治学感言

新的世纪即将来临,这是中华民族实现全面振兴的又一个新的创业时期。在新的征途上,我们将会遇到许多新情况、新问题,因此,我们需要更加勤勉地学习,扎实地工作,抓住机遇,励精图治。治学问题,即是我们面对的一个极为重要的课题。 一     

河南省能源利用现状及分析

伴随着经济的高速发展,能源资源的紧缺日益凸显.我国在经济快速发展的同时,节约资源的压力明显增加.为了确保"十一五"节能目标的实现,促进国民经济又好又快发展,我们要始终高度重视节能工作,把它放在维护中华民族长远利益的战略高度坚持不懈地推进.为了更好地保证河南省"十一五"节能目标的实现,我们首先需要把握该省的能源利用状况.     

为全球化经济给劳工保护以新形式

工厂中的争端是能用合法的办法并在也能增强我们的经济的国际竞争能力的某种方式下迅速地、简单地并又花费不多地来解决的。克林顿政府要建立一种既在国际上有竞争力又能在较高工资下产生好的工作职位的国内经济——这是一种值得称赞的目标,不过,这只是一个雄     

谈“度”在企业管理中的应用

“度”就是事物保持自己质的量的限度、幅度、范围。事物的度不是人为规定的而是事物自身所具有的。在生活和工作中,了解事物的“度”很重要,它可以使我们知道量变在什么限度内不会涉及到事物的质,而在什么情况下又必然会引起质的变化。只有了解了事物的度,我们才能很好地把握和利用事物的质,促进事物健康地发展,推动工作顺利地进行。     

奖励:激励人们行为最有效的方法

随着经济体制改革的进一步深入和市场经济的进一步完善和发展 ,人们的价值观已经改变。人们已不再局限于单方面的需要 ,而是要追求更加全面和更高层次的价值体现。比如 ,大部分人都由以前勤勤恳恳地工作 ,默默无闻地贡献转变为既要讲工作成绩 ,比社会贡献 ,又要讲待遇 ,讲报酬的新型价值观。他们既要依靠社会团体的实力而发展 ,又要追求个体能力的充分发挥。这就给我们的企业或组织提出了一个亟待解决的问题 ,那就是我们的企业或组织如何在无情的竞争中取得人才的信任和依靠 ,充分引导和发挥他们的才能 ,保证企业工作的有效性和高效性 ,实现…     

促转变,让湖北国有经济更好更快发展

2009年，面对国际金融危机冲击下全球经济形势下滑的不利局势，湖北省国有企业认真贯彻落实中央和省委、省政府关于“保增长、调结构、促改革、惠民生”的总体要求和工作部署，积极扎实地推进各项工作，促进了全省国有经济又好又快发展。2010年，我们将以转变经济发展方式为核心，采取各项措施，努力促进湖北国有经济上新台阶。     

毛泽东理财思想初探

<正> 本文拟从毛泽东同志理财思想体系,作一管窥。一、大力发展生产积极开辟财源研究毛泽东同志的理财思想,最重要的问题是要认真学习和领会他的有关财政经济工作指导思想的论述。早在民主革命时期,毛泽东同志就提倡从实际出发,对财政经济问题进行务实性研究。告诫我们:“从发展国民经济来增加我们的财政收入,是我们财政政策的基本方针”,又说:“财政的支出,应该根据节省的方针。”在抗日战争进入相持阶段之时,毛泽东同志在陕甘宁边区高级干部会议上所作的报告中,又明确地指出:“发展经济,保障供给,是我们的经济工作和财政工作的总方针。”中国革命和建设的实践完全证明     

敢于竞争 善于竞争(社论)

有没有勇气和胆量,投身于激烈的市场竞争之中?又以怎样的思想观念、精神状态和行为方式去参与竞争,这是人们无法回避的两个问题。我们欣喜地看到:旭日集团以其开拓进取、敢为人先的精神,超乎寻常而又符合市场经济规律的工作方式,对这两个问题作出了令人满意的回答。     

“双重角色”、“经纪模式”与“守夜人”和“撞钟者”——来自田野的学术札记

正式权力的非正式运用对于懈怠的村政当然是一种补救,然而,我们是否想过,如果乡镇对村里的工作普遍地只能依靠这种方式去运作时,这对于乡村关系,进而对于国家与村庄的关系又意味着什么呢?     

