Autonomy in the industrial R&D lab

This article distinguishes between “strategic autonomy” (the freedom to set one's own research agenda) and “operational autonomy” (the freedom, once a problem has been set, to attack it by means determined by oneself, within given resource constraints). The article argues, and presents some preliminary corroborating data, that technical careers in the R&D lab should start lower on strategic than on operational autonomy, that operational autonomy should show initial fairly rapid increase, which should be followed by increases in strategic autonomy, and that thereafter a number of different career paths should be available for technical employees. Most labs, however, seem to espouse a philosophy of strategic autonomy combined with operational controls, which creates dilemmas and contradictions in the technical career, particularly at its start. It is proposed that these two aspects of autonomy can usefully be thought of as a two-dimensional grid. Different positions on this grid seem to fit with different orientations and different tasks, and require different strategies for career management. The article ends with a discussion of these management implications.     

Intertemporal coordination in two-period markets

This paper studies the stability of the intertemporal coordination dynamics when the common knowledge of individual expectations of future prices is perturbed in a neighborhood of a perfect foresight equilibrium. The main forces that affect stability are: (i) the effect of a change in asset demand on second period spot market prices, and (ii) the effect on asset demand of a small change in second period prices. In an intertemporal market game whose interior Markov perfect equilibria correspond to perfect foresight equilibria, it is shown that though M-rationalizability implies the stability of the intertemporal dynamics, the converse is not always true.     

The heterogeneous expectations hypothesis: Some evidence from the lab

This paper surveys learning-to-forecast experiments (LtFEs) with human subjects to test theories of expectations and learning. Subjects must repeatedly forecast a market price, whose realization is an aggregation of individual expectations. Emphasis is given to how individual forecasting rules interact at the micro-level and which structure they cocreate at the aggregate, macro-level. In particular, we focus on the question wether the evidence from laboratory experiments is consistent with heterogeneous expectations.     

Intertemporal coordination in two-period markets

This paper studies the stability of the intertemporal coordination dynamics when the common knowledge of individual expectations of future prices is perturbed in a neighborhood of a perfect foresight equilibrium. The main forces that affect stability are: (i) the effect of a change in asset demand on second period spot market prices, and (ii) the effect on asset demand of a small change in second period prices. In an intertemporal market game whose interior Markov perfect equilibria correspond to perfect foresight equilibria, it is shown that though M-rationalizability implies the stability of the intertemporal dynamics, the converse is not always true.     

On the existence of equilibrium in social systems with coordination

Social systems with coordination were introduced by Vind (1983) as a general model of economic institutions. The present paper gives a general existence theorem for equilibria in social systems with coordination extending Vind's result.     

Equilibria with coordination failures

This paper extends the literature on equilibria with coordination failures to arbitrary convex sets of admissible prices. This makes it possible to address coordination failures for cases with price indexation or more general price linkages between commodities. We introduce a new equilibrium concept, called quantity constrained equilibrium (QCE), giving a unified treatment to all cases considered in the literature so far. At a QCE the expected trade opportunities on supply and demand are completely determined by a rationing vector satisfying that the prevailing price system maximizes the value of the rationing vector within the set of admissible prices. When the set of admissible prices is compact, we show the existence of a connected set of QCEs. This set connects two trivial no-trade equilibria, one with completely pessimistic expectations concerning supply opportunities and one with completely pessimistic expectations concerning demand opportunities. Moreover, the set contains for every commodity a generalized Drèze equilibrium, being a QCE at which for that commodity no binding trade opportunities on both supply and demand are expected, and also a generalized supply-constrained equilibrium at which no binding constraints on demand opportunities are expected and for at least one commodity also not on supply. We apply this main result to several special cases, and also discuss the case of an unbounded set of admissible prices.     

上市公司利润操纵的方法

上市公司利润操纵一般是指上市公司为了某种目的,运用各种手段人为调节利润的行为。一般认为,公司采取会计政策的选择或其他手段通过增加或减少损益类科目,人为抬高或压低利润的行为,就是利润操纵。学术界对利润操纵概念的主要分歧在于,利润操纵到底是不是违法违规行为。一种观点认为,利润操纵中有一部分是采用合规的方式来调节利润,而另一部分则是违法违规行为。有些利润操纵行为违反了会计方面的有关法律法规,但有相当一部分利润操纵行为并不违反法律法规,这使得对利润操纵行为的辨别更为困难。另一种观点认为,利润操纵就是通过违法违规方式调节利润,     

物流运作中的有效损控

物流作业中的“损失”通常是指由于各种意外事故、火灾、偷盗或不当的库内作业造成的库存损坏所导致的非计划内开销的费用。物流中心内可能发生“损失”的范围主要有五个：作业人员的安全和健康、火灾、偷盗、产品的损坏和污染以及危险品的存储和搬运等。     

Efficient spatial allocation in the quadratic assignment problem

Koopmans and Beckmann found that the competitive mechanism cannot sustain an assignment of indivisible plants to spatially distinct sites when intermediate product flows are required and transportation costs between sites are positive. Hartwick claims to have found valid counterexamples to this result. This paper demonstrates that while counterexamples to the Koopmans-Beckmann result do exist, Hartwick's examples are inappropriate. A correct example of a price-sustainable integer assignment is provided.     

