人民币国际化进程中的货币替代与反向货币替代研究

自2008年金融危机以来,人民币国际化问题开始得到国内外的高度关注,中国也采取了一系列的积极行动加快推进人民币国际化.然而,人民币国际化不仅仅是单纯的货币兑换和流通条件的改变,而是一项涉及经济金融各个领域的综合性改革,在推进人民币国际化的进程中,任何一个环节的不匹配都有可能引致巨大的经济金融风险,特别是其中潜在的大规模的货币替代、反向货币替代风险,更易导致人民币国际化进程的逆转,必须加以重点关注并积极进行风险的防范和控制.文章分析了资本大规模流动的理论模型,在此基础上分析了人民币国际化引发货币替代、反向货币替代的形成路径,提出了在人民币国际化进程中防范货币替代、反向货币替代风险的政策建议.     

Currency Substitution and Money Demand in Euroland

This paper tests the stability of the demand for money in the euro-area in the context of an open economy. A sample consisting of quarterly data covering the 1982:2–1999:3 period is considered. The main finding is that the U.S. dollar long-term interest rate plays a significant role in the European money demand relationship. This result holds for different combinations of variables forming the vector auto-regressive system and suggests that international monetary interdependency may be an important factor influencing the ECB monetary policy.This paper draws on an earlier version and was prepared while the author was at the Bank of Portugal (the usual disclaimer applies). It was presented at the 2003 Meeting of the Economic Modelling Network. The author acknowledges Luis Catela Nunes, Carlos Santos, Carlos Robalo Marques, Nuno Alves, and an anonymous referee for their helpful suggestions.     

Currency Substitution and the Stability of the Demand for Money in East Asia

Abstract

This paper models and tests the stability of the demand for money in five East Asian countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—in the context of an open economy. The Johansen multivariate cointegration vector error correction analysis against quarterly data covering the period 1985:1–2001:4 was used. It was found that a stationary long run cointegrating relationship exists between broad money, real income, domestic interest rates, foreign interest rates corrected for exchange rate depreciation, and the expected rate of depreciation of the exchange rate. The results show that US Treasury bills rates and the foreign exchange rate vis-à-vis the US dollar play a significant role in the East Asian countries money demand relationship. This suggests that currency substitution vis-à-vis the US dollar may be an important consideration in the design and implementation of monetary policy in the East Asian countries. Furthermore, the results show that the Asian currency crises impacted the money demand functions negatively in these countries. CUSUM and CUSUMSQ stability tests show no evidence of parameter instability of the money demand functions in three of the five countries throughout the period under investigation.     

Asymmetric Effect of Currency Union for Developing Countries

The large effect of currency union on trade volume has been well documented by Rose (2000). However, the effect of currency union on trade balance has hardly been previously reported. In this study, the effect of currency union is found to differ substantially across imports and exports when a developing country trade with developed country that anchors the currency. To ensure that the asymmetric effect does not come from the specific nature of countries that have adopted a common currency or endogeneity of currency union, we test the same hypothesis using nominal exchange rate volatility and real exchange rate level.     

港元联系汇率制度可持续性研究

随着世界经济环境的变化,中国经济逐渐崛起,美国经济开始趋弱,欧盟经济逐渐提升;美元贬值、人民币升值压力加大,香港的联系汇率制度面临着新的挑战和冲击。本文就是在此背景下,通过定性分析和计量(Johansen协整检验)实证研究,得出香港联系汇率制度需要改革,港元最终与人民币统一的前期,钉住包括美元、欧元、人民币等"一篮子"货币是一个很好的选择,香港现在正处于改革汇率制度的良好时机。     

Modeling the Dollarization: A Case Study for Cambodia,Laos, and Vietnam

Abstract

We model the dollarization of three transitional economies in south-east Asia: Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam which have been experiencing the transition and reform process of the economy for the time period 1992–2007. Based on Rojas-Suarez (IMF Working Paper WP/92/33, 1992) work, we examine whether the holdings of US dollars depend on the effect of the expected rate of depreciation in market exchange rates as expected by the model. Also, we examine whether the effects are proportional to the degree of the dollarization of the economy. The empirical results present that there are positive effects (expected) of the expected rate of depreciation in market exchange rates on the holdings of US dollars. The coefficients are statistically significant only for Cambodia and Laos, not for Vietnam. The effect is strongest for Cambodia, and this may reflect the fact that Cambodia's dollarization is stronger than those of Laos and Vietnam.     

China's Exchange Rate Movements and Corporate Currency Invoicing Strategies

Since China introduced a new managed floating exchange rate regime in 2005, the persistent appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar has led Chinese firms to reassess their choice of invoice currency among the dollar and other international alternatives to price their exports. The present paper performs a systematic invoice currency analysis by surveying the published literature, summarizing criteria for decision-making, and evaluating the choices available to Chinese exporters implementing currency invoicing strategies to maximize expected profits. This study finds that the euro could play an increasing role as the invoice currency of Chinese firms, although the US dollar will still play a dominant role. Chinese exporters might shift gradually from the dollar to the euro in the face of the falling dollar, balancing between the two by necessity.     

