Stakeholders’ Attributes,Behaviors, and Decision‐Making Strategies in Construction Projects: Importance and Correlations in Practice

Project managers need to make decisions on how to balance competing claims between the different stakeholders in projects. Previous studies have suggested that the choice of decision‐making strategies is highly related to stakeholders’ attributes and behaviors in practice; however, limited studies have been conducted in the construction field to analyze the importance of stakeholders’ attributes, behaviors, and decision‐making strategies, and validate the correlations between the factors and decision‐making strategies. To analyze the underlying meanings of stakeholders’ attributes, behaviors, and decision‐making strategies from the practitioners’ perspectives, and indicate the influence of stakeholder‐related factors on decision‐making strategies, an interview, questionnaire survey, and case study were adopted. Empirical studies suggest that three stakeholder attributes (power, urgency, and proximity), and four types of stakeholder behaviors (cooperative potential, competitive threat, opposite position, and neutral attitude) are perceived by the practitioners as important to dealing with stakeholder claims. Depending on stakeholders’ salience levels and behavior types, strategies of defense, compromise, or concession/adaptation are chosen and applied by project managers in practice. The findings can help project managers to proactively understand stakeholder performance, place emphasis on particular attributes and behaviors, and formulate appropriate schemes under different circumstances.     

基于商品品类的网络购买决策关键影响因素研究

网络消费行为的研究成果众多,但影响消费者网络购买决策的关键因素仍不明确。本文从商品品类视角来研究消费者网络购买决策的关键影响因素。首先根据消费行为理论和前人相关研究成果构建了本文的研究假设模型,然后利用基于淘宝网和问卷星调研平台的全国性调查数据进行相关性分析和回归分析。通过对logit模型的分析,验证了假设模型,得到了在线商品网络购买决策关键影响因素,且发现针对不同商品品类其影响因素存在着差异性。     

基于区间型不确定多属性决策的地下储气库设计方案优选

地下储气库的设计方案涉及因素多,必须对方案从整体上进行综合评价,建立正确的决策模型,从而客观合理确定优选方案。结合地下储气库设计方案优选的多属性、不确定性和群决策等特征,运用层次分析法赋予指标权重,并构建了地下储气库设计方案优选的区间型不确定多属性决策模型。实例表明,该方法切实可行,操作简便,为地下储气库设计方案优选提供了新的思路。     

Keeping Work in Perspective: Work–Nonwork Considerations and Applicant Decision Making

The work–nonwork supportiveness of an organization may influence applicant decision making among young applicants. This possibility was tested using a phased narrowing decision making task and three organizational attributes (salary, number of work–nonwork supportive policies/benefits and their related culture supportiveness). Data gathered from a sample of 110 graduating college business majors partially supported the hypotheses (p < 0.05), revealing a dynamic influence of the organizational attributes across decision making stages and a differential impact of the attributes depending on their framing as family-friendly or life-friendly. Salary was especially important in initial screening of organizational options, and the organizational culture support of work–nonwork challenges was increasingly influential as the final choice was formed. Implications for young applicant attraction are discussed. The research presented here (a portion of the author’s master’s thesis at Bowling Green State University) was presented at the 2006 Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology in Dallas, TX. Thanks go to Dr. Steve M. Jex, Dr. Scott Highhouse, and Dr. Cathy Stein for their assistance in the development of this study. Thanks are also owed to Dr. Michael Doherty for his thoughtful comments on an earlier draft.     