求宣传规律之真务服务大局之实

求真务实是宣传工作的基本功。我们惟有发扬求真务实的精神，既全面准确地宣传党的主张，牢牢把握正确的舆论导向，又积极反映群众的呼声，坚持把为经济建设和改革发展稳定的大局服务作为中心任务，宣传工作才能不断焕发新的生命力。     

Income or Consumption: Which Better Predicts Subjective Well‐Being?

The positive relationship between income and subjective well‐being has been well documented. However, work assessing the relationship of alternative material well‐being metrics to subjective well‐being (SWB) is limited. Consistent with the permanent income hypothesis, we find that a consumption‐based measure out‐performs (surveyed) income in predicting subjective well‐being. When objective measures of consumption are combined with self‐assessments of a household’s standard of living, income becomes insignificant altogether. We obtain our result utilizing household‐level data from Statistics New Zealand’s New Zealand General Social Survey which contains measures of income, SWB and a measure of material well‐being called the Economic Living Standard Index that combines measures of consumption flows and self‐assessments of material well‐being.     

Monopoly with local knowledge of demand function

In this note, we propose a model where a quantity setting monopolist has incomplete knowledge of the demand function. In each period, the firm sets the quantity produced observing only the selling price and the slope of the demand curve at that quantity. Given this information and through a learning process the firm estimates a linear subjective demand curve. We show that the steady states of the dynamic equation are critical points of the objective profit function. Moreover, results depend on convexity/concavity of the demand. When the demand function is convex and the objective profit function has a unique critical point: the steady state is a globally stable maximum; conversely when then steady state is not unique, local maximums are locally stable, while local minimums are locally unstable. On the other hand when the demand function is concave, the unique critical point is a maximum: there can be stability or instability of the critical point and period two cycles around it via a flip bifurcation. Moreover, through simulations we can observe that, with a mixed inverse demand function, there are different dynamic behaviors, from stability to chaos and that we have transition to complex dynamics via a sequence of period-doubling bifurcations. Finally, we show that the same results can be obtained if the monopolist is a price setter.     

按劳分配与社会公平

马克思提出的社会主义分配原则——按劳分配本身就包含有分配机会公平、分配原则公平和分配结果公平的公平性,但由于主、客观的原因,按劳分配在我国社会主义实践中存在着不公平的现象。文章从完善按劳分配的主体地位、完善按劳分配的分配依据、进一步巩固和发展公有制经济、提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重、完善政府调节行为等五个方面强调完善按劳分配,更好地实现社会公平。     

How reliable and consistent are subjective measures of welfare in Europe and Central Asia?

This paper analyses the reliability and consistency of subjective well‐being measures, using the Life in Transition Survey. Drawing on two life satisfaction questions with alternative scales, our results do not reveal substantial biases in accounts of life satisfaction due to framing. Subjective individual assessments of household relative income position, on the other hand, do not appear to be reliable predictors of objective poverty or wealth. We find that subjective relative income position is only weakly correlated with objective welfare measures. There are differences in evaluations of the household's relative standing across different household members, and these differences are correlated with respondent characteristics.     

Event-Separability in the Ellsberg urn

Ellsberg??s three-color urn involves two distinct sources of uncertainty??the color composition of the urn (which is subjective) and the identity of the drawn ball (which is objective)??and bets on it can involve mixed objective/subjective uncertainty. It is known that typical betting preferences on this urn violate both the Sure-Thing Principle and probabilistic sophistication over its mixed uncertainty but are consistent with both of them over its purely subjective uncertainty. In this paper, we show that the standard Ellsberg-type preference reversal is actually implied by the Independence Axiom over its purely objective uncertainty.     