我国货币流通速度的协整和误差校正模型

基于协整和误差校正模型对货币流通速度的实证分析表明,我国M1流通速度与收入、通货膨胀率和货币化变量之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,M2流通速度与收入、价格指数、货币化变量和储蓄率之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,所有符号符合理论预期。M1流通速度的短期动态函数的稳定性比M2的要差一些。这表明目前我国以货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标是可行的,且应主要以M2为货币政策的中介目标,同时不忽视对M1的监测。     

Currency Areas and Equilibrium

The standard approach to optimum currency areas clashes with both modern monetary theory and empirical evidence. The present paper sets forth an equilibrium hypothesis that views the national border as the analogue of a policy measure impinging on agents' optimizing behavior.     

货币虚拟化内涵及其实践动因

货币是人类经济活动的产物,它是固定的充当媒介人类交易关系的一般等价物形态,表征了人类经济活动的类意义。货币虚拟化是各种虚拟活动从思想、技术、社会关系等维度对货币的运行理念、技术方法和组织形式在使用和运行中不断创化、结合和发展,进而不断形成货币虚拟创新的动态过程。货币虚拟化是适应社会、经济发展和科技进步的产物,它的产生有着强烈的现实背景和动因。     

我国货币政策的导向

货币政策是一国最重要的宏观调控手段之一。为了应对国际金融危机,近两年来我国采取了一揽子经济刺激计划,实施了积极的财政政策和货币政策。但随着大量信贷资金投入到经济建设中,通胀预期日趋明显。适时调整货币政策,保持国民经济平稳运行,是我国当前实施合理货币政策调控经济运行的明智手段。     

Two Decades of Declining Poverty but Rising Inequality in Laos

Over the past two decades consumption inequality has risen within Laos, while absolute poverty incidence has halved. The estimated Gini coefficient of private household expenditures per person rose from 0.311 to 0.364. This increase in the sample‐based estimate of inequality was statistically significant and occurred in all regions, in both rural and urban areas and among all major ethnic, educational and sectoral employment categories. Within‐group increases in inequality dominated between‐group changes. Official policy largely overlooks this point, focusing on reducing inequality between rather than within major groups. Economic inequality seems certain to become a more pressing policy concern.     

亚洲货币合作:中国应如何面对

近年来,关于亚洲货币合作与亚元问题的讨论引起了我国政府和学术界的广泛关注,各种文章见诸于报端。作者认为,只有在理论上把该研究推向深入,才可能得出正确的政策结论。最优货币理论和欧元的实践,对亚洲货币合作具有重要的启示,亚洲货币合作是大势所趋。文章主要研究在这种趋     

两个零售商之间具有产品替代性的订货模型

以最大期望利润为目标，讨论了随机需求环境下，两个零售商出售可以互相替代的同质产品的博弈模型。通过计算得到了两个零售商的最优订购量，并研究了替代系数对最优订购量的影响。然后，将本模型与报童模型进行比较，证明采用替代策略可以同时提高两个零售商期望利润。     

Currency Crises and the Term Structure of Interest Rates

The currency crisis literature has identified two possible types of crisis: fundamentals based crises and self-fulfilling crises. A fundamentals based crisis arises when some state variable, such as foreign exchange reserves, reaches a critical level and triggers the abandonment of the fixed rate. A self-fulfilling crisis is triggered by an autonomous change in the beliefs of speculators. This paper demonstrates how these two types of crises generate different behaviour in the term structure in the period before the crisis. JEL Classification Numbers: E43, F31     

Renminbi in Ordinary Economies: A Demand‐side Study of Currency Globalization

Most studies of renminbi internationalization focus on the supply side, by examining China's own economic and political conditions. In contrast, this study addresses the demand side of renminbi internationalization, by providing an in‐depth analysis of renminbi use in ordinary foreign economies from both economic and political perspectives, with a particular focus on South Korea, China's next‐door neighbor. The study finds that sustainable indigenous market forces facilitating renminbi use in South Korea remain weak, despite the country's close economic ties with China. This research also shows, however, that the Korean Government has itself recently been able, through its policy measures, to generate new domestic support for greater use of the renminbi. These findings ultimately highlight the significant impact on the internationalization of a currency of the politics in the foreign countries using it.     

Renminbi＇s Potential to Become a Global Currency

This paper is a tentative endeavor to delineate the potential of the renminbi to become a global currency. It first analyzes the critical economic, financial and policy attributes that are required to support a currency to gain an international role. It then examines whether China has the potential to acquire these attributes. The paper concludes by offering some provisional observations on the implications for Asia and the global economy, should the renminbi evolve into a world currency in the coming decades.     

Welfare Implications of Currency Integration: Labor Mobility and Pricing-to-Market

In this paper, we examine the welfare cost of renouncing monetary policy autonomy in a model that includes labor mobility and pricing-to-market (PTM) behavior in firms. We find that renouncing monetary policy autonomy becomes a cost of currency integration when the consumption basket weights differ between candidate countries and when country-specific total factor productivity (TFP) shocks hit economies, even when the union fulfills the classic optimum currency area theory of labor mobility. We also found that a firm's PTM behavior has a significant effect on the welfare implications of currency integration combined with labor mobility. For instance, currency integration does not produce greater welfare losses in the PTM case (where the labor input weights differ across member countries and asymmetric labor disutility shocks occur), although greater welfare losses arise in the case of producer currency pricing.