Strategic marketing planning for heritage tourism: a conceptual model and empirical findings from two emerging heritage regions

This paper examines the process of strategic marketing planning for heritage tourism, an inherently complex and fragmented system, requiring a coordinated approach among a range of stakeholders. A conceptual model, detailing key stakeholders and specific strategic functions, as well as a prescribed method of coordination, is presented. Two regions were investigated using a qualitative methodology, which examined five strategic documents and consisted of in-depth interviews with 11 key informants from the tourism industry. Key findings indicate that weak coordination, in terms of strategic marketing planning, has negative implications for heritage tourism marketing concerning four key strategic functions, strategic orientation, resource allocation, product service development and destination promotion. The paper emphasises the importance of strategic marketing planning for each function and considers the role of the public sector in terms of providing strategic direction. Furthermore, the paper highlights the potential difficulties of engaging in heritage tourism development in a non-traditional destination.     

基于新市场环境影响的我国旅游供应链重构研究

旅游产品的复杂性与服务主体的多元化要求构建旅游供应链,从而实现主体之间的协作以更好地满足旅游者需求。文章在对旅游供应链文献进行梳理的基础上认为,旅游供应链的构建与旅游产业发展环境密切相关。当前我国旅游业面临着大众旅游、信息技术、环境承载力、旅游目的地等新的市场环境变化,市场环境影响到旅游供应链的结构与核心企业的确立。基于旅游目的地在旅游活动与公共服务两个方面的影响力,确立旅游目的地为旅游供应链的核心企业。设计基于旅游目的地的旅游供应链的结构模型与功能模型,期望通过旅游供应链的重构与实践促进我国旅游产业的可持续发展。     

Sources of knowledge and process innovation: The moderating role of perceived competitive intensity

Global competition means that firms are under pressure to systematically develop the efficiency of their manufacturing processes. However, little has been said in the international business literature about how firms, especially those subject to severe barriers, can search for knowledge within and across national boundaries to help in the development of process innovation. We build on key aspects of the innovation and search strategy literature to develop our conceptual model and hypotheses, which we test in the context of a less-developed, isolated, and closed economy, using data from 171 automotive component suppliers in Iran. We find that foreign knowledge search is positively related to process innovation, even in an economy that operates under severe economic sanctions. This contributes to the international business field by providing evidence that, while economic sanctions are increasingly used in modern geopolitics by the world’s most powerful countries, these actions may fail to achieve their goals with respect to individual businesses.     

基于旅游目的地八要素的服务质量评价模型构建研究

在比较现有服务质量评价模型的优缺点、改进“旅游六要素”的基础上提出了“旅游目的地八要素”框架概念,创新性地提出了旅游目的地服务质量评价模型构建的原则与目标,并基于旅游目的地八要素构建了旅游目的地服务质量评价模型(TDSQE)。该模型包含旅游目的地服务质量因子指标体系和一个旅游目的地服务质量评价方法。TDSQE服务质量因子指标体系建立在一个包括社区、人员服务、交通、餐饮、住宿、游览、娱乐、购物等八个要素基础上。该模型的评价方法以管理信息化软件的形式实现十分必要。     

京津冀城市群旅游经济联系分析——基于改进引力模型

在引力模型框架下,将城市间物理距离改进为基于交通时间和货币上的相对距离,构建旅游经济联系强度模型,计算2012年和2018年京津冀城市群主要城市之间的旅游经济联系强度及旅游影响力,并运用ArcGIS10.2软件对京津冀地区旅游经济联系空间格局演化进行分析。结果显示:京津冀旅游经济联系格局从以北京为中心的"单中心放射型"演变为以北京、天津为中心的"双核心网络型";北京的旅游影响力在京津冀城市群处于绝对优势,天津次之;河北省主要城市之间的旅游经济联系以及各城市的旅游影响力整体呈上升趋势,但仍有巨大上升空间。京津冀三地应联动整合旅游资源,开发跨区域旅游大市场,扩大市场规模;建立区域旅游创新合作机制,搭建平台使旅游发展低阶梯度地区能够直接承接高阶地区的前沿旅游创新成果;在政府引导下通过促进行业协会、旅游龙头企业、旅游相关企业之间的对接与合作,发挥旅游企业的主体作用。     

The role of image in service promotion: focusing on the influence of film on consumer choice within tourism

This paper presents a review and discussion of the role image plays in service promotion and consumer choice in the context of film‐induced tourism. Consumers can be very sensitive to images which are important determinants of what a service customer purchases. In relation to image, the medium of film can have a very influential impact on its audience. Consumers may make purchase choices in a range of areas as a result of what they have seen in the movies. An expanding body of literature suggests that film can influence people's travel decisions and entice them to visit particular destinations they have seen on the cinema screen (reinforced through repeat viewing on video, DVD and television). Tourism is a service industry. Does the image of a destination and how it is represented help overcome some of the challenges of service marketing? Many regions throughout the British Isles have seen their consumer appeal improve because of their links with respective film and television productions. Although they have benefited tourism‐wise from this, in many cases there still has not been enough real support from tourist authorities to this growth phenomenon, and as such, the full potential of film to tap into the consumer psyche has not yet been fully realized. Academic discourse from several disciplines is examined in this communication culminating in a conceptual model of destination enhancement through film‐induced image, featuring the conscious and unconscious communication factors at work on two sets of consumers (film consumers and destination consumers). As a ‘work in progress’, the paper sets the scene for further empirical research in this interesting area of study.     