The enduring allure of objective probability

Probability measures are properly considered subjective, if only as a result of the knowledge limitations of human experience. Even if objective probability can be demonstrated as an unambiguously verifiable property of the physical world, our necessarily imperfect access to such aspects of reality would necessitate the construction of subjective probability measures for examinations of human behavior. This paper will explore the distinction between subjective and purportedly objective probability in principle, and demonstrate that actual probabilities can only be subjective, at least ex ante. The paper will next examine the persistent efforts of philosophers, mathematicians, and particularly quantitatively-inclined social scientists, to construct and employ mistaken conceptions of purportedly objective probability. The neo-indeterminist interpretation of sub-atomic particle physics is addressed next, with its attempt to construct an objective-probabilistic account of reality based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. An explanation is suggested for the persistent allure of objective probability in the social sciences, which purports to offer a more economical and parsimonious basis for human behavior and the formation of expectations. The view that there are ontologically privileged, objectively-verifiable probabilities and expectations, will be examined and criticized. It appears to be one source of the discredited, though nonetheless widespread and persistent, belief in the efficacy and feasibility of central economic planning.     

Performance incentives and planning under uncertainty

The paper discusses the use of the performance-incentive function (PIF) by planning organizations when there is subjective or objective uncertainty. It is proved that a PIF can be constructed that achieves both allocational and distributional optimality, when there is subjective uncertainty about the conditions of production and both the center and the producer are risk-averse. When there is objective uncertainty, however, it is shown that it is not, in general, possible for the center to achieve these two objectives simultaneously. J. Comp. Econ., Sept. 1979, 3(3), pp. 217–232. United States Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840; and University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.     

Willingness-to-pay for urban ecosystem services provision under objective and subjective uncertainty

There is growing concern that failure to acknowledge the risk and uncertainty surrounding ecosystem services (ES) delivery could have adverse effects on support for ES policy intervention in the long run. However, acknowledging risk may reduce support for policy interventions in the short term. In this paper, we sought to determine whether willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban forest ES in Southampton, UK is affected by objective and subjective uncertainty surrounding ES delivery. We conducted a discrete choice experiment with a split sample design: one with a scenario specifying risky ES outcomes and one where zero risk was implied. Respondents’ subjective certainty surrounding the provision of ES was determined before and after the choice questions. Despite respondents’ risk aversion, introducing an objective likelihood attribute did not reduce WTP compared to the scenario with implied certain ES outcomes. Furthermore, whilst WTP for the overall scheme was found to be adversely affected by the presence of risk around ES outcomes, subjective uncertainty seemed to reduce WTP more than objective probabilities. Our results therefore support the idea that both objective probabilities and subjective uncertainty should be explicitly incorporated in the design of stated preference studies for ES valuation.     

The efficiency of bonus-or-terminate incentive schemes under subjective evaluations

We study a repeated principal–agent model with subjective evaluations. We construct simple bonus-or-terminate incentive schemes. In these schemes, the principal evaluates the agent every T periods. The principal pays a bonus and asks the agent to work for T more periods if the evaluation is positive. The relationship is terminated if the evaluation is negative. The inefficiencies in these schemes vanish as the agent can be more frequently evaluated. This result holds generally under objective or subjective evaluations.     

External validation of the use of vignettes in cross-country health studies

Cross-country comparisons of subjective assessments are rendered difficult if not impossible because of sub-population specific response style. To correct for this, the use of vignettes has become increasingly popular, notably within cross-country health studies. However, the validity of vignettes as a means to re-scale across sample sub-populations critically rests on the assumption of “response consistency” (RC): that vignettes and self-assessments are evaluated on the same scale. In this paper, we seek to test this assumption by applying objective measures of health along with subjective measures and vignettes. Our results indicate that the assumption of RC is not innocuous and that our extended model relaxing this assumption improves the fit and significantly changes the cross-country rankings of health vis-á-vis the standard Chopit model.