跨文化交际的语用失误及对策

跨文化交际中经常会发生故障。跨文化交际已经引起语言学家的重视,成为语用学和应用语言学的一个新的领域。本文从会话的礼貌原则的角度,讨论跨文化交际中产生的语用失误。目的是找出语用失误的原因,以提高交际能力,减少语用失误的产生。     

试论实现语用移情的策略

在特定的语言交际环境中得体的言语是决定交际成功的重要因素,语用移情在其中发挥重要的作用。指示语是语用学中最重要的课题,在适当的语境下,指示语可以产生语用语言移情的效果,委婉语也是实现语用语言移情的另一重要策略。社会语用移情是跨文化移情,实现社会语用移情有平等策略、礼貌策略和合理策略。研究移情心理作用,有助于跨文化交际的和谐。     

从跨文化的角度谈“礼貌现象”

礼貌是人类文明的象征，是人类社会的普遍现象，在言语交际中人们应该遵循礼貌这一普遍原则，然而不同的文化有着不同的礼貌衡量标准及表迭方式，本文依据Leech“礼貌原则”，通过比较英汉文化中礼貌观念的异同，深入剖析了东西方文化中“礼貌现象”的不同内涵，以期减少人们在跨文化交际中的语用失误，增强文化差异意识，提高跨文化交际的能力。     

英汉日常交际用语文化对比

日常交际用语是交际工具和思维工具,在漫长的历史长河申,英汉两种语言各自形成了丰富的词汇,折射出不同的文化内涵．本文通过对英汉两种文化在日常用语中产生的词汇差异做对比分析,有利于掌握礼貌规则,了解不同的社交习俗,以减少跨文化交际中的文化差异。     

英汉语言文化中“礼貌”的对比研究

语言是一种社会现象,它的产生与其存在的社会背景与历史文化条件是密不可分的,礼貌用语作为语言中的一个重要组成部分,在中西方跨文化交际中发挥着重要的作用。本文通过对英汉语言文化中的礼貌原则及礼貌用语使用异同进行分类比较,分析产生这种差异现象的根本原因,旨在避免语言交际中的语用失误。     

大学生跨文化交际中的社交语用失误

大学英语教学的主要目标之一就是要培养学生的跨文化交际能力，然而语用失误是跨文化交际中的最大障碍，为了进一步了解学生语用能力，通过对西安工业大学100名学生所做的英语语用能力的测试显示出：社交语用失误是跨文化交际失败的最主要的原因。这说明从社交语用失误角度来探讨如何提高大学生的跨文化交际能力具有重要的意义。     

跨文化交际中母语负迁移导致的语用失误

跨文化交际是基于两种不同文化的交际,而语用失误是跨文化交际中的常见现象。语用失误会影响语言交际的得体性,而造成语用失误的主要原因是母语负迁移。跨文化交际中母语负迁移因素导致的语用失误表现为母语语法负迁移下的语言语用失误和母语文化负迁移下的社交语用失误。解决这一问题的有效途径是：加强母语与目的语的对比学习,通过科学的语言学习减少母语负迁移;另一方面,充分认识文化在交际中的重要作用。     

英汉言语行为中的拒绝策略对比研究

拒绝是人类在生活交往中经常遇到的一种言语行为。通过问卷调查和对比分析,发现英汉言语行为中的拒绝策略存在一定的差异,就其原因主要是使用英汉语言的人们具有的不同文化背景以及思维习惯等因素造成的,因此,要想获得跨文化交际的成功,我们就必须熟悉交际双方的礼貌准则,并根据实际交际场合进行恰当地言与行。     

跨文化交际中的语用失误及对英语教学的启示

随着跨文化交际的日益增多，跨文化交际中的语用失误严重地阻碍了交际的顺利进行，甚至导致文化冲突及交际的失败。本文阐述了跨文化交际中产生语用失误的原因及其对英语教学的启示，以保证跨文化交际的顺利进行。     

面子需求和礼貌在跨文化交际中的误解

文章意在说明跨文化交际中由于不同的面子需求和礼貌准则造成的交际误解.礼貌与面子需求紧密相连,这里从面子需求方面分析了案例“中国商务代表团访英问题谈”,解释了跨文化交际中由于面子需求差异和礼貌表达方式的不同造成的误解.文章认为要达到多元文化世界中不同国家不同文化人们进行有效交际,就应了解懂得并重视不同的面子需求与礼貌准则对于交际的重要影响,这样才可以减少跨文化交际中出现的误解错解问题.     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.     

我国发展天文旅游的条件、前景探析及策略思考

天文旅游资源从成因可以分为行星地球天文旅游资源、天体天文旅游资源和天文文化旅游资源三类。天文旅游方兴未艾,我国天文旅游具有很大发展前景。文章对我国开展天文旅游的条件进行了分析,对发展天文旅游的策略和措施进行了梳理。     

城市社会的开放与农民的城市化

城市社会在对农民的开放与封闭之中徘徊。改革开放后城市社会对农民的开放已经使很多农民城市化。城市社会对农民的封闭已由政策性封闭转向经济性封闭。城市社会对农民的封闭增加了农民城市化的成本和社会风险。必须加强城市社会对农民的开放,逐步消除对农民的封闭政策,以推进农民的城市化。     

信息化时代商学院图书馆的建设与发展——中、美四大名校商学院图书馆建设的比较与启示

信息化时代中美商学院图书馆的建设与发展,成为当今时代高等商学教育发展与进步的一个重要环节,对中美四大商学院图书馆的发展状况、差距进行分析比较,对促进我国商学院图书馆事业的改革、建设和发展具有一定的启示作用和参考价值。