我国货币政策传导机制现状及疏通对策研究——基于稳健货币政策背景

在稳健货币政策背景下,我国货币政策传导机制仍然存在传导渠道效率评判标准缺失、传导机制受阻后货币政策效率偏低、金融市场欠发达对传导渠道疏通能力较低等问题。应采取完善货币政策框架和利率传导渠道、强化货币政策工具定价和结构性调节功能、发展资本市场以拓展融资渠道、强化金融监管保持货币政策独立性等措施,努力疏通我国货币政策传导机制。     

美国货币政策调整对中国的溢出效应与传导机制研究

文章基于高频识别和反事实分析方法研究后发现,美国货币政策冲击对我国宏观经济的影响及其传导途径在2008年金融危机前后具有显著的不一致性。在金融危机前,美国的货币政策冲击主要通过汇率渠道对我国通货膨胀与产出产生显著的正向影响;在金融危机后,美国的货币政策冲击主要通过基础货币渠道对我国的宏观产出与物价产生显著的负向影响。这种不一致性是由央行逆周期调节在金融危机前后的差异所导致的:金融危机前,央行为抑制人民币汇率过快升值,被动实行扩张性货币政策,导致我国通货膨胀走高;而金融危机后,央行追随美国紧缩性货币政策,逆向调节美国货币政策冲击对人民币汇率的影响,加剧了我国宏观产出的负向波动。     

动态货币政策、投资水平与企业价值波动

我国货币政策松紧交替进行,但鲜有文献探讨宽松与紧缩交替的动态货币政策对企业风险、业绩等产出指标的共同影响作用。本文选取2001年至2012年A股上市公司为样本,将此期间划分为宽松与紧缩四个交替的货币政策时期。研究发现：货币政策宽松期（紧缩期）投资水平越高的企业,在货币政策紧缩期（宽松期）经营业绩下降越大（小）,陷入财务危机的可能性越高（低）,企业价值越低（高）。     

“金融加速效应”与行业企业债务融资：一个基于政策冲击的概念框架

关注产业发展和资源配置效率,考察行业企业的债务融资。文献分析显示：特定行业的企业债务选择受行业竞争特征和金融中介特征的影响,且行业的要素特征会影响货币政策的非对称性行业产出。基于“金融加速器”理论,研究将政策冲击、行业特征和企业债务进行整合,形成“基于政策冲击的行业企业债务管理概念框架”。分析表明,该框架可以合理解释债务资金的供给和需求,也为金融加速效应的考察提供了新的指引,即今后研究需要重点关注行业要素、竞争和金融方面的加速因子的具体作用方式,以有效解释行业企业的债务选择。     

信用扩张的合理界限与房价波动研究

房地产业是资金密集型产业,它的供给与需求很大程度上由信用扩张程度来决定。而信用扩张的合理边界作为货币政策的目标,决定了房地产的繁荣程度与价格水平的高低。因此,货币政策对房价具有重要的影响。但是,由于所有的金融交易都存在着内在与外在的不稳定,这就需要一系列的金融制度安排来保证信用扩张边界的合理性。同样,由于金融制度不完全性、效应的滞后性及利益的渗透性,金融交易制度安排的缺陷可能成为房地产价格波动的制度性根源。由此,本文从货币政策的制度因素来讨论与研究信用扩张过度与房价的波动关系,并希望从中寻求对房价波动更为一般性的解释。     

风险承担渠道：货币政策信贷传导渠道新探

近年来,＂风险承担渠道＂作为货币政策传导的一条新渠道,逐渐引起学界和业界的广泛关注。2008年爆发了全球性金融危机,反思其成因,＂过低的利率＂被一些学者认为是重要的诱因之一。长时期过于宽松的货币政策将引起投资者风险偏好的上升,导致金融不平衡的累积。风险承担渠道的研究表明,追求物价稳定的宽松货币政策对金融稳定产生了负面的影响。物价稳定与金融稳定双重目标的有效实现,需要货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调配合。     

