德国生物资源管理的有关法律法规

长期以来,由于德国公众对生物技术,尤其是基因技术的恐惧和拒绝,很大程度上影响了立法机构的决策,造成了德国在基因领域的立法工作重点主要集中在基因技术安全性方面,先后制订了《基因技术法》、《基因技术安全条例》、《胚胎保护法》等一系列法律、法规,对基因技术的应用,基因技术设施的建立,转基因生物的释放和流通,人类基因技术安全等问题作了众多规定。但在生物资源保护方面没有形成统一的法律基础,在德国没有专门针对生物资源保护和管理的法律,但许多法律法规又都包含着保护和管理生物资源的内容,因为保护自然、保护资源早…     

网络信息言论自由的限制与保护

网络言论是言论自由的一种主要表现方式，它具有不同于其他传播媒介的显著特点。通过对网络环境下的言论自由双向性、开放性、匿名性等特点做了详细分析，可得出网络言论自由可能引发侵权的结论，因此，对网络言论自由应加以限制和保护，矛加强网络立法、网络技术的发展、网络技术的发展及建立因特网的管理和协调机构、规范和保障因特网上的言论、政府直接参与因特网言论的交流和传播等方面的建设。     

关于邹恒甫的爆料

在缺乏言论自由或者没有法律保障言论自由的地方,是很难让人懂得文责自负的道理,因为大家没有机会学习如何在公共空间发言,于是才会是口水满天飞,一片混乱,而混乱中还常常有意想不到的收获,那就是口水,原来最终还是现实。     

刍议网络社会中的言论自由——以“政府治理”为切入点

言论自由在很多国家被作为公民的基本权利写入宪法,通过这样的方式赋予其一国最高的法律保护。20世纪末以来,网络开始成为人们信息交流的新平台并开始逐渐改变我们的生活学习方式,这给政府对社会的管理带来了新的压力和挑战,网络社会中的言论自由以及政府的监管治理成为当今社会的重要研究课题。从言论自由的概念入手,分析我国网络社会中的言论自由以及对现阶段政府治理手段进行分析和研究从而提出对于政府治理网络社会中言论自由的完善措施。     

论商标反淡化中的权利滥用及其反垄断法规制

反淡化保护是一种对著名商标进行扩大化保护的制度，其根本目标是保护著名商标的显著性和识别性不受弱化、丑化和退化。但是这种强保护也有可能被权利人滥用，从而妨碍他人言论自由，损害自由公平竞争，造成垄断。反垄断法主要通过禁止限制竞争性协议和滥用市场支配地位行为对其进行规制，体现了公益与私益的平衡。     

德国对知识产权的法律保护

知识产权是个人或单位对其在科学、技术、文学艺术等领域里创造的精神财富所享有的专用权,也就是对其智力创造性活动的成果所享有的专用权利。知识产权既是一种人身权,又是一种无形财产权。各国保护知识产权的主要法律是著作权法、专利法和商标法。这些法律是调整有关创作、发明、商标的所有权和使用权等各种关系的法律规范。国家通过这些法律授予知识产权所有人以著作权、专利权和商标权,确认和保护他们对自己的作品、发明和商标的所有权和使用、支配、转让、继承等权利。在德国,专利是受《专利法案》(Patents Act)(1936年颁布,1980年修正)保护的;商标是受《商标法案》(Trademark Act)(1936年颂布,1979年修正)保护的;著作权是受1965年9月颁布的《版权法》保护的,该法规也于1974年被重新修正。这些就构成了德国对知识产权保护的法律框架。     

运用信用权保障公司信用制度研究

公司信用如果得不到法律的保护,那是难以想象的,因为一个公司通过各方面的努力构建了自己的信用,却对他人损害自己的信用无能为力,没有法律的保护,这无疑是鼓励无信行为,最终导致劣币驱逐良币。所以有必要建立信用权制度保护公司信用。     

