民主及民主的质量

民主被认为是一种相对于家族统治、军人独裁、寡头治理的政治体系和制度安排,它通常与限任制度、选举制度、协商制度以及政策辩论相联系。随着教育的普及,公共领域的扩大,公民权利意识的增强,民主体制和实践在各国得到了不同程度的应用。但是,由于各国历史基础、传统观念、社会结构以及社会力量对比的不同,民主实践不仅在各国采用不完全相同的方式,而且,其绩效也有很大不同。在有些国家,民主运行良好,而且"正效应"显著,显示了"好民主"的特征;而在有些国家的特定时段,民主不仅运行不畅,而且还显示了"病态"特征和"负效应"。这就促成了有关"民主质量"的讨论。文章认为,一种理想的民主政治应该在法治进步、经济发展、政治自由、人才选拔、公民参与、社会福利、政府效能方面发挥积极作用并具有优良表现。因此,法治水平、经济发展、政治自由、绩优选拔、公民参与、社会福利、政府效能应该成为评价和测量民主质量的七个方面。     

影响决策可行性的政治因素

影响决策可行性的政治因素高世昌，杨兴林影响决策可行性的政治因素，是指在政治上影响决策顺利实施的相关因素和特殊因素，它包括一段和特殊两个层面。但从我国现阶段的理论研究及决策实践来看，人们多集中于一般层面的政策、法津、制度、社会环境等方面，而对于待殊层面...     

私营部门投资基础设施的决定因素——基于金砖国家数据的研究

基础设施是支撑经济发展的关键,当前私营部门开始越来越多地参与到基础设施建设中,本文以金砖国家为例,尝试研究私营部门投资基础设施的影响因素。实证分析表明,私营部门投资基础设施的决策取决于经济、政治和社会不同维度的影响。具体来看,人均GDP、贷款利率、国内私营部门信贷约束、城市化水平、人力资本规模、公共部门透明度以及可靠性和腐败程度均对私营部门投资基础设施产生了显著影响。因此,为促进私营部门参与基础设施投资,发展中国家制定和实施政策需较好地平衡经济、政治和社会政策,从而为私营部门营造良好的投资环境。     

中国反倾销政策的内生性分析

贸易政策的"内生"性理论分析都是基于西方民主代议制的政治框架下,对中国这种非民主代议制的发展中国家是否适用,还不得而知.本文通过对1997-2006年中国对外反倾销案件的实证检验,证明中国对外反倾销政策也具有内生性,它的形成同样受到利益集团的影响,只不过影响方式不同于民主代议制国家的政治捐献和专业游说,而是政府通过关注其目标函数中权重较大的特定利益集团的福利状况而形成的,最后提出需要改革中国目前的贸易政策决策机制.     

经济社会现代化与大众民主观念在东亚社会的兴起

本文以东亚十三个社会的实证调查数据为基础,考察经济社会现代化对于公民的民主价值观的促进作用.本文认为,所谓“民主价值观”是多维度的.经济社会的现代化对民主的促进作用,主要表现在促进了“自由民主价值”的增长,同时削弱了一些反民主的传统社会价值.而经济社会现代化过程中,对民主价值观的这些作用,主要是通过公民教育水平的提升和充分接受现代信息而产生的.而教育和信息这两个现代化的动力,在不同的文化环境和不同的政治制度环境下,对民主价值观的影响也是不同的.在东亚,数据显示在有儒家传统的社会中,教育对于民主价值观的促进作用要大于其他社会.同时,在已经确立了民主制度的社会中,教育对民主价值观的促进作用也大于其他社会.     

政策过程现代化与决策机制创新

从对民主政治建设的分析引入了政策过程现代化的概念,并提出和论证了政策过程现代化的三个内在要素,即政策过程信息化、制度化、社会化。并从政策创新机制的分析推出决策机制创新的分析,指出政策过程现代化要通过政策决策机制创新反映出来。最后对近年来我国各地在决策机制创新方面所作的积极探索和实践进行了实证分析。     

编辑手记

通过民主治理的方式来解决民生问题,其作用机理是什么?功效如何?民主与民生栏目从实例和逻辑关系上进行了探讨。米切尔·A.奥兰斯汀阐释了后共产主义福利国家在转型过程中出现的社会政策匮乏问题,指出良好的民主治理对解决这一问题的重要性。弗朗西斯·福山列举了拉丁美洲国家在经济发展中出现的一些贫困和不平等现象,如教育机会不均和社会保障系统不完善等,并介绍了他们所采取的改革措施。琼·M.纳尔逊从理论上概括了民主政治对社会服务绩效的影响机理。     

浅析领导决策科学化问题

领导怎样进行科学化决策,决策由浅到深,由粗到细,由低级向高级发展,决策也就成为各级领导必须具有的领导艺术和基本素养。作为一个称职的领导者,必须掌握和运用现代科学决策的理论、方法和技巧,认真总结前人决策方面的成功经验,按照客观规律去制定政策,确定目标。现有的人力、物力、财力和社会许可的条件下,进行科学分析、综合概括和准确判断。决策是领导者的基本职责,也是领导工作的核心,决策的正确与否关系到事业的成败。决策的科学化是社会主义民主完善度的直接体现,也是社会主义民主政治建设的重要任务。学习贯彻党的十七大精神,深入贯彻科学发展观,各级党政领导干部能否做到科学决策和民主决策是关键,而科学决策、民主决策的前提,则是着力提高党政领导干部科学决策与民主决策水平。     

做好新时期计划生育中的思想政治工作之我见

计划生育思想政治工作,主要是指对计划生育工作对象的思想政治教育,是党和国家为了提供人们对人口政策的认识水平,顺利贯彻落实社会生育这一基本国策,在广大人民群众中用党的路线、方针、政策进行宣传、动员和教育的工作.在新时期,计划生育思想政治工作面临着一系列新情况、新问题,因此,做好这项工作显得尤为重要.     

听证制度在公共决策中的作用

公众政治参与是衡量现代社会民主化程度和水平的一项重要指标。它的具体形式很多,不仅涉及直接选举和全民公决,还应包括公共决策听证会及其他一些形式,其中,公共决策中的听证制度﹙Public Hearing System﹚是现代民主社会普遍推行的用于保证各方利益主体平等参与公共决策过程,最终实现决策民主化、公开化、科学化乃至法制化的一种重要的制度设计。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...