垄断市场中双寡头企业的市场行为研究\n——从产品纵向差异的角度分析

从产品纵向差异的角度分析了垄断市场中双寡头企业的短期市场行为和长期市场行为.具体来说,从短期的角度出发,将产品质量视为外生变量,研究高质量企业和低质量企业的定价策略和利润状况,并对均衡结果进行比较静态分析.研究结果表明,两个企业都有提高或降低各自产品质量的动机,这取决于双方现有的质量水平.从长期的角度出发,将产品质量视为内生变量,研究企业的质量与价格决策.研究结果表明,产品质量存在唯一均衡,但均衡质量并没有表现出较大的差异化,而是表现出较小的差异化.此外,无论从短期还是长期的角度来看,企业都不存在高质量优势,而仅存在低质量优势.     

注册会计师服务市场的“纳什均衡”现象与措施

在现行市场环境下，作为会计服务产品购买方的企业，对注册会计师服务的需求是因为政府管制机构的要求而产生的，产品质量的高低对它们的利益没有边际意义上的影响。在这种前提下，企业所需要的是价格最低、“麻烦”最少的注册会计师服务。在目前会计师事务所数量众多的情况下，如果只有部分事务所提高质量，其余事务所仍然维持“只盖章、不检查”的现状，那么市场份额将会向后者大幅度倾斜。如果假定会计师事务所在提供会计服务产品的质量上，存在“高质量”和“低质量”两种选择，而高质量服务会丢失客户，低质量服务会增加客户，当然如果所有会计师事务所同时选择高质量服务，其客户量不会减少。会计服务质量的改进是需要一个过程的，在这一过程中，后改进的事务所会享受暂时增加客户的利益优势；如果某会计师事务所预见到其它会计师事务所会改进质量，它就会选择不改进，以吸引更多的客户。当所有会计师事务所都采取这一行动策略时，注册会计师服务市场仍然维持原有的均衡：大家都提供低质量服务以保持原有的客户数量。这相当于博弈论中的“纳什均衡”或经济学中所说的“劣币驱逐良币”现象。当然上述均衡得以维持，除市场参与者众多无法达成协议外，还有两项前提条件：一是市场不需要高质量的会计服务，或者说市场对会计服务的标价是一致的，不存在“异质异价”。二是注册会计师提供低质量会计服务没有重大法律诉讼风险，这样他（们）在因提供低质量会计服务所取得的报酬是无风险的，或在扣除风险系数后仍然显著大于零，如果上述前提条件中的任何一项改变，都将会部分改变注册会计师的市场行为。比如，由于验资风险增加，目前注册会计师在提供验资服务方面的谨慎态度，要远远高于其它各项服务，其服务质量也相应会提高。     

食品质量安全信号传递的理论与实证分析

食品质量安全信息不对称导致消费者难以辨别食品质量,食品市场的逆向选择长期存在。本文通过建立企业与消费者的信号传递博弈模型,从理论上验证了生产高质量食品的企业可以通过传递强质量信号实现与生产低质量食品企业之间的分离,同时得出了分离均衡的实现条件;然后结合问卷调研的结果进一步实证分析了消费者对不同质量信号的认可程度;最后在基于理论和实证分析的基础上,提出了引导企业进行有效的质量信号传递的一些参考性对策建议。     

基于垂直差异的低成本竞争困境研究

质量定位以及对于不同质量水平的定价是一个产品生存过程中最重要的两个方面,对产品质量—价格的研究也是产业经济理论研究的一个重要方面。本文探寻一个小公司进入一个垄断市场的策略。小厂商通过提供低质量,低价格的产品来避免与现有大厂商的激烈竞争。这个模型在一些特定的假设下建立了一个均衡,并检验了外生变量和内生变量是如何影响价格、质量和利润。特定条件下的均衡表明进入的可行性,但是深入的研究发现,由于一些市场条件的限制,使得小厂商进入这个市场以后的利润微薄。并且如果小厂商只是一味的追求成本的降低,并不能带来太大的市场利润的提升,还有可能因为技术成本太高而得不偿失。     