Do Individual Preferences Affect the Environmental Decision‐Making Process in Teams? The Role of Participation

Literature on organizations and the natural environment has focused on the importance of individual managers and leaders. However, this literature has scarcely ever focused on individuals in the team context, even when teams have been considered to be key for a firms’ environmental progress. Although teams’ environmental decisions can be enriched by the different contributions of team members, it is necessary that team members actually participate and contribute their preferences during the decision‐making process. We used an adaptation of the legislative dilemma task with 84 students to contribute to environmental management literature by analyzing members’ participation during the team decision‐making process. The results of this paper show how those members with environmentally proactive preferences have a higher participation during the decision‐making process, and as a consequence they have a greater influence on the team decision. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

The effect of environmental information on investment allocation decisions – an experimental study

This paper focuses on the use of environmental information in investment decision making. The research approach employed is based on an experiment where three groups of final year finance students were asked to allocate investment funds between two companies based on financial accounts and information material from these companies in which environmental information was included in varying degrees. The overall conclusion is that the qualitative environmental information affects short term allocation decisions, hence indicating a risk reduction potential of environmental information comparable to the classic interpretation of financial information. The quantitative environmental information included in the experiment seems to mitigate rather than extend the directional effect of more environmental information. The evidence also seems to indicate that decision makers are not always aware which information categories affect their decision making. Hence, this has implications for how the potential value of environmental information is to be assessed. Finally, experimental studies as a methodology seem to be better suited to indicate actual effects of different types of information on decision making than attitude surveys. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

基于逼近理想解方法的股票长期投资决策方法研究

为了更好的对股票长期投资问题进行决策,在分析股票投资特点的基础上,从宏观经济环境、行业状况、公司经营状况和股票价值等方面分析了影响投资决策的主要因素,并构建了评价指标体系。将逼近理想解的评价方法引入股票长期投资决策中,为该类问题的有效解决提供了一个新的思路。     

Understanding the decision-making processes for arts sponsorship

• Corporate support is a significant revenue stream for non-profit organisations, yet little is known of the actual decision paths companies take when making these decisions and what characterises these paths. This study seeks to develop a greater understanding of decision processes for companies considering sponsorship of the arts. A multiple-case study approach was taken, with participants from arts organisations and paired sponsoring companies, resulting in the finding of three decision paths: one characterised as high-level and intuitive, one as driven at a lower-level, and a third initially instigated by a third party. Analysis of these paths highlights the importance of existing relationships as well as a ‘fit’ between both parties. In addition, the company's orientation towards more commercial or philanthropic goals is found to be a key element determining the path taken, and the role of individual informed intuition is highlighted as crucial in moving decisions forward. This study extends knowledge in sponsorship and corporate philanthropy, into a decision making and arts sponsorship context. The findings also offer a useful perspective for non-profit arts managers as they pitch their event to the business sector.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discretionary and transactional human resource practices and employee outcomes: The role of perceived organizational support

Utilizing perceived organizational support (POS) as the mechanism linking HR practices to employee behaviors in the workplace, we examine a broad set of HR practices in order to understand the relative importance of each HR practice (i.e., those that explain incremental variance over other practices) in influencing employee behaviors. We differentiate between discretionary and transactional HR practices to test the discretionary investment requisite of POS theory. The results show that of the eight discretionary practices, only participation and decision making directly influenced the extra‐role behaviors that employees exhibit, and only training and development directly impacted the customer‐oriented behaviors. Furthermore, one of the transactional HR practices was found to have a direct effect on organizational citizenship behavior. Our findings indicate that the performance management process, promotional opportunities, participation, and involvement in decision making affect how employees behave toward the customer and the extra‐role behaviors they exhibit. Furthermore, this occurs through the view employees develop of the organization as a place to work. That is, these four HR practices demonstrate to employees that they are valued, and, in turn, this feeling of being appreciated impacts their commitment to delivering high‐quality service to the customer and going beyond their job responsibilities. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

