风险追逐条件下基于补偿策略及回购契约的供应链协调

供应链风险偏好问题是当前的研究热点,以往学者在研究供应链协调策略时多考虑供应链成员是风险中性的情形,较少考虑当供应链成员为风险追逐或风险厌恶的情形。本文在总结前人研究结果的基础上建立了由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的供应链模型,双方构成了一个Stackelberg主从博弈模型,供应商为领导者,零售商为追随者。并假设该供应链模型在随机市场需求条件下,采用供应链补偿策略及回购契约进行协调。在此基础上,本文研究了当供应链有一方是风险追逐而另一方是风险中性条件下的供应链协调策略,并将结论与供应链双方均为风险中性条件下的协调策略进行了对比分析,分别得出了不同风险偏好组合备件下,供应商和零售商的最优协调策略。最后得出结论：无论供应链成员的风险偏好如何,当供应商将订货补偿策略与回购契约一起使用时,可以在保持回购价格不变的情况下达到供应链的协调。     

风险规避对闭环供应链决策的影响

构建了3种不同回收渠道(制造商回收、零售商回收和第三方回收商回收)下的闭环供应链模型,以制造商为Stackelber领导者,分析了分散化决策下的3种最优决策模型,考察了闭环供应链各参与方的风险规避程度对其定价决策和期望利润的影响,并借助数值分析对求解结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:随着风险规避程度的增大,零售商趋向于降低零售价格,回收方趋向于提高回收价格;在其他因素不变的情况下,闭环供应链各参与方的风险规避程度增大往往会导致其期望利润减少。     

考虑退货风险的BOPS全渠道供应链定价与决策研究

针对事前不确定性的退货问题,文章分别构建考虑退货风险的双渠道模式和BOPS(线上购买、线下取货)模式供应链博弈模型,探讨在传统双渠道模式基础上引入BOPS模式是否对供应链各成员和整体总是有好处,并分析退货率、线下渠道消费者忠诚度对双渠道模式和BOPS模式最优价格和服务决策和利润的影响.研究表明:供应链系统总是偏好BOPS模式,而制造商和零售商的偏好取决于线上、线下消费者顾客忠诚度;制造商在线下消费者比例较高,且退货率较高时适合采用BOPS模式;零售商在线下消费者比例较低,且退货率较低时适合采用BOPS模式;线上、线下的产品定价和SA努力服务水平不仅要考虑服务成本还要考虑退货率和线下渠道消费者忠诚度.     

供应链融资下的反向保理模式设计与机制优化：风险规避与合作共赢视角

通过现金流优化提高企业财务绩效,是供应链有效运营的关键。反向保理运用零售商信誉缓解供应商资金困境,其模式和机制对保理商和供应链现金流有显著影响。基于保理商风险规避视角,以实现保理商与供应链合作共赢为目的,构建由保理商、供应商和零售商组成的供应链反向保理融资模型,研究反向保理模式设计和机制优化,探讨合作共赢机制和风险规避对供应链反向保理融资优化效果的影响规律。研究发现反向保理融资过程中,保理商可以通过权衡风险和收益,确定最优付款期限和融资比率实现保理商、供应商和零售商“三赢”局面。风险规避保理商可以通过限制零售商订单量上限影响订购决策实现反向保理机制优化,达成合作共赢。保理商风险规避程度较高时,提高融资比率或缩短付款期限会降低供应链经济盈余。研究结果为反向保理融资模式设计与机制优化提供理论指导。实践中,风险规避保理商可以制定最优付款期限和融资比率,实现保理商、供应商和零售商合作共赢。     

不同主导权力下考虑利他偏好的闭环供应链决策分析

利他偏好是影响供应链决策的重要因素,将利他偏好行为引入到闭环供应链决策中,利用Stackelberg博弈分析技术,构建两种不同主导权力下考虑利他偏好的闭环供应链决策模型,分析不同主导权力下供应链最优决策行为。结果表明,制造商主导模式能最大限度回收废旧产品,有利于促进供应链绿色可持续发展。零售商主导模式有利于供应链前向一体化的发展。在利他偏好合作区间范围内,协调好供应链中制造商与零售商的主体地位,对实现供应链可持续发展具有重要意义。     

基于联盟成员风险偏好组合的技术外包激励机制研究

本文假定在技术外包过程中联盟成员具有风险中性、风险规避等不同的风险偏好,在此基础上区分了技术外包方与技术提供方的4类风险偏好组合,建立了委托-代理模型,考察了联盟成员的不同风险态度对技术提供方的提成比例、努力水平及技术外包方收益结果的影响,并给出了在联盟成员不同风险偏好组合下的最优激励合同。     