关于信用卡交易中消费者的权益问题

市场经济从它的本质特征和客观要求来说是消费者主权经济 ,消费信用又是市场经济的必然现象。因此对信用消费者给予法律保护是市场经济立法的重要方面。文章在对信用卡交易中消费者权益被剥夺限制的情况进行论述的基础上 ,提出了在信用卡交易中保护持卡消费者权益的立法建议     

微博:站在法律的断桥上——言论自由与名誉权保护之间

微博是一种区别于以往任何一种网络传播方式的新型网络传播媒体。以微博为代表的私媒体时代,所有人都可以自由表达自己,尽管微博戴着"个人空间"的帽子,却已不单单是私人领域那么简单。微博在带来话语自由的同时,也频频触及法律和伦理道德底线。"中国微博第一案"体现了因为微博而引发的言论自由权与名誉权的冲突。根据"权利的相互性",在保护一种权利的时候,实际上必然侵犯另一种权利,所以应该对言论自由和名誉权进行合理配置,以求得利益的平衡。     

法·法治·宪政

法治是宪政的必要基础,并捍卫着宪政体制的生存和稳定,没有法治就没有宪政。如果法律仅仅是统治者(立法者或执法者)意志的体现,那就没有法治,也就无宪政可言。宪政的目标决不是简单地限制政府权力。宪政的目标是建立一个有效的、负责的、公正的、保护个人基本权利的政治和法律体系;这就要求宪法赋予政府足够的、有效的权力来管理公共事务和保持社会安全及稳定。     

历史法学、统一国家与德国资本主义

本文宏观考察了19世纪德国法理学发展的思想史轨迹。19世纪的德国法理学围绕统一德国的主题而展开,经历了面对统一问题的自由主义法理论与民族主义法理论间的复杂争论。19世纪的德国资产阶级要求的民主问题与地方封建邦的自主要求混杂在一起,从而又危及着德国的统一问题（德国自由主义法理论的困境）;同时,德国的统一问题又与维持德国封建君主制关联在一起（德国民族主义法理论的困境）。这是德国法理学不同于自然法理念的历史法理学特征。可以说,以历史法学为象征的19世纪德国法理论丧失了现代性的普遍品格,成为一种德意志的意识形态。     

LABOR EARNINGS AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME MOBILITY IN REUNIFIED GERMANY: A COMPARISON OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN STATES

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we compare income mobility of persons from the eastern and western states of Germany between 1990 and 1995. We consider income mobility between consecutive years and between the first and the final year of this time period. We find that gross individual labor income mobility was much higher in the east than in the west during the first years after reunification, but that this difference has become much smaller until 1995. Changing to measures that reflect economic well-being more accurately, we observe that gross equivalent labor income mobility and net equivalent income mobility initially were also much higher in the eastern states than in the western states, but converged over time as well. This convergence has been particularly strong for net equivalent income mobility, suggesting that the social protection system has greatly reduced mobility risks associated with the transformation process in the eastern states of Germany.     

未决羁押制度研究

未决羁押制度是各国刑事诉讼活动中普遍适用的剥夺刑事被追诉人人身自由的强制措施，其具体是指有关刑事追诉机关在法院终局判决之前对被追诉人按照刑事诉讼法律相关规定予以羁押的刑事诉讼活动。无论是大陆法系还是英美法系均从保障被追诉人人权角度出发广泛建立了未决羁押制度，以期通过严格的法律程序防止羁押权滥用与保障被追诉人人身自由。然而中国迄今为止没有较完整意又上的未决羁押制度，而且出现了羁押权行使没有独立的司法审查机制介入等问题。因此确有必要对中国的未决羁押制度进行完善，从而实现刑事诉讼程序意义上的保障人权。     

各国发展循环经济的经验比较

各国在发展循环经济方面积累了丰富的经验,尤以德国和日本的法律制度、美国社区中的契约安排、德国的社会中介组织模式、芬兰的公众参与模式、日本的"静脉产业"模式、丹麦的生态工业园区模式最为典型。     

International research strategies of multinational corporations: A German perspective