派遣员工招聘录用的有效经验

随着社会多元化发展,人才使用的方式也愈趋灵活,许多企业采用人才派遣的形式招录员工,节约用人成本。为了充分满足客户的不同需求,人力资源服务机构将人才派遣服务作为其主要业务内容之一。同时,需要制定规范的招聘录用操作流程,以保证优质服务,保障稳定的客户源。     

浅谈人机工程学解决电子商务实验室的温度

文章讨论了实验室设计中存在的人机工程学问题,目的是使我们在设计电子商务实验室时尽量符合人机工程学的要求以解决实验室的温度问题,满足学习者生理和心理的需要,以使学习者能在优越的环境中学习得更舒适、更高效。     

Theoretical perspectives on the coordination of supply chains

Supply-chain coordination relies on the availability of prompt and accurate information that is visible to all actors in the supply chain. However, new demands on the supply-chain system require changes to information flow and exchange. We undertake a case study of three automotive supply chains that face such new demands resulting from the introduction of an order-driven supply-chain strategy. We use our case study findings to evaluate the applicability of three different theoretical lenses on the multi-faceted interactions between information, physical flow, and the complex rationales driving supply-chain evolution: the resource-based view (RBV), the concept of complex adaptive systems (CAS), and adaptive structuration theory (AST). We find that each theory has a separate realm of applicability and while complimentary in nature, provides distinct insight on the structural shift in the supply-chain system. More specifically, we find that AST, a theory prominent in the social sciences, provides novel insights to supply-chain research at the firm level, particularly with respect to the difficulties in using IT systems to drive systemic change. It complements both the system-level perspective offered by the complex adaptive systems theory, as well as the concept of dynamic capabilities originating in the resourced-based view. The paper concludes with wider implications for future research in supply and value chain management.     

供应链合作伙伴达到协同的根本动因分析

运用博弈理论，建立了供应商与生产商，制造商和销售商合作博弈模型，揭示供应链伙伴怎样合作才能使整个供应链收益最大，达到协同，发现供应链达到协同的根本动因。     

空间规划协调理论研究综述

我国空间规划体系涵盖不同部门与不同形式的多种规划,对于各种规划之间如何协调与融合是大家一直都比较关注的问题,关于两规、三规、四规甚至多规协调的说法日益增多。本文对多年来相关文献进行梳理综述,旨在明确主体功能区规划的基础地位,以期结束空间规划群龙无首的割据状态,促进以主体功能区规划为基础的各类规划统一衔接的空间规划体系的形成。     

推进三方协调保障企业发展

□劳动关系三方协调机制是当今市场经济国家为促进劳动关系的协调发展而普遍采用的组织和制度。1990年,全国人大常委会批准了国际劳工组织第144号公约《三方协商促进履行国际劳工标准公约》,表明我国开始建立劳动关系三方协调机制。2c01年8月,我国劳动和社会保障部、中华全国总工会、中国企业联合会中国企业家协会在北京召开了国家协调劳动关系三方会议第一次会议,制定了《国家协调劳动关系三方会议制度》标志着我国劳动关系三方协调机制正式建立。2003年8月三方在珠海市召开了“全国推进三方协调劳动关系工作经验交流会”,各省、市三方机制会议的负责人均出席了会议,十几个省、市的有关代表作了经验介绍。会议期间,劳动和社会保障部副部长王东进、全国总工会副主席孙宝树、中国企业联合会中国企业家协会副会长陈兰通均作了重要讲话。通过这次会议必将实质性地推动我国劳动关系三方协调机制的实施。(见第11页)     

The dynamics of interorganizational coordination

A theory was developed on the creation, growth, and decline of relationships among organizations and was tested, using a longitudinal study of 95 dyadic relationships among child care and health organizations in Texas. Using LISREL V, the test of the theory showed that substantial revision of the model was required to explain the data adequately. When the model was revised, important new patterns were revealed in the development of interorganizational relationships over time: (1) Perceptions of dependence on others for resources spurs the development of interorganizational relationships. Resource dependence is a powerful direct determinant of communications, resource transactions, and consensus; (2) The growth of interorganizational relationships is fostered by frequent communications to formalize the relationship and build consensus about the terms of the relationship among the parties involved; (3) Monetary transactions and client referrals entail different patterns of coordination; and (4) Consensus among parties in an interorganizational relationship is both a positive outcome of initial resource dependence and communications and has a negative influence on subsequent perceptions of resource dependence.     

谈工程建设监理的组织协调作用

如何使建设项目中具有不同出发点和侧重面的参与者之间相互配合是项目管理者普遍关心的问题。本文通过对几种常见项目管理模式的分析,揭示了在建设工程项目中工程监理所处的地位及所应发挥的组织、协调作用。     

远程实验室之网络实验管理系统的设计与实现

网络化的实验管理系统能改变目前实验室的封闭式管理为开放式管理,实现全天侯开放实验室,提高仪器设备的利用率,为学生实验教学提供时间、空间、仪器设备和人员保障。文章讨论了网络实验管理系统的总体结构和实现方案,以SQLServer2000作为系统的后台数据库,利用新一代的网站开发平台ASP.NET构建网络化的实验管理系统,实现了实验预约、实验报告递交和审核的网络化管理。     

Efficient inequality: differential allocation in the local public sector

This paper examines the consequences for social efficiency if the locally provided public input can be differentially allocated among residents. We derive the distributional efficiency condition, which is the distribution of public inputs that maximizes within-city gains from trade. Differential allocation also causes modifications to the standard (Samuelsonian) allocative efficiency condition. Additionally, we explore the consequences of differential allocation for the median voter model. Standard empirical voter models are seriously flawed because they fail to distinguish final public output production from either individual demand or the distribution of publicly provided inputs. Finally, we derive the club sharing efficiency condition.