Unlocking the magic in successful tourism destination marketing: the role of sensing capability

ABSTRACT

Tourism destinations are facing an increasingly competitive environment, and the need to offer a compelling visitor experience is intense. However, destinations are hindered by the fragmented nature of their governance structure, with a disparate group of actors from service providers to local government agencies involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the tourism destination can respond effectively to changing market trends and develop a shared vision for the destination among the various actors. The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm perspective is adopted to identify the role of network management capabilities, which facilitate the coordination of actors needed to ensure destination efficacy, thereby addressing a lack of scholarly attention to marketing capability in the tourism destination. The empirical context is set in Killarney, Ireland’s most enduring and popular tourism destination. The findings point to the presence of a dynamic destination sensing capability in Killarney, which is driving a market-sensing capability and orchestration capability. This investigation provides important insight into how a successful tourism destination is able to sustain the magical ingredient of tourist engagement over two centuries.     

Who Needs CSR? The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on National Competitiveness

The link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and competitiveness has been examined mainly at the business level. The purpose of this paper is to improve conceptual understanding and provide empirical evidence on the link between CSR and competitiveness at the national level. We draw on an eclectic-synthetic framework of international economics, strategic management and CSR literatures to explore conceptually whether and how CSR can impact on the competitiveness of nations, and test our hypotheses empirically with a sample of 19 developed countries over a 6-year period. Our evidence suggests that CSR can make a significant positive contribution to national competitiveness, as measured by national living standards. We also find that countries with a relatively low innovation record can benefit more, as compared to highly innovative countries, by implementing nationwide CSR-based positioning strategies.     

Toward a Multistage,Multilevel Theory of Innovation

Despite an impressive amount of research, the innovation literature may be characterized as fragmented with little cross‐fertilization and synthesis of findings across levels. Based on a review of conceptual and empirical work on innovation, we present a cross‐level theory that aims to clarify terminology in the innovation process and highlight key concepts and themes that have emerged in innovation research across levels of analysis. We model innovation, offer specific research propositions derived from the model, and identify directions for future research both within and across levels of analysis. Overall, this research responds to the need for greater cross‐level theory building on innovation and a more inclusive consideration of various social and contextual influences in the innovation process. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Internationalization through business model innovation: In search of relevant design dimensions and elements

Internationalization through business model innovation involves the creation, or reinvention, of the business itself. This paper aims to integrate basic insight from the literature on business model innovation, internationalization of the firm, international entrepreneurship, and global marketing into a conceptual model. Our model illustrates that internationalization through business model innovation includes design dimensions, which are domestic or globalized in upstream production as well as in downstream markets. The outcome of this paper is four international business model types each with a specific resource allocation for dealing with differences across geographical locations and entry mode elements. We address the interrelation of these dimensions and elements in firms’ international activities.     

旅游业的要素禀赋、产业集聚与本地市场效应:中国的经验证据

文章梳理旅游产业组织演化规律,分析旅游业中要素禀赋、产业集聚与本地市场效应的相互关系,基于新贸易理论的基本假设,利用旅游和经济社会发展数据,验证中国旅游本地市场效应的存在性。研究发现:中国旅游全行业和旅行社行业不存在明显的本地市场效应;旅游景区在不同模型中均存在本地市场效应;旅游饭店及其他行业只有在考虑要素禀赋的模型中显示存在本地市场效应。研究表明,在旅游市场化的背景下,中国部分旅游行业已受到规模报酬递增影响,出现旅游产业集群化趋势,要素禀赋的比较优势和本地市场效应的规模经济同时存在于旅游景区、旅游饭店及其他行业,本地市场效益将逐渐代替要素禀赋成为中国旅游业持续增长的新动力。     

Cultural heritage and destination management in the Mediterranean

The challenge for destination management and marketing based on cultural tourism becomes obvious with the example of the Mediterranean region. This area especially is abounding with different expressions of cultural heritage, with special consideration of architectural heritage. Nevertheless, it is difficult to open this cultural heritage in a way to satisfy the customers' expectations on the one hand, and on the other hand to facilitate cooperation between individual countries of the Mediterranean region, which are hindered by broad variations and strong local or regional identities. The article shows the necessity for professional integration of culture‐touristic products and services in the framework of destination management, taking into consideration the various levels of responsibility and identity on a national, regional, and local level, in order to create a basis for cooperation in the Mediterranean region. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

当代旅游业态理论及创新问题探析

在旅游业转型升级过程中,涌现出大量的新型旅游业态,并日益成为当代旅游产业体系中不可或缺的重要元素.文章对旅游业态的相关基本理论进行了初步研究,首先探讨了旅游业态的概念、特征及分类,然后分析了旅游业态的要素构成、生成机制和发展规律,在此基础上,最后指出了旅游业态创新的基本模式与路径.     

