基于建筑消防设施安装过程中常见质量通病的探讨

建筑消防设施的安装施工是建筑设备工程最重要的组成部分,同时也是建筑物设施中必不可少的一项建筑安装工程。建筑消防设施施工质量的好坏,直接严重影响建筑消防设施正常运行。从日常监督检查建筑消防设施的施工质量以及工程的验收情况可以看出,建筑消防设施施工过程中仍然存在着一些问题。本文首先重点分析了建筑消防设施安装过程中存在的主要质量通病,然后阐述了产生这些常见质量通病的原因,最后提出解决这些建筑消防设施安装过程中的质量通病对应的对策或建议。     

Reconfiguring a set of coverage-providing facilities under travel time uncertainty

We study networks of facilities that must provide coverage under conditions of uncertainty with respect to travel times and customer demand. We model this uncertainty through a set of scenarios. Since opening new facilities and/or closing existing ones is often quite expensive, we focus on optimal re-configuration of the network, that is finding a facility set that achieves desired thresholds with respect to expected and minimal coverage, while retaining as many of the existing facilities as possible. We illustrate our model with an example of Toronto Fire Service. We demonstrate that relocating just a few facilities can have the same effect as opening a similar number of new ones. We develop exact and approximate solution approaches and test them with computational experiments. Algorithm based on Tabu Search (with certain novel components) appears to be particularly successful for this problem. We also analyze the multi-objective version of the problem, where the expected and minimum coverage levels are treated as objectives in addition to the objective of maximizing the number of pre-existing facilities in the final location set.     

Reliable design of a congested disaster relief network: A two-stage stochastic-robust optimization approach

The preparedness of humanitarian relief networks can be enhanced by pre-positioning resources in strategic locations and using them when disasters strike, a strategy that gives rise to a two-stage planning problem. This paper presents a novel two-stage stochastic-robust optimization approach for integrated planning of pre- and post-disaster positioning and allocation of relief resources, while taking into consideration the uncertainty about demand for relief services and disruptions in the relief facilities and the transportation network. The proposed approach enables planners to effectively use limited historical data and imperfect experts’ opinions to obtain robust solutions while avoiding the over-conservatism of classical robust optimization methods. The objective sought is to minimize the expected total time victims need to receive assistance, including both access time to facilities and waiting/service time in them. Congestion in relief facilities is accounted for by modeling them as queuing systems and penalizing waiting time. A decomposition method based on column-and-constraint generation is implemented to solve the problem, whereas the nonlinear terms corresponding to queuing in the second-stage problem are handled using a direct search procedure. Applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a real case study and the numerical results are analyzed to draw managerial insights.     

停车位的供需矛盾及其解决方略

针对我国城市停车供需矛盾突出这一问题,从深层次分析原因,认为应该从城市可持续发展的高度,结合机动化发展战略,在立法、公共政策和技术标准制定,以及停车设施规划、建设和管理等方面,系统地提出解决问题的对策;在倡导"公交优先"的同时,应提出限制私人轿车拥有和使用的政策;对城市公共停车设施应进行统筹规划,统一建设,并将城市公共停车设施作为公共物品纳入城市交通基础设施建设;城市停车设施应以公共停车设施为主,严格限制专用停车设施和商品化停车泊位,以提高城市停车设施的利用率。     

Location-allocation problem for intra-transportation system in a big company by using meta-heuristic algorithm

This paper presents the location-allocation problem of parking facilities in Mobarakeh Steel Company. The aim is to find the optimal location for the parking facilities and allocate travels between departments to each parking facility. To optimize the cost and facing the transportation demands of all departments, a mathematical model is designed and solved by a commercial software package. Also, the number of vehicles allocated to each parking facility is determined. A hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm combining a genetic algorithm with parallel simulated annealing is developed which can be used even in more complicated structure of the problem. The results show that this hybrid algorithm is highly efficient in solving this kind of problems.     

