apparent to the common man and woman. Compared to Europe, America offered widespread access
to land ownership, higher wages, better work conditions, cheaper staples and greater individual freedom, equal opportunity,
prosperity, and political participation. This conviction that widespread access to ownership is a necessary condition for
widespread prosperity and sustainable democracy continued throughout most of the nineteenth century, but today public discourse
reveals virtually no trace of this once universally held opinion. This article suggests that the disappearance of this conviction
can be traced to an erroneous view shaped by neoclassical economics and Keynesian economics. According to this view, (1) the
disappearance of the American frontier and industrialization made the goal of widespread capital ownership either impractical
or of little or no economic significance and (2) by way of technological advance, sufficient earning capacity and consumer
demand to promote growth and sustain democracy can be achieved, without widespread ownership, primarily through jobs and welfare.
Although differing in many respects, both mainstream schools, along with Adam Smith’s classical economics, share one common
but unstated economic assumption: the broader distribution of capital acquisition (in itself) has no fundamental relationship
to the fuller employment of people and capital, the broader distribution of greater individual earning capacity, and growth.
Contemporary thinking, shaped by these economic schools, also tacitly assumes that widespread capital ownership is not essential
for the sustainable individual earning capacity needed to support robust democracy. This erroneous “ownership-neutrality assumption”
(1) contradicts both the views of America’s founders and the colonial experience, and (2) provides theoretical justification
for structuring capital markets and capital acquisition transactions to unfairly and dysfunctionally favor existing owners
at the expense of broader ownership distribution, more widely shared prosperity, greater efficiency, ecologically friendly
growth, and a vital democracy. America’s conscientious founders would be shocked by the diminished importance of the distribution
of ownership in the mainstream analysis of prices, efficiency, production, growth, and democracy. Rather than enhancing democracy,
they would view the “ownership-neutrality assumption” of mainstream economics as contributing to its deterioration and corruption.
They would openly search for economic analysis built on an alternate assumption more consistent with their understanding of
the requisite conditions for sustainable democracy. This article advances an economic analysis that suspends the ownership-neutrality
assumption, replaces it with a “broader-ownership-growth assumption,” and suggests a voluntary market strategy for substantially
broadening capital ownership, enhancing individual earning capacity, and providing the widespread economic prosperity needed
for robust democracy. 相似文献
13.
This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures
and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent
analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application
to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study
of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure,
(interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies.
In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and
other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.” 相似文献
14.
The Economics of Non-Convex Ecosystems: Introduction 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
The word “convexity” is ubiquitous in economics, but absent fromeconomics. In this paper we explain why, and show what differenceit
makes to economic analysis if ecosystem non-convexities aretaken seriously. A simple proof is provided of the connectionbetween
“self-similarity” and “power laws”. We also provide anintroduction to each of the papers in the Symposium and draw outthe
way in which they form a linked set of contributions. 相似文献
15.
Günther Rehme 《Journal of Economics》2007,91(1):1-40
Many models show that redistribution is bad for growth. This paper argues that in a non-cooperative world optimizing, redistributing
(“left-wing”) governments mimic non-redistributing (“right-wing”) policies for fear of capital loss if capital markets become
highly integrated and the countries are technologically similar. “Left-right” competition leads to more redistribution and
lower GDP growth than “left-left” competition. Efficiency differences allow for higher GDP growth and more redistribution than one's opponent. Irrespective of efficiency differences, however, “left-wing” governments have higher
GDP growth when competing with other “left-wing” governments. The results may explain why one observes a positive correlation
between redistribution and growth across countries, and why capital inflows and current account deficits may be good for relatively
high growth. 相似文献
16.
Steven Horwitz 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2011,24(2):171-184
This paper honors Don Lavoie’s work on the relationship between theory and history in Austrian economics by using the current
recession as an example of many of the ideas found in his paper on the “Interpretive Dimension of Economics.” More specifically,
I start from the premise that all history comes from theory because it is theory that guides what we count as “facts” or “data.”
From Menger onward, a core element of the Austrian approach has been to see the purpose of theory as rendering human action
and its unintended consequences intelligible. We do that by telling historical narratives where theory is the logical glue
that holds the story together. I look at the Austrian story of the Great Recession in light of these ideas. What the Great
Recession demonstrates is that the core theoretical elements of Austrian business cycle theory are narrower than we might
think, but that consciously recognizing the contingent elements gives the theory additional flexibility to explain more of
various real-world crises when augmented by additional ideal typifications properly used. 相似文献
17.
Wolfram Elsner 《Forum for Social Economics》2007,36(1):1-16
Simplistic aggregation in idealized “markets” versus structural emergence in complex and path-dependent processes have always
marked a “continental divide” between neoclassical mainstream economics and all kinds of evolutionary and institutional social
economics. This paper deals with institutional, or structural, emergence and argues that the meso level (to be specific) is
the proper aggregate level for social economic analyses of complex systems and processes. Also, neo-Schumpeterian economists
have stressed recently the issue of an “institutional trajectory” taking place on the meso economic level. This paper argues
that the creative ideas of a Schumpeterian entrepreneur are not a sufficient explanation in this case. Using an evolutionary
interpretation of a simple game-theoretic formalism (the Folk Theorem), the paper strives to demonstrate that the meso level,
as the proper level of institutional emergence, must and can be endogenously explained from a process of interactive problem-solving
of interdependent agents, in their struggle for coordination under strong uncertainty. It will be illustrated that a meso-sized
socio-economic group co-evolves, and is constituted, together with the institution that in turn serves as the solution to
the coordination problem. The practical and policy implications of the argument are discussed.
相似文献
Wolfram ElsnerEmail: |
18.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
19.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献