This paper explores the international research activities of multinational corporations that are related to Germany. It analyzes what role German companies and Germany as a host of foreign companies play in the growing specialization of global exploitation and generation of knowledge. The paper covers application oriented as well as strategic research for two company samples—German and non-German—on the basis of a complex indicator-based analysis (patents and publications) and microdata from business reports. The paper shows that internationalization of research and development (R&D) has increased and broadened in scope. It highlights the strong and growing differences existing between technological and scientific areas as well as between different sectors. Apparently, while the market adaptation of products is still the major driver for German companies, international knowledge seeking has become more and more important, especially in technological areas that are linked very closely to basic research. While Germany as a host of international industrial R&D is much more attractive for applied research (mechanical engineering) than for basic research, the country has still established attractiveness in selected knowledge-intensive technological areas and shows a high intensity of international cooperation. There is a high level of reciprocity in knowledge-intensive areas pointing towards a global specialization and division of labor.     

Need for speed? Exploring the relative importance of patents and utility models among German firms

Despite the wide use of two-tiered patent systems (patents and utility models (UMs)), there is little empirical evidence about how often UMs are actually used, what kind of firms use them to protect their intellectual property, and how firms rank them relative to patents. We offer such an analysis using data from Germany. We find that larger firms are more likely to use both protection methods. Moreover, a short life cycle of products and services is associated with an increased likelihood to use UMs. The features and functioning of the German UM system are of broader interest because it has been a benchmark for several second tier patent protection systems around the world.     

Is Part-Time Employment after Childbirth a Stepping-Stone into Full-Time Work? A Cohort Study for East and West Germany

Does part-time work support first-time mothers’ employment by providing a stepping-stone into full-time work in Germany? Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984–2012, this study compares three different age cohorts of first-time East and West German mothers to investigate whether there has been any convergence between East and West Germany in the way women use part-time employment. Results show that mothers in West Germany in all cohorts tended to remain in part-time employment for longer periods than those in East Germany. Part-time employment more often provided a stepping-stone into full-time employment in East Germany than in West Germany. East German women who gave birth after reunification were less likely than older cohorts to experience a transition from part-time to full-time work. Thus, part-time employment not followed by subsequent full-time work has become more common in the East.     

对德国经济发展的研究及其启示

德国作为欧元区最具实力的第一大经济体,是一个典型的出口导向型国家,机械制造业和汽车业是德国两大支柱产业。德国在产品研发、品牌创新和外贸出口等领域长期处于世界领先地位,其出口的产品具有高品质、高科技、可持续性、附加值高等特点。政策体系支持、不断进行技术创新、对中小企业的保护、健全的产业体系是德国经济发展的主要原因,值得中国学习和借鉴。     

Does Work Always Pay in Germany?

Abstract. Income redistribution in Germany is the result of a combination of several redistribution instruments: there is a complex income tax law, different obligatory social insurances and supplementary benefits. This paper estimates income redistribution by quantile regression, using German EVS data. Two results are obtained: income after redistribution does not always increase in line with income before redistribution, i.e. for people with a low income before redistribution, it does not make sense to increase their efforts, since more work means less earnings. Further, an increasing redistribution rate for higher incomes is not always observable from the data.     

Freedom and the Strong State: On German Ordoliberalism

Ordoliberalism is the theory behind the German social market economy. Its theoretical stance developed in the context of the economic crisis and political turmoil of the Weimar Republic in the late 1920s. It is premised on the strong state as the locus of liberal governance, and holds that economic freedom derives from political authority. In the context of the crisis of neoliberal political economy and austerity, and debates about the resurgence of the state vis-à-vis the economy, the article introduces the ordoliberal argument that the free economy presupposes the exercise of strong state authority, and that economic liberty is a practice of liberal governance. This practice is fundamentally one of social policy to secure the sociological and ethical preconditions of free markets. The study of ordoliberalism brings to the fore a tradition of a state-centric neoliberalism, one that says that economic freedom is ordered freedom, one that argues that the strong state is the political form of free markets, and one that conceives of competition and enterprise as a political task.