供应链低碳技术采纳与产品定价协同决策研究

针对碳交易机制下供应链低碳技术采纳与产品零售定价问题构建各方收益模型,就Stackelberg博弈和协同决策下的制造商、零售商以及供应链总收益进行比较分析,发现协同决策情形下供应链总收益显著高于分散决策情形下的总收益,且采纳的低碳技术水平更高。提出基于线性定价契约的协同收益分配策略,在实现供应链总收益最大化的基础上,实现供应链各成员企业收益的帕累托改进。研究表明:提升消费者低碳消费意愿对企业采纳低碳技术具有直接促进作用;供应链协同决策能获得整体利润最优;基于讨价还价能力的线性定价契约,可保障供应商和零售商得到公平的利润分配,并实现供应链的协调。     

鲜活农产品供应链协调研究——基于风险规避的收益共享契约分析

供应链协调是鲜活农产品供应链高效运作的基础。本文通过引入新鲜度因子和风险规避系数的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了由专业合作社和超市构成的鲜活农产品供应链协调问题,分析了收益共享契约机制下供应链成员的最优定价策略及供应链成员风险规避行为对批发价和零售价的影响。数值分析结果表明,鲜活农产品批发价随着新鲜度、收益共享率的增大而增大;零售价随着零售商风险规避程度的增大而减小;而批发价随着生产商风险规避程度的增大而减小,随着零售商风险规避程度的增大而增大。要改变现状应通过大力培育农产品流通组织,提高流通主体组织化程度;设计合理的收益共享机制和风险分担机制,协调供应链成员利益;加强农产品流通基础设施建设及先进物流技术的应用等措施,提升供应链整体绩效,提高鲜活农产品流通效率。     

考虑成本利润率的供应链优化与协调

文章研究了以成本利润率为目标优化函数,在收益共享契约下,构建单一供应商和单一零售商构成的供应链优化与协调模型.建立未提供收益共享契约和提供收益共享契约、零售商风险中性和风险规避的不同情形下的决策模型,给出不同情况下的最优订货量及实现供应链协调的收益共享系数的区间范围.研究认为:收益共享契约下的零售商最优订货量大于未提供收益共享契约下的最优订货量;不论是否提供收益共享契约,利润最大化为优化目标的零售商最优订货量均高于以成本利润率最大为优化目标的最优订货量;此外,研究给出了零售商的最优订货量与收益共享系数的关系.     

供应链中需求风险和汇率风险的传导及节点企业价值评价

基于批发价合同构建了一个三级供应链模型,用单位业绩风险表征供应链节点企业每单位期望业绩所承担的风险,讨论了需求风险和汇率风险对供应链节点企业的单位业绩风险的影响。从风险厌恶型投资者的角度,以均值-方差模型为基础,讨论了风险厌恶型投资者对供应链各节点企业的价值评价。均衡结果表明:在供应链节点企业中,制造商的单位业绩风险最大,零售商(供应商)的单位业绩风险与反应(决策)灵活性反向变动;供应链节点企业的单位业绩风险随着需求波动程度和汇率波动程度的增大而增大;在供应链节点企业中,风险厌恶型投资者对制造商的单位业绩效用评价最小,对零售商(供应商)的单位业绩效用评价与反应(决策)灵活性程度同向变动。研究结果从理论上表明:一方面,供应链中的需求风险和汇率风险可通过引致供应链中各节点企业运作决策(变量)波动而在节点企业间传导;另一方面,供应链节点企业的单位业绩风险与风险厌恶型投资者对节点企业的价值评价相关,即供应链节点企业的单位业绩风险越大,则风险厌恶型投资者对节点企业的单位业绩效用评价越小。     

Pricing decisions in a dual channels system with different power structures

This paper investigates the effect of product substitutability and relative channel status on pricing decisions under different power structures of a dual exclusive channel system where each manufacturer distributes its goods through a single exclusive retailer but two goods are substitute. A linear demand based on the utility function of a representative consumer is assumed, and three game scenarios(Manufacturer Stackelberg, Retailer Stackelbeg and Vertical Nash) are examined under symmetric and asymmetric related channel status. It is shown that no power structure is always the best for the entire supply chain though all members on supply chain have incentive to lead the Stackelberg game. Meanwhile, the vertical Nash game is an equilibrium for the members, however, a Prisoner's dilemma necessarily incurs for the entire supply chain because the Retailer Stackelberg or the Manufacturer Stackelberg can gain the better performance than that in vertical Nash for the entire supply chain when the product substitutability is moderate or higher and the asymmetric relative channel status is moderate, while consumers always get the most welfare from the vertical Nash game.     