食品安全信息披露的博弈分析

食品质量安全信息披露不足,导致消费者难以分辨食品的安全性,不能对市场中的食品产生信任。本文建立消费者与生产者的信号博弈模型并找寻了动态均衡路径,分析认为:食品生产企业要获得消费者信任并实现与低质量企业完全分离,必须披露更多的质量安全信息,同时高质量企业披露安全信息对企业有利。通过比较国外为获得消费者信任而加强食品安全信息披露的情况,指出现阶段国内食品安全信息披露的不足,提出引导高质量企业进行更多信息披露、加强信息沟通交流和落实信息披露机制的建议。     

中小企业如何提高企业标准的质量

在社会主义市场经济条件下，如何提高企业标准，特别是企业产品标准的质量是一个十分重要的课题，这关系到企业的兴衰和成败。这里，笔者谈几点粗浅的看法。一、提高认识，明确目的制定企业标准的目的是要通过标准的实施，使企业获得最佳经济效益和社会效益，使产品更具竞争力。然而，目前有不少企业，片面追求利润，一切向钱看。在制定标准时仅注重眼前利益。暂时利益，他们不重视、甚至有意降低产品质量性能，致使生产出来的产品无法满足使用要求，或外观华丽而内在质量低下。这种以低标准、低质量欺骗消费者的竞争方式是一种目光短浅的不…     

差异化营销

差异化营销（Differentiated Marketing）是指面对已经细分的市场,企业选择两个或者两个以上的子市场作为市场目标,分别对每个子市场提供针对性的产品和服务以及相应的销售措施。企业根据子市场的特点,分别制定产品策略、价格策略、渠道策略以及促销策略并予以实施。     

财务风险管理与内部控制制度问题的应对策略探讨

新时期，随着我国社会经济的持续发展，企业对财务风险的重视程度不断增加。如何制定科学、合理的风险管理防控策略，不断降低企业生产、经营和管理诸环节的风险，已经成为企业界普遍关注的重要课题。对此，本文首先概述了财务风险管理与企业内部控制，然后对其工作原则和管理现状进行了分析，最后提出了应对策略，以期促进企业实现高质量发展。     

高速铁路差异化营销优化取值模型研究——以呼包高铁为例

我国高速铁路目前的营销模式较为单一,不能根据市场细分及时进行调整,影响了高铁企业收益和社会效益。文章采用微观经济学企业利益与社会福利均衡理论,通过定性和定量研究,建立了基于高铁企业利益和社会福利均衡条件下单位营销投入变动的优化取值模型,分析了单位营销投入变动和需求价格弹性之间的关系,指出应根据不同运营目标采取不同的营销策略:当追求社会福利最大化时,企业应实行无差异营销策略;当追求企业利益最大化时,企业应实行差异化营销策略。根据不同需求价格弹性采取不同的营销方案,对于我国高铁营销具有实际指导意义。     

制定电线电缆企业标准时应注意的几个问题

我国《标准化法》规定,企业生产的产品没有国家标准和行业标准的,应当制定企业标准,作为组织生产的依据。在市场经济条件下,电线电缆新产品开发速度很快,往往这些产品没有国家标准或行业标准,这就需要企业根据新产品开发和市场的需求,制定本企业的产品标准,作为组织生产和质量控制的依据。 怎样才能把电线电缆企业标准制定的更科学,更合理化呢?笔者根据多年从事电线电缆企业标准化工作的实践经验,将制定电线电缆企业标准时应注意的几个问题提出来,以引起电线电缆生产企业的重视。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。     

浅谈大体积混凝土裂缝的控制

大体积混凝土的裂缝问题是实际工程中长期困扰工程技术人员的问题,其控制技术的研究是混凝土结构研究的热点问题,具有重大的学术价值和潜伏的工程背景。     

Supply Chain Strategies in the UK Fashion Industry—The Rhetoric of Partnership and Realities of Power

This paper focuses on the fashion industry, one characterised by issues such as dramatic shifts in the scale and power of major retail buyers in the market, the advent of retailer own brands, and the nature of sourcing and supply chain decisions, issues that are increasingly global in nature. The aim of this research is to explore the nature of relationships between UK high street multiple fashion retailers and their contracted suppliers, many of whom are entrepreneurial firms by most definitions of the term. Four core themes emerge from the literature and provide a framework for the research, namely, power, process, partnership, and people. The research approach was qualitative, and conducted over a period of twelve months. The paper ends with an agenda for future research.