Elaboration of marketing communication through visual media: An empirical analysis

Visual media plays a significant role in the marketing and promotion of several international tourism services in today's connected marketplace, in particular here, international tertiary education. This study was developed to examine how visual media influence potential audiences' perception towards a specific educational tourism destination through the theoretical framework of Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986). Researchers compare central and peripheral routes of individual persuasion via visual media and this aids marketers' understanding of how visual media impact consumers' purchase decisions. This study confirms a positive relationship between argument quality, audience engagement, source credibility, audience involvement and international students as tourists' perceived destination image. The findings suggest that peripheral routes of persuasion have stronger effects on individual adoption of information than central routes of persuasion. The study provides useful insight for tertiary education agents who promote international studies, destination marketers, and other users of visual media communicators.     

Singapore's tourism industry How its strengths offset economic,social, and environmental challenges

Singapore is a popular tourist destination, ranked second in Asia and eleventh worldwide in tourism receipts. Given this island-state's small size and international appeal, Singapore could easily succumb to the ravages of mass tourism. Instead, Singapore's combination of high incomes and a strong local currency in an open economy, a fiercely independent sense of cultural and national identity, strict immigration and local laws, and environmentally sensitive policies and attitudes make this city-state largely immune to the undesirable and contaminating effects of unmanaged mass tourism. If those current conditions, policies, initiatives, and attitudes prevail, tourism in Singapore will not only continue to be sustainable, but will continue to be welcomed by residents.     

旅游动力系统结构研究

旅游动力系统是由旅游者、旅游产业、目的地政府、客源地政府、旅游社区五大适应性主体活动的基本矛盾构成的系统,这些系统要素之间形成了众多的关系环,成为旅游相关学科的理论基础。本文对旅游动力系统结构的演化特征进行了分析,提出了旅游动力级次发展模式,以我国国家旅游局近八年的工作文件进行统计分析,对该理论进行论证;同时运用该理论对旅游现象呈现出的性质进行了解释,对我国旅游发展阶段进行了划分。     

Exploring the role of dark tourism in the creation of national identity of young Americans

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of dark tourism in constructing narratives and stories which co-create and reinforce national identity. By focusing on the voice of the tourist and their consumer experience, we develop an understanding of youth behaviours and motivations associated with dark tourism and the effect of social influences in forming narratives. This empirical study comprises 20 interviews with young American dark tourist site visitors, 11 of whom were re-interviewed. The emic insights suggest dark tourism experiences can be used to (re)affirm individual roles, enhance feelings of national identity and co-create a self as well as a national identity. An etic conceptual model is proposed that is specifically designed for dark tourism sites. It provides a novel explanation of national identity co-creation and recognises the relationship between tourist motivation, experience and co-creation.     

The factors influencing STD through SOR theory

Smart Tourist Destinations (STDs) are revolutionising the tourism landscape by leveraging technology to enhance tourism experiences. Nonetheless, this study shows that little attention has been paid to how tourists' perceptions impact the use of tourism applications within STDs. To address this gap, the study introduces a unique conceptual framework based on the Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) model. This approach considers various aspects, such as social, cultural, physical and environmental stimuli, while also considering satisfaction and perceived value as internal responses and loyalty as the ultimate response. A quantitative study of 554 tourists visiting the STD of Cáceres was conducted to validate this framework. The findings provide insights into the relationships among stimuli, mobile apps and loyalty, offering transformative potential for shaping tourists' attitudes and behaviours. Overall, this study sheds light on the transformative potential of technological solutions in STDs and presents practical implications for destination management and the development of effective strategies to improve tourism experiences.     

Mapping the evolution,current state of affairs and future research direction of managing cross-border knowledge for innovation

This paper systematically reviews the relationship between cross-border knowledge flows and innovation across several literature strands in international business, management, strategy and innovation. We contribute to the international business literature by documenting, for the first time, the evolving nature of the relationship between cross-border knowledge flows and innovation, across several themes. In particular, our unique reviewing technique allows us to uncover and map in detail how the cross-disciplinary literature strands have explored the topic in the past, how it has developed to our current level of understanding as well as giving insights into where the literature is likely to head and develop in the future. Our numerous findings cover both empirical and conceptual developments, which in turn have their origins partly in other disciplines. Knowing the interrelationships between disciplines on this topic offers us a rare insight into the complex nature of previous and ongoing research from which we draw a number of important implications for theory, practice as well as future avenues for research, through five pivotal areas, to which we contribute.     

Patterns of innovation in tourism ‘Small and Medium-size Enterprises’

This study aims to explore the different types of tourism innovation and to display distinctive innovation patterns by tourism small business. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to identify those non-technological factors of innovation that are specifically applicable to tourism small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Following a quantitative research approach, the empirical analysis carries out a logistic regression in order to determine the best predictors for different types of innovation. Data set consists on a survey conducted among 125 Andalusian hotel SMEs. Although the results indicate that the diverse categories of innovation – product, process, marketing and organizational – are explained by different sets of variables, it is possible to outline the results related to a number of firm's characteristics, such as dependency on tour-operator, geographic localization or co-operation.