CVaR准则下随机需求依赖价格的供应链协调研究

研究由单个风险中性的供应商和单个风险厌恶的零售商组成的两级供应链。在CVaR度量准则下探讨了随机需求依赖于价格的供应链协调问题。通过对零售商和整个供应链的决策分析,得到批发价契约不能使供应链达到协调,而收益共享契约和回购契约能使供应链达到协调,并给出了契约参数取值(范围)的计算公式。进一步证明了,回购契约与收益共享契约在零售商为风险厌恶的情形下具有等价性。同时,当供应链达到协调时,风险厌恶的零售商的利润随其风险厌恶程度的增加而增加。     

不同力量对比供应链中制造商竞争策略研究

笔者采用纳什博弈和斯坦伯格博弈结构,分别表述力量对等和力量不对等供应链中零售商和制造商的决策过程,分4种情形探讨了2个制造商在不同竞争策略下,供应链中成员的最优决策。从制造商的角度出发,着重分析在不同力量结构的供应链中制造商的竞争策略选择。研究结果表明:制造商竞争策略的选择依赖于产品的差异性及生产成本的大小。     

Permissible delay period and pricing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain

Suppliers often offer trade credits to their capital-constrained retailers to stimulate more sales. The permissible delay period, as a variable factor, influences almost all decisions in a trade credit contract. In this article, we consider a two-echelon supply chain involving a supplier and a capital-constrained retailer in which the demand is the retail price- and time-dependent. We propose a decision model to determine the optimal delay period and pricing decisions under a noncooperative Stackelberg game with the supplier as the leader. We obtain the analytical-form optimal solutions. Our analysis reveals the influence of the delay period on the wholesale and retail prices. Numerical examples further clarify our theoretical results.     

Manufacturer's pricing strategy in a two-level supply chain with competing retailers and advertising cost dependent demand

The paper studies a two-echelon supply chain comprising one manufacturer and two competing retailers with advertising cost dependent demand. The manufacturer acts as the Stackelberg leader who specifies wholesale price for each retailer. The two retailers compete with each other in advertising and they have different sales costs. The manufacturer uses one of the following two pricing strategies: (i) setting the same wholesale price for both the retailers irrespective of the difference in their sales costs; (ii) setting different wholesale prices for the retailers depending on their sales costs. Two models are developed. In the first model, the manufacturer shares a fraction of each retailer's advertising cost while in the second model, the manufacturer does not share any retailer's advertising expenses. In both the models, we derive the retailers' and manufacturer's optimal strategies. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results developed in each model. Computational results show that it is always beneficial for the manufacturer to adopt different wholesale pricing strategy for the retailers.     

Changing the probability versus changing the reward

There are two means of changing the expected value of a risk: changing the probability of a reward or changing the reward. Theoretically, the former produces a greater change in expected utility for risk averse agents. This paper uses two formats of a risk preference elicitation mechanism under two decision frames to test this hypothesis. After controlling for decision error, probability weighting, and order effects, subjects, on average, are slightly risk averse and prefer an increase in the expected value of a risk due to increasing the probability over a compensated increase in the reward. There is substantial across-format inconsistency but very little within-format inconsistency at the individual level.     

基于滑动价格保值条款的供应链汇率风险管理

基于一个使用批发价契约的跨国供应链,构建了一个滑动价格保值条款来实现上下游节点企业绩效的改进。研究结果表明:当汇率对零售商不利时,降低批发价格会促使零售商订购更多商品;当汇率对零售商有利时,提高批发价格会提升供应商的绩效;滑动价格保值条款对批发价格的修正幅度与上下游企业的期望利润正相关。最后通过算例分析揭示了滑动价格保值条款的管理意义。     

A Finite‐Time‐Horizon Model of Suicide When a Person's Income is at Risk: A Research Note

The risk of income fluctuations affects the suicidal behaviour. First, an increase in this risk makes risk‐averse individuals more likely to commit suicide by reducing their expected utility. Second, the increased risk makes them less likely to commit suicide by creating a value to waiting for the economic conditions to improve. I lay out a theoretical model of suicide to assess the net impact of income fluctuations on suicidal behaviour by taking into account an individual's ability to delay the action. I also address the question of whether there are generational differences in the suicidal behaviour.     

Competition under manufacturer service and retail price

This research highlights the importance of service from manufacturers in the interactions between two competing manufacturers and their common retailer, facing end consumers who are sensitive to both retail price and manufacturer service. A game-theoretic framework is applied to obtain the equilibrium solutions for every entity. This article studies and compares results from three possible supply chain scenarios, (1) Manufacturer Stackelberg, (2) Retailer Stackelberg, and (3) Vertical Nash. This research concludes that consumers receive higher service level when every channel member possesses equal bargaining power (e.g., Vertical Nash). An interesting result shows that as the market base of one product increases, the competitor also benefits but at a lesser amount than the manufacturer of the first product. Furthermore, when one manufacturer has some economic advantage in providing service, the retailer will act to separate market segment by selling the product with low-cost/lower-quality service at a low price and selling the product with high-cost/high-quality service at a high price. The results and the modeling approach are useful references for managerial decisions and administrations.