河南省土地利用分区研究

基于社会经济和自然生态的现状,结合河南省土地利用特征,构建了6个因素层、24个因子层的土地利用分区指标体系,利用专家打分法确定指标因素因子的权重,根据这些因子在各县(市、区)指标的差异性和相似性,采用层次聚类分析法对河南省土地利用分区进行定量分析,同时结合各县(市、区)的实际情况对分区方案做对比分析与定性分析,最终将河南省划分为6个土地利用区.     

基于主成分与聚类分析法的城市土地利用规划分区研究——以广州市为例

[目的]土地利用分区是土地利用总体规划的核心内容之一,是合理确定土地利用方向,优化土地利用结构与布局的重要途径。为了对广州市土地利用及未来发展方向提供理论指导,结合其土地利用现状和特点,选取土地利用结构、土地开发利用程度、社会经济状况和环境资源承载力4项一级指标及15项二级指标,建立土地利用综合分区指标体系。[方法]通过SPSS19.0软件,运用主成分分析法提取出前4个主成分,并将其作为新的样本数据,采用层次聚类分析法对广州市土地利用进行综合分区。[结果]根据聚类分区结果,将广州市分为4类土地利用区:中心发达区,包括荔湾区、海珠区、天河区和越秀区;综合发展区,包括白云区、番禺区、花都区、增城区和从化区;重点潜力区即南沙区;资源组合区是(新)黄埔区。根据各分区的差异性,提出各区域土地资源开发利用中存在的主要问题及未来发展方向。[结论]根据各区的自然经济条件及土地利用状况,将广州市分为4类土地利用区具有合理性,能为广州市今后土地利用规划的科学编制提供参考。     

基于区域战略的江苏省土地统筹利用分区研究

研究目的:提出区域土地统筹利用分区的概念和划分方法,以江苏省为案例进行分析,为区域土地利用、城乡建设等相关规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法:结合主成分分析法和空间聚类法进行综合分区;采用演绎法划分实施区域发展战略的土地利用保障区;以空间迭置法构建江苏省土地统筹利用分区。研究结果:将江苏省划分为4个土地统筹利用大区、7个亚区。研究结论:统筹区域土地利用应将土地利用的现实和未来相结合,以土地统筹利用分区作为研究的空间依据,该分区是土地利用区划和土地利用功能分类的结合,属于区划性质,兼有土地利用功能分类的特点。     

许昌市土地利用功能分区研究

研究目的:构建土地利用功能分区体系,划分土地利用功能分区,为区域土地利用调控提供依据.研究方法:归纳对比法,专题图叠加法,系统聚类分析法.研究结果:构建了区域土地利用功能分区等级体系,划分出5个土地利用功能区和20个功能亚区.研究结论:在土地利用功能分区等级体系框架下,对区域进行功能分区,可实现对区域土地利用的调控.     

统筹甘肃省土地利用分区研究

研究目的：对甘肃省土地利用进行综合分区和管制分区,提出各分区内土地利用方向、战略对策和管制措施,为区域土地利用规划、生态环境保护与建设规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法：采用主成分分析法对各县市的土地利用程度进行综合评价,采用空间聚类法进行综合分区,采用GIS空间分析法进行管制分区。研究结果：将甘肃省划分为7个土地利用区和7个管制区。研究结论：基于主成分分析与GIS空间分析方法的土地利用分区,是在综合分析与主要因子评价和地理区划相对一致性基础上,增加了土地利用分区研究的科学性和定量化水平。甘肃省今后的土地利用与规划应有针对性地提出分区管制措施及调控指标,统筹区域经济发展,缓解区域发展和资源环境间的矛盾。     

“两型社会”建设背景下的土地利用分区研究——以武汉城市圈为例

土地利用分区是指导土地高效利用,实现土地科学管理的重要形式。本文以武汉城市圈为研究对象,结合建设"两型社会"新背景,以实现区域资源节约和环境保护为目的,充分考虑土地利用与自然、经济、社会等关系,建立了武汉城市圈土地利用分区评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法和熵权法确定了权重,从资源节约型和环境友好型两个方面对评价单元进行了分析,最终将武汉城市圈土地利用分为4类:资源节约型开发区;环境友好型开发区;资源节约型农业生产区;环境友好型生态保护区。     

统筹区域土地利用探讨

统筹区域土地利用是在新形势下统筹城乡发展和区域发展提卅的新的、更高的要求.运用文献资料法,就统筹Ⅸ域土地利用的理论和方法进行了初步的探讨,并指出土地利用分区是统筹区域土地利用的主要实现途径,着重分析了分区的三种主要方法:叠图法、聚类分析法和指标法,指出三种主要分区类型:地域分区、功能分区和承载力分区,并从组织统筹和空间统筹两个方面给出统筹区域土地利用的建议.     

基于层次聚类方法的区域土地用途分区研究——以安徽省天长市为例

土地利用分区是土地利用总体规划中的重点,这里选取层次聚类分析方法,运用SPSS统计分析软件.以安徽省天长市为例,建立包含产业用地结构、土地集约经营程度、土地利用产出以及土地利用潜力4个方面的指标体系,通过先对因素层分析,再对准则层聚类的两步走的方法,对天长市区域土地用途分区作了尝试性研究.在对聚类结果调整的基础之上,划分出了天长市5个土地用途区,依据划分的结果,对各个区的发展作了简单的讨论,并提出建议.     

基于聚类分析法的保定市土地利用分区及建议

通过选定土地利用功能分区的指标体系,针对河北省保定市土地利用现状的特点以及经济发展趋势,以聚类分析法为基础,构建了保定市土地利用功能分区等级体系。并在此基础上探讨了经济发展与地域特点之间的内在联系,针对保定各县市的优势产业和特色农业发展现状提出了相关的土地利用建议,以实现经济发展与土地利用的和谐可持续发展。     

城市土地集约利用时空特征研究——以广东省为例

采用层次分析法构造广东省城市土地集约利用评价指标体系,对1998～2005年以来21个地级市城市土地集约利用进行综合评价：运用Spearman秩相关系数和聚类分析法对评价结果进行时空分析,从区位、经济等方面探讨城市土地集约利用空间差异的原因,并提出相关建议。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目