公路工程建设方案评价的多属性决策方法探讨

根据公路工程建设方案评价的特点,文章运用多属性决策方法模型,对公路工程建设方案评价的评价方法、指标体系建立、指标标准化和量化进行了探讨。     

感知质量与实际质量关系对企业策略的影响初探

感知质量是顾客对产品质量的主观判断,企业在决策时需要考虑感知质量的影响。本文对顾客感知质量及其影响因素进行了研究,总结了影响感知质量的三个主要方面,对感知质量和实际质量的差异进行了比较,得到两者在不同水平上的四种关系,对应地将产品分为四个类型,并探讨了针对不同类型的产品企业应该选择的策略。企业需要通过质量活动提高实际质量,同时通过宣传营销活动提高感知质量,形成优质产品,以保持企业活力和市场竞争力。     

The New Venture Decision: An Analysis Based on the GEM Project Database

The new venture decision is a crucial stage in the process of creating a new business and is influenced by a series of social, demographic, cultural and economic factors, amongst others. These factors have been the subject of several studies, though there is still no widely accepted agreement on exactly how they affect the decision to create a new enterprise. This study will provide evidence on which variables affect the new venture decision, as well as the extent of their influence based on the analysis of a sample of 7524 cases, using information obtained via the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 Project. At the same time, we provide evidence to show that there are differences in the way these variables affect new ventures born out of need or out of opportunity.     

工程项目投标阶段的风险决策方法研究

文章根据工程项目投标阶段风险决策的内容和特点，在考虑纯风险和投机风险的基础上，从单项风险入手，运用区间数和区间概率的性质，先描述各个风险要素，然后进行单项风险对策间的对比择优，并将其结果对应于方案、进度、成本费用及投标报价总风险补偿费的确定，最终实现承包商的风险成本最小化。     

Problems in cross-functional sourcing decision processes

We identify problems encountered in a cross-functional sourcing decision process, founded on a longitudinal case study at a large manufacturing company. Ten problems are identified which affect the process negatively and which derive from three underlying factors: functional interdependency, strategy complications and misaligned functional goals. These factors are long-observed in literature on organizations but not specifically in the cross-functional sourcing decision process and we add an investigation into the effects these factors have on attempts to make better-founded sourcing decisions. Our findings indicate that the reality of making sourcing decisions is often more complex than is portrayed in previous research on sourcing decisions.     

多目标群体层次决策中确定权重的一种方法

应用几何平均和最小方差等概念，探讨了多目标群体层次决策中考虑决策者水平的权重确定方法，并用实例给予了验证。     

Patterns of power distribution in managerial decision making in Chinese and British industrial organizations

This article is one of three reports about the results of a Sino-British joint research project on managerial decision making in eleven Chinese companies and ten British companies. Forty managers and twenty trade union leaders from both manufacturing and service industries participated in the study. Data about decision-making patterns in eighteen different decision tasks in the organizations were collected. The results showed that there were interesting organizational and cultural differences in decision-making patterns in the two countries between manufacturing and service industries, between management and trade union groups, among short-, medium- and long-term decisions and across organizational levels. There were clear shifts of the decision-making power across organizational levels depending upon the type of decision tasks. A model of decision power shift was proposed in terms of the effects of organizational and cultural factors on patterns of organizational decision making. The implications of the decision power shift model to the management practice in the international context were highlighted.     

投资者决策行为与信息披露

本文认为对会计师而言,理解投资者如何作出决策(实证理论)以及应如何作出决策(规范理论)是相当重要的。通过对投资者决策行为的研究,可能有助于提高财务信息准确地描述真实经济事项的能力;有助于理解财务会计信息的数量、类型和形式如何影响投资者的判断或预测;有助于理解决策者准确地对其认知的环境作出反应的能力;有助于理解投资者如何解决决策的复杂性,以及不同的决策风格对信息利用方式的影响。     

不完全信息下的供应链风险评估方法研究

本文使用多属性决策方法进行供应链风险评估,在风险属性权重信息不完全的情况下,建立非线性规划模型求得各风险属性的权重值,并通过求与理想解之间的加权欧氏距离来评估风险值的大小,解决了评估专家由于知识、经验和偏好不完全相同而意见难以统一的困难,最后用一个例子说明了该方法的有效性和实用性。