基于混合集合规划的多场景应急设施选址优化

多场景应急设施选址问题具有约束复杂、时效性强、规划周期短等特点。以混合集合规划为算法框架的自然约束语言NCL能对该问题进行建模与求解。以一个典型多场景应急设施选址问题为例,证明了NCL可有效求解该类问题。     

Improving access to health facilities in Nouna district,Burkina Faso

The Nouna health district in Burkina Faso, has a population of approximately 275,000 people living in 281 villages, and is served by 25 health facilities, as of 2006. For many people, the time and effort required in traveling to a health facility, which may demand a journey of many kilometers over poor roads on foot, is a deterrent to seeking proper medical care. In this study we examine how access to health facilities in Nouna may be improved by considering the configuration of the road network in addition to the locations of the facilities. We model the situation as a facility location–network design problem and draw conclusions about how best to improve the physical access of the health facilities. Our model shows the extent to which access can be improved when the road network is considered along with facility locations, in contrast to facility locations considered alone.     

Intrametropolitan planning for community-based residential care: a goals programming approach.

Small community-based residential facilities have increasingly supplanted large-scale institutions as treatment settings for mentally and physically disabled, indigent, elderly and ex-offender populations in the United States. Because the intrametropolitan assignment of these service-dependent populations and their community care facilities has not been purposively planned, most facilities and clients have clustered in inner cities, resulting in the formation of service-dependent population ghettos. This paper outlines a goals programming approach to the client/facility assignment problem. The model provides a basis for an intrametropolitan distribution of residential service facilities that balances equity and efficiency goals and that protects both client and community rights. A regional fair-share plan that incorporates negotiation and arbitration techniques is offered as an institutional mechanism for implementing the goals programming framework.     

浅谈建筑消防给水稳压系统

对建筑消防给水系统的几种稳压方式进行了阐述,分析了稳压系统的控制形式,总结了增压稳压设施在实际应用中应该注意的问题,以提高工程技术人员对增压稳压设施的认识,充分发挥增压稳压设施的作用。     

Data center supply chain configuration design: A two-stage decision approach

Data centers are special-purpose facilities that enable customers to perform cloud based real-time online transactions and rigorous computing operations. Service levels of data center facilities are characterized by response time between query and action, which to a large extent depends on data center location and data travel distance. Another aspect of service level is resource up-time availability, which is determined by data center configuration. Data center location and configuration decisions are, therefore, of great significance to ensure uninterrupted operations in customers of manufacturing and service industries relying on cloud-based computing resources. In this study, following a grid-based location approach, we present two mixed integer linear programming models for capacitated single-source data center location-allocation problems. The first model provides optimal locations, capacities and configurations of data centers, and allocation of demands to open facilities when there is no existing facilities in the region. Our second model considers the decision problem of meeting new demand when the existing demand is met by the already opened facilities. We term these newly arrived demand as replication demand, which results either from emergence of new users of existing customers at distant locations in the future, or as a means of increasing data resilience by creating data replication as a backup. To solve the decision problem for meeting primary and replication demand optimally, we propose a two-stage decision algorithm. The algorithm provides optimal locations, capacities and configurations for new data centers, capacity addition decisions to the existing facilities and subsequent allocation of demands. Both models and solution algorithm are implemented using AMPL programming language and solved with CPLEX solver. The models are found to be scalable and capable to provide high quality solutions in reasonable time.     

谈谈环境保护验收监测工作程序及应注意的问题

在实践基础上,对建设项目环保设施竣工验收监测工作程序进行阐述,并指出验收监测过程中应注意的问题,为环保设施竣工验收工作提供有益借鉴。     

基于优先满意度最大的维修设施覆盖选址问题

以战时维修设施选址为背景,扩展了传统的最大覆盖选址模型的应用范围,对优先满意度函数进行了定义,并建立了基于优先满意度最大的维修设施覆盖选址模型,运用拉格朗日松弛算法对模型进行了求解。     

Capacitated heuristic program for multiactivity, multi-facility system designs

Multi-activity, multi-facility design systems occur in a wide variety of industrial and service applications: e.g.: regional health care centers with configurations of activities at each center, and multi-echelon inventory distribution systems. The problem in designing such systems is to determine from a candidate set of possible locations what facility locations should be opened and what types of activities should be carried out at each of the open facilities. This article presents an efficient heuristic procedure for such a problem.The heuristic procedure described can be used to solve both the uncapacitated and the capacitated problems where capacity is expressed in terms of the number of activities which can be supported by the facilities.Extensive computational experience with the heuristic is presented. The performance of the heuristic is compared against optimal solutions and the results look very encouraging.     

大体积混凝土裂缝成因与控制

近些年,国民经济、建筑技术发展迅速,建筑规模不断扩大,大型现代化技术设施或构筑物不断增多,大体积混凝土在构建大型设施或构筑物中的作用越来越重要。而大体积混凝土开裂则是工程建设中常见的技术问题,一旦出现裂缝,结构的耐久性就会降低,构件的承载力减弱,还可能对建筑物的安全使用带来威胁。因此,本文中笔者就运用有效的措施避免大体积混凝土的开裂进行了分析和研究。     

Facility location under demand uncertainty: Response to a large-scale bio-terror attack

In the event of a catastrophic bio-terror attack, major urban centers need to efficiently distribute large amounts of medicine to the population. In this paper, we consider a facility location problem to determine the points in a large city where medicine should be handed out to the population. We consider locating capacitated facilities in order to maximize coverage, taking into account a distance-dependent coverage function and demand uncertainty. We formulate a special case of the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) with a loss function, to account for the distance-sensitive demand, and chance-constraints to address the demand uncertainty. This model decides the locations to open, and the supplies and demand assigned to each location. We solve this problem with a locate-allocate heuristic. We illustrate the use of the model by solving a case study of locating facilities to address a large-scale emergency of a hypothetical anthrax attack in Los Angeles County.     

考虑人口因素的公共应急服务设施选址问题研究

研究了考虑人口因素的公共应急服务设施选址问题,建立了该问题数学模型,分别设计了求解该问题的精确算法和启发式算法,并通过具体的案例进行了求解及分析,得到了满意的结果。     

对老龄设施在城市和村镇规划设计中的思考--老龄设施体系和内容的探讨

人口老龄化是世界性的问题,我国也不例外.我国老龄设施体系的建立应以养老模式和老龄人口的生理和心理特点为基础.老龄设施的规划设计也应符合我国的基本国策和城乡的二元特性.     

A facility location problem with clients' preference orderings

The Simple Plant Location Problem (SPLP) consists in identifying a pattern of facilities among a set of potential sites so that the sum of the costs for opening the facilities and for supplying a group of geographically dispersed clients therefrom is minimized. It is posited in this framework that the locator rules on the allocation of the clients to the facilities. When the clients are free to decide upon which facility they will attend, their choices do not necessarily match the most economical supply pattern from the point of view of the locator. We suppose here that each client has a preference ordering on the list of potential sites whereby he determines his allocation out of any set of open facilities. This preference ordering depends on characteristics of the client, of the sites, and of the trip between the client's location and the sites. Mathematically, we translate the orderings into a set of constraints to be appended to the SPLP. This new problem, termed SPLPO, has a wide range of applications as shown by a series of examples. We present an algorithm for solving the SPLPO and extensive computational experiments are reported.     

A multiobjective modeling approach to locating incinerators

The location of hazardous material incineration facilities is an important problem due to the environmental, social, and economic impacts that they impose. The costs associated with the facilities and the risks placed on nearby populations are important concerns as are the distributions of these costs and risks. This paper introduces a mixed-integer, multiobjective programming approach to identify the locations and capacities of such facilities. The approach incorporates a Gaussian dispersion model and a multiobjective optimization model in a GIS-based interactive decision support system that planners can access via the Internet. The proposed approach is demonstrated via a case study in central Portugal where the national government has decided to locate a large facility for the incineration of hazardous industrial waste. Due to intense local and national opposition, construction of the facility has been delayed. The system has been designed so that it can be used by decision makers with no special training in dispersion modeling, multiobjective programming, or GIS.