Optimal monetary policy in a currency union with interest rate spreads

We introduce “financial imperfections” – asymmetric net wealth positions, incomplete risk-sharing, and interest rate spreads across member countries – in a prototypical two-country currency union model and study implications for monetary policy transmission mechanism and optimal policy. In addition to, and independent from, the standard transmission mechanism associated with nominal rigidities, financial imperfections introduce a wealth redistribution role for monetary policy. Moreover, the two mechanisms reinforce each other and amplify the effects of monetary policy. On the normative side, financial imperfections, via interactions with nominal rigidities, generate two novel policy trade-offs. First, the central bank needs to pay attention to distributional efficiency in addition to macroeconomic (and price level) stability, which implies that a strict inflation targeting policy of setting union-wide inflation to zero is never optimal. Second, the interactions lead to a trade-off in stabilizing relative consumption versus the relative price gap (the deviation of relative prices from their efficient level) across countries, which implies that the central bank allows for less flexibility in relative prices. Finally, we consider how the central bank should respond to a financial shock that causes an increase in the interest rate spread. Under optimal policy, the central bank strongly decreases the deposit rate, which reduces aggregate and distributional inefficiencies by mitigating the drop in output and inflation and the rise in relative consumption and prices. Such a policy response can be well approximated by a spread-adjusted Taylor rule as it helps the real interest rate track the efficient rate of interest.     

Dove or Hawk? Characterizing monetary policy regime switches in India

The past two decades have witnessed a worldwide move by emerging markets to adopt explicit or implicit inflation targeting regimes. A notable and often discussed exception to this trend, of course, is China which follows a pegged exchange rate regime supported by capital controls. Another major exception is India. It is not clear how to characterize the monetary regime or identify the nominal monetary anchor in India. Is central bank policy in India following a predictable rule that is heavily influenced by a quasi inflation target? And how has the monetary regime been affected by the gradual process of financial liberalization in India? To address these points, we investigate monetary policy regime change in India using a Markov switching model to estimate a time-varying Taylor-type rule for the Reserve Bank of India. We find that the conduct of monetary policy over the last two decades can be characterized by two regimes, which we term ‘Hawk’ and ‘Dove.’ In the first of these two regimes, the central bank reveals a greater relative (though not absolute) weight on controlling inflation vis-à-vis narrowing the output gap. The central bank however was found to be in the “Dove” regime about half of our sample period, focusing more on the output gap and exchange rate targets to stimulate exports, rather than moderating inflation. India thus seems to be following its own direction in the conduct of monetary policy, seemingly not overly influenced by the emphasis on quasi-inflation targeting seen in many emerging markets.     

同业业务发展、货币政策传导与银行风险承担

商业银行同业业务逐渐从传统信用拆借演变为类信贷业务,一些银行通过同业业务实施监管套利、风险资产出表,同业业务的快速发展对原有货币政策传导体系形成干扰,甚至改变了商业银行的风险承担渠道。使用25家A股上市银行2008-2018年数据,在理论和实证两个方面分析了同业业务发展对银行风险承担的影响。理论上,同业业务能够提高银行风险承担水平和强化货币政策风险承担渠道,上述影响并同时对于不同银行伴有异质性。实证结论验证了理论推演的假设:同业业务发展与银行风险承担水平正相关,并对货币政策银行风险承担渠道具有强化作用;同业业务对大型银行的风险承担水平影响有限,但对股份制银行和中小银行的风险承担水平表现了较强的正相关性。分析货币政策风险承担渠道,中小银行对货币宽松与否更为敏感,其同业业务发展程度与货币宽松情况表现出较强的相关性。根据上述研究结论,监管政策应当更加关注银行体系分层结构下的同业业务发展引导,尤其是对于股份制银行和中小银行,应当逐步引导同业业务占比较高银行压缩同业资产,鼓励商业银行业务回归本源,支持实体经济发展。     

基于战略视角的农村金融区域供给考量

农村经济结构的调整、农业产业的升级引起金融供给结构的变化,农村金融必须从战略的高度考量区域金融供给的目标和重点,把握金融发展与改革的政策取向。在财政支农支出有限,城市带动农村的能力短期内不可能迅速提升的现实条件下,发展农业生产必须寻求国家财政金融政策的特殊支持,在用活各种金融政策与各种金融手段的合力上作文章。     

银行市场结构国外研究述评

作为货币政策"信用观"之一的银行信贷渠道理论强调银行信贷资金的可贷性.国外学者对金融结构与货币政策传导机制的研究(如银行信贷渠道的存在性、地位及银行部门的角色等问题)存在很大差异.虽然这些研究多以西方国家完善的银行体系和资本市场体系为背景,但对于中国这样转型国家的货币政策制定实施也具有重要启示意义.     

转型期货币渠道与信贷渠道有效性的实证研究

本文运用基于VAR模型的时间序列分析方法对我国转型期货币渠道与信贷渠道的有效性进行了实证研究。脉冲响应函数分析表明产出和通货膨胀对贷款冲击的响应比其对货币供给冲击的响应更为显著,预测方差的分解结果证实贷款对产出和通货膨胀的贡献率均远远大于货币供给量的贡献率,故转型期内信贷渠道相对于货币渠道更为有效。因此,为增强货币政策的有效性,中央银行应同时监控货币和信贷指标,货币政策操作也要以有效调节私人部门的信贷可得量为基础。     

美联储量化宽松货币政策正常化与人民币汇率变动——基于时变参数向量自相关模型的研究

2015年后,随着量化宽松货币政策正常化和人民币汇率进入双向波动新常态,美国货币政策对人民币汇率的外溢效应日益显著。通过构建时变参数向量自相关模型对2008-2018年美联储量化宽松货币政策的实施和退出对人民币汇率的溢出效应进行研究,结果表明：美联储加息在滞后一季度作用人民币兑美元先升值后贬值,加息通过中美利差、产出差、货币供给之差分别作用于人民币兑美元贬值、升值和升值,利差渠道是主要作用渠道;美联储资产负债表扩张和缩减分别带来人民币汇率的升值和贬值,且扩张的升值影响大于缩减的贬值影响;美联储资产负债表和利率政策有一定替代性,替代关系存在明显的结构效应;美联储资产负债表的扩张和缩减分别带来中国银行间市场利率的下降和回升,两国利率表现出一定联动性。     

我国货币政策效果弱化的原因及对策

从宏观经济层面和货币政策本身以及中央银行的独立性等微观层面分析,使我国货币政策效果弱化的原因包括金融抑制、外汇占款、货币政策传导机制不畅、中央银行缺乏独立性等,针对这些问题我国应在疏通货币政策传导机制、大力发展金融机构债券市场和企业短期债券市场、深化国有商业银行改革、协调发展资本市场和货币市场等方面采取措施。     

金融结构演变、货币政策与银行风险承担异质性

基于2002-2017年165家银行的面板数据,本文采用可行广义最小二乘(FGLS)方法实证检验金融结构演变视角下货币政策对银行风险承担渠道的影响。研究发现:金融结构的变化对银行风险承担具有显著影响,随着直接融资占比的上升,银行资产端风险承担显著减少,但负债端风险承担显著增加;控制住金融结构的作用之后,货币政策对银行资产端风险承担和负债端风险承担也具有显著的异质性影响,具体来说,价格型货币政策的紧缩使得银行资产端风险承担显著减少而导致银行负债端风险承担显著增加,数量型货币政策的紧缩则使得银行资产端风险承担和负债端风险承担同时减少;此外,货币政策与金融结构对银行风险承担具有显著的交互影响,随着直接融资占比的上升,价格型货币政策工具对银行资产端风险承担的影响减弱,对银行负债端风险承担的影响没有表现出显著变化,数量型货币政策工具对银行资产端风险承担和负债端风险承担的影响都受到削弱。研究结论的政策含义对货币当局、监管部门以及商业银行都具有重要意义。     

再论中国金融体系的脆弱性

本文的目的就是通过验证我国金融体系在不完全市场的制约条件下,能否发挥"价值创造、价格发现、风险分散、流动性供给、信息生产和公司治理"这六大基本功能,以及通过进一步检验货币政策的有效性,来揭示当今中国金融体系脆弱性的表现及其症结所在.论文通过分析发现,目前影响我国金融体系"健全性"的两大基本要素是房地产价格和流动性,它们直接左右银行的信贷行为;相反,利差幅度和基础货币的调控却没有显著的制约效果.所有这些特征都恰恰反映了我国金融体系的基本功能至今为止还没得到有效的发挥.     

货币政策信贷传导渠道的理论评述

货币政策传导机制的关键及政策效果大小在于其传导渠道是否通畅。信贷渠道理论从信息不完全和不对称问题引发的信贷市场代理问题入手,强调银行等金融结构的信贷数额变动对货币政策传导的真实效应。信贷渠道的传导机制在我国表现抢眼,很多研究证实了目前我国货币政策传导中占据主体地位的依然是信贷传导机制。然而现有研究大多集中在实证层面,理论上鲜有建树,后期研究应着力于构建能够考察我国货币政策信贷传导机制的经济模型和动态效应,为货币政策决策提供实证参考。     

论开放经济条件下贸易政策对货币政策的影响

开放经济条件下，贸易政策对一国货币政策的实施具有重大影响：既给货币政策调节宏观经济目标增加了操作的难度，也对货币政策中介目标、传导机制、操作工具提出了挑战；而金融服务贸易自由化政策也会给货币政策的宏观环境带来巨大的影响：中国应以消除扭曲为着眼点，寻找二种政策的平衡点，加快改革，以使二者更好地为实现宏观经济目标服务。     

Marketplace,reseller, or web-store channel: The impact of return policy and cross-channel spillover from marketplace to web-store

With the advent of e-commerce, new platform sales have been created in the online retailing industry, and choosing the best platform has become a challenge for manufacturers. For instance, marketplace and web-store are two e-channels for selling goods directly to end customers. In the marketplace, manufacturers sell their products directly to online customers through e-tailers' platforms and share revenue with e-tailers. In the web-store channel, manufacturers sell their products directly to end customers through their platforms and do not need to e-tailers' platforms. However, some manufacturers and e-tailers continue with reseller channel yet. Reseller channel is another conventional channel in which manufacturers distribute their products to e-tailers, then e-tailers choose retail prices and sell them to consumers. Therefore, with these three different channels, the key question is when and under what conditions manufacturers can choose marketplace or reseller channel in addition to their web-store channels to grow their market share. In this paper, we analyze these three different e-channels and the conditions that manufacturers adopt the marketplace or reseller channel. For this purpose, we consider a model with two manufacturers and one e-tailer in which the manufacturers have their web-store channels, and they are willing to adopt another channelـ reseller or marketplace. The manufacturers offer a return policy in their web-store channels as a competitive strategy for attracting more customers. We find that offering return policy in web-store channels has no effect on the choice between the marketplace and reseller channel, but it has an impact on the amount of manufacturers' profits in each channel. Also, we demonstrate that regardless of offering return policy, as the coefficient of cross-channel effect increases, the manufacturers' profits, whether they choose reseller channel or marketplace channel, increase. But, as the coefficient of cross-channel effect increases, the e-tailer's profit increases when both manufacturers choose reseller channel, otherwise decreases. If manufacturers offer a return policy, the e-tailer's profit is highest when both manufacturers choose reseller channel, and if they do not offer a return policy, the e-tailer's profit is highest when both manufacturers choose marketplace channel.     

宏观流动性分析:对货币分析的替代

金融资产在金融体系中发挥着越来越重要的作用,货币与产出、物价的相关性下降,货币政策的有效性逐步降低。因此,本文提出宏观流动性理论,将货币与金融资产纳入到统一的分析框架中,并为其管理政策提供理论基础。本文认为,由于融资过程中形成的资金流量与产出存在严格的对应关系,宏观流动性的内涵在于信用扩张水平,并以此为基础进一步界定了宏观流动性。之后,本文通过对比宏观流动性分析和货币分析框架指出,货币分析是特殊的宏观流动性分析。对中国的实证研究表明,宏观流动